¹²³I-Labeled oxLDL Is Widely Distributed Throughout the Whole Body in Mice / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess blood clearance and in vivo kinetics of radiolabeled oxLDL in mice.METHODS: We synthesized ¹²³I-oxLDL by the iodine monochloride method, and performed an uptake study in CHO cells transfected with lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). In addition, we evaluated the consistency between the ¹²³I-oxLDL autoradiogram and the fluorescence image of DiI-oxLDL after intravenous injection for both spleen and liver. Whole-body dynamic planar images were acquired 10 min post injection of ¹²³I-oxLDL to generate regional time-activity curves (TACs) of the liver, heart, lungs, kidney, head, and abdomen. Regional radioactivity for those excised tissues as well as the bladder, stomach, gut, and thyroid were assessed using a gamma counter, yielding percent injected dose (%ID) and dose uptake ratio (DUR). The presence of ¹²³I-oxLDL in serum was assessed by radio-HPLC.RESULTS: The cellular uptakes of ¹²³I-oxLDL were identical to those of DiI-oxLDL, and autoradiograms and fluorescence images also exhibited consistent distributions. TACs after injection of ¹²³I-oxLDL demonstrated extremely fast kinetics. The radioactivity uptake at 10 min postinjection was highest in the liver (40.8 ± 2.4% ID). Notably, radioactivity uptake was equivalent throughout the rest of the body (39.4 ± 2.7% ID). HPLC analysis revealed no remaining ¹²³I-oxLDL or its metabolites in the blood.CONCLUSION: ¹²³I-OxLDL was widely distributed not only in the liver, but also throughout the whole body, providing insight into the pathophysiological effects of oxLDL.

Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) Extract Induces Eel (Anguilla japonica) Non-specific Immunity

BACKGROUND: The immunomodulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the innate immune responses of eel (Anguilla japonica) were studied. METHODS: Mistletoe, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected into eel peritoneal cavities. RESULTS: Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of eel were significantly augmented by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) were more produced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that in the serum of the control fish. The optimal concentration of mistletoe in inducing the highest serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 500microgram/200 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. CONCLUSION: Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of eel.

Effects of Sodium Alginate on the Non-Specfic Defense System of the Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L. ) / 대한면역학회지

Carp which receive intraperitoneal injections of sodium alginate show a high survival rate after being challenged with Edwardsiella tarda. To elucidate the immunoenhancement by sodium alginate, its effects on the non-specific defense system of carp were investigated. Sodium alginate had little influence either on the activity of the alternative complement pathway or on the phagocytic and respiratory burst activities of head kidney phagocytes (HKP), yet it greatly enhanced the migration of HKP to the peritoneal cavity (the site of injection) and concurrently elevated their phagocytic activity. The number of phagocytes mobilized by sodium alginate was 2 to 50 times greater than that by the well-known peritoneal exudate cell-eliciting agents when injected at the same dose. Accordingly, it is highly probable that the early elimination of challenge bacteria by such mobilized and activated phagocytes was responsible for the high survival rate of the alginateinjected fish. In chemotaxis assays, it was revealed that sodium alginate stimulated sorne leukocyte subpopulation (s) within the peritoneal cavity to produce and/or secrete chemotactic factor (s), while concurrently enhancing the sensitivity of HKP to the factor (s).

Effect of Glycyrrhizin on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Leukocyte Responses

Treatment of rainbow trout macrophages with glycyrrhizin (GL), an aqueous extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), enhanced their respiratory burst activity. Maximal effects were seen using concentrations of 10-100 ug/ml. GL also modulated trout lymphocytes, increasing proliferation responses to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin two-fold over a range of GL concentrations. In addition, GL elicited the release of a macrophage activating factor (MAF) kom head kidney leukocytes, as assessed by the ability of generated supernatants to increase respiratory burst activity of target macrophages. MAF activity was most apparent using 100 ug/ml GL to induce MAF release and a 48 h incubation period with the target macrophages. Finally, GL was shown to enhance the release oF MAF in response to the mitogen concanavalin A. The results suggest that GL might modulate the innate defences in fish.

The Purification of Fish B - like Cells and Their Functional Properties / 대한면역학회지

Serum immunoglobulins from carp Cyprinus carpio were purified using affinity chromatography methods. Fish were immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the specific fish antibodies purified from the immune serum on a BSA-irnmobilized Sepharose 4B gel. The analysis of the immunoglobulins by reducing SDS-PAGE showed them to be composed of a single p,-like heavy chain of 76 kd and light chain of 28 kd. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies against the fish IgM were produced to further analyze IgM' B-like cells from carp. Irrespective of a BSA immunization, the distribution rates of IgM' B-like cells in the head kidney and spleen were about 49% and 24%, respectively. The IgM' cells were magnetically purified by using Mini-Macs column. To study whether the purified IgM' cells are B-like lymphocytes, those cells were cultured with hrIL-4 (50 U/ml) for 48 hr at 25C in 5% CO, incubator. And the titer of antibodies secreted from IgM' and IgM cells was analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found the IgM' cells produced a greater amount of antibodies to BSA than both IgM cells and negative control. Unexpectedly, however, moderate amount of antibodies were also detected in the supernatant of IgM cell population, indicating the difference of humoral immune responses between a fish and mammalian.