Effect of exercise on serum iron, blood haemoglobin and cardiac efficiency

The aim of present study was to assess the impact of exercise in trained and untrained exercise performers on serum iron, blood haemoglobin and cardiac efficiency through quantified exercise on Harvard Steps. The present study was carried out on 13 male medical students and compared it with 10 male athletes in the age group of 18 to 25 years at Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur. The biochemical parameter was serum iron and hemodynamic parameters measured were hemoglobin, pulse rate and blood pressure in both the groups after overnight rest and after quantified bout of exercise for 5 minutes on Harvard step. Serum iron fell from pre-exercise level and was more marked [P<0.01] in untrained. After exercise there was significant rise [P<0.001] of hemoglobin and pulse rate in untrained [P<0.001]. A significant increase in systolic blood pressure in case of untrained boys [p<0.01] and athletes [p<0.001] was observed. Whereas decrease in diastolic blood pressure was observed in both the groups but decrease in diastolic blood pressure were more marked in athletes [P<0.001]. Exercise induces improvement in hemodynamic status

Transfusion-induced hemoglobinopathy in patients of beta-thalassemia major.

Apparent hemoglobinopathy acquired after blood transfusion is an uncommon cause of diagnostic dilemma resulting in repeated testing and delay in the diagnosis. Out of the 1530 hemoglobin (Hb)- high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) performed at our hospital (May 2009 to April 2010), 3 pediatric cases of thalassemia major were detected having posttransfusion hemoglobinopathy with HbS ranging from 9.9% to 18.5%. In all three cases, there was no variant hemoglobin in earlier documented Hb-HPLC. It is important to be aware of and consider apparent transfusion-induced hemoglobinopathy in patients with unusual percentage of variant hemoglobin to avoid unnecessary treatment and counseling.

Hidroperóxidos de lipídios como fontes de oxigênio molecular singlete (O2 [1 DELTA g]), detecção e danos em biomoléculas / Lipid hidroperoxides as singlet molecular oxygen precursors (O2 [1 DELTA g]), detection and damage to biomolecules

O estudo do processo da peroxidação de lipídios tem aumentado nos últimos anos, principalmente devido à implicação dos hidroperóxidos de lipídios (LOOH) em diversos processos patológicos. A decomposição destes LOOH é capaz de gerar subprodutos capazes de promover danos em biomoléculas, incluindo proteínas e DNA. No presente trabalho, utilizando hidroperóxidos de ácido linoléico isotopicamente marcado com átomo de oxigênio-18 (LA18O18OH), fomos capazes de demonstrar que estas moléculas gerararam oxigênio singlete marcado [18(1O2)] em células em cultura. A detecção de tal espécie foi possível através da utilização de uma nova metodologia utilizando um derivado antracenico. Para este propósito foi utilizado o derivado de antraceno 3,3'-(9,10-antracenodiil) bisacrilato (DADB), cujo produto especifico da reação com o 1O2 (o endoperóxido do DADB DADBO2) do pode ser facilmente detectado por HPLC-MS/MS. De forma a expandir a compreensão dos efeitos tóxicos desses LOOH, investigamos o efeito destes compostos gerados intracelularmente. Para tal, foi utilizado o Rosa bengala (RB), um fotosensibilizador que tem afinidade por espaços apolares como membranas e lisossomos. A fotosenssibilização deste composto foi capaz de induzir a morte celular, e esta morte estaria relacionada a uma maior formação de 1O2 e a um maior acumulo de peróxidos. Nestes estudos foi possível demonstrar que carotenóides e sistemas antioxidantes dependentes de glutationa foram capazes de proteger contra os efeitos tóxicos da fotosensibilização na presença de RB. Adicionalmente foram avaliados os efeitos da hemoglobina (Hb) e do hidroperóxido do ácido linoléico (LAOOH) em uma série de parâmetros toxicológicos, como citotoxicidade, estado redox, a peroxidação lipídica e dano ao DNA. Nós demonstramos que a pré-incubação das células com Hb e sua posterior exposição à LAOOH (Hb + LAOOH) levou a um aumento na morte celular, a oxidação do DCFH, formação de malonaldeído e fragmentação do DNA e que esses...

The study of the process of lipid peroxidation has increased in recent years, mainly due to the involvement of lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) in a series of pathological processes. The decomposition of LOOH is able to generate products that can promote damage to biomolecules, including proteins and DNA. In the present work, using linoleic acid hydroperoxide isotopically labeled with 18O2 (LA18O18OH), we demonstrate that these molecules were able to generate labeled singlet oxygen [18(1O2)] in cultured cells. The detection of such species was possible using a new methodology using an anthracene derivative .For this purpose we used the anthracene derivative of 3,3'-(9,10-antracendiil) bisacrilate (DADB), whose specific reaction product with 1O2 (DADB endoperoxide DADBO2) can be easily detected by HPLC-MS/MS. In order to expand the understanding of the toxic effects of LOOH, we investigated the effect of these compounds generated intracellularly. For this porpoise, we used Rose Bengal (RB), a photosensitizer that has affinity for apolar spaces such as membranes and lysosomes. The photosensitization of this compound was able to induce cell death, and this death was related to increased formation of 1O2 and a higher accumulation of peroxides. In these studies we have shown that carotenoids and glutathione-dependent antioxidant systems were capable of protecting against the toxic effects of photosensitization in the presence of RB. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of hemoglobin (Hb) and linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAOOH) in a series of toxicological endpoints such as cytotoxicity, redox status, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. We demonstrated that preincubation of cells with Hb and its subsequent exposure to LAOOH (Hb + LAOOH) led to an increase in cell death, DCFH oxidation, formation of malonaldehyde and DNA fragmentation, and that these effects were related to the peroxide and the heme group. It was demonstrated that cells incubated with LAOOH and Hb showed...

Evaluation of absence of clinical pallor in recruits

Clinical findings such as pallor of the conjunctivae, nail beds, lips, oral mucosa and palmar creases have been used by physicians in the diagnosis of anaemia. This study was carried out to determine the value of absence of clinical pallor in ruling out anaemia in recruits by measuring blood haemoglobin concentration as a true standard. A cross-sectional descriptive study. Pathology department of Combined Military Hospital Sargodha from Jan 2009 to Jun 2009. Young adults selected for recruitment in army after medical examination by general duty medical officers were included in the study. Haemoglobin estimation was done on Sysmex KX-21 semi automated haematology analyzer. Out of total 1760 individuals who were not having conjunctival pallor as per assessment of the doctors, 109 [6.19%] were found anaemic [haemoglobin<13.5g/dL] by haemoglobin estimation. Among the anaemic recruits, 88 [80.73%] were having haemoglobin 13.49 to 10.00 g/dL. The absence of clinical pallor is not likely to rule out mild anaemia in all selected recruits

Iron deficiency anemia; role of nutritional deprivation among female patients of reproductive age group

1] To determine the frequency of different causes of iron deficiency anemia in female patients of reproductive age group. 2] To determine the association between lack of balanced diet and iron deficiency anemia. Cross-sectional analytical study. Federal government services hospital, Islamabad. From July 2008 to November 2008. The study included female patients of reproductive age group i.e. 15-49 years of age having hemoglobin less than 11.5g/dl. The sampling technique was purposive. The data was analyzed using Microsoft excel 2000 and SPSS 10.0. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the direction of relationship between total nutritional score and level of hemoglobin; student's t-test was used to determine the significance of association. Ap-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. A positive correlation was observed between total nutritional score and level of hemoglobin [r=0.402, p-value = 0.008]. Correlation between animal protein and level of hemoglobin was 0.438 [p-value = 0.004] while between plant protein and level of hemoglobin was 0.211 [p-value = 0.179]. It is concluded that there is a definite role of nutritional deprivation in the development of iron deficiency anemia. Lack of balanced diet especially protein group has much stronger association with this type of anemia. Animal protein as compared to plant protein has strong association with the development of iron deficiency anemia

Red cell transfusion; triggers used in operating room

The purpose of this study was to determine and quantify those factors that anesthetist's use when deciding to transfuse blood in operating room. CMH abbottabad Nov to Dec 2008. Survey report. Prospective cross-sectional descriptive from operation theatre of Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad a tertiary care hospital. With consent from the local ethics committee, an audit was carried out using a questionnaire designed to examine some of the factors that could be important in the decision-making process surrounding blood transfusion during intermediate and major surgery. Anesthetists were asked to fill in the audit forms and to indicate whether they were going to give blood or not. Fifty two audit forms, completed during intermediate or major surgery, were analyzed to determine the strengths of certain factors in the decision-making process related to transfusion. Fifty one forms had a satisfactorily complete data set with hemoglobin concentrations Hb between 6.6 and 15.0 g/dL. This study demonstrates that, of the physiological factors, the hemoglobin concentration was the most important factor used for red cell transfusion, and the presence of ongoing bleeding an important contextual factor. Peer pressure to transfuse became apparent at a [Hb] of about 8.5 g/dL. The patients were transfused at the average Hb value of 10.8 g/dL. This average Hb of transfused patients is much higher than current Hb trigger thresholds of 7.0-8.0 g/dL

Assessment of iron deficiency anaemia by observing the correlation between serum ferritin and haemoglobin levels

In order to observe the correlation between the serum ferritin and blood haemolgobin in anemic patients determination of haemoglobin levels was carried out in uncoagulated blood using Sysmex K1000. The remaining 2 ml blood was used to separate serum by centrifugation, which was then analyzed for determination of ferritin by Elecsys 2010, through electrochemilluminescence technique. Data were compared using correlation analysis and significant correlations were observed in case of male patients, as well as the patients when studied collectively, before distribution into genders. Female patients did not exhibit any significant correlations, when studied separately. The results of the present study show that elevation or decrease in serum ferritin level is a very significant factor in causing anaemia

Fish hemoglobins

Vertebrate hemoglobin, contained in erythrocytes, is a globular protein with a quaternary structure composed of 4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) and a prosthetic group named heme bound to each one. Having myoglobin as an ancestor, hemoglobin acquired the capacity to respond to chemical stimuli that modulate its function according to tissue requirements for oxygen. Fish are generally submitted to spatial and temporal O2 variations and have developed anatomical, physiological and biochemical strategies to adapt to the changing environmental gas availability. Structurally, most fish hemoglobins are tetrameric; however, those from some species such as lamprey and hagfish dissociate, being monomeric when oxygenated and oligomeric when deoxygenated. Fish blood frequently possesses several hemoglobins; the primary origin of this finding lies in the polymorphism that occurs in the globin loci, an aspect that may occasionally confer advantages to its carriers or even be a harmless evolutionary remnant. On the other hand, the functional properties exhibit different behaviors, ranging from a total absence of responses to allosteric regulation to drastic ones, such as the Root effect.

Electrochemical investigation of the effect of some organic phosphates on haemoglobin.

The effects of DPG,IHP,GTP,GDP and GMP on the structure and stability of haemoglobin were electrochemically investigated with an iodide-modified silver electrode in 0.01 M KNO 3 at pH 7.0.Anodic and cathodic peaks of haemoglobin were observed at 250 mV and 12 mV with a formal potential value of 133 mV vs.Ag/AgCl.The effects of different concentrations of DPG,IHP,GTP,GDP and GMP on the anaerobic redox reaction were determined. The results showed that DPG and IHP can lead to a positive shift in the reduction peak of haemoglobin,indicating that the oxidation peak shift of haemoglobin was small as a result of stabilization of the reduced state and destabilization of the R-like state of haemoglobin.GTP elicited a more positive shift in the cathodic and anodic peaks of haemoglobin at a higher concentration,signifying that it has a low-affinity binding site on haemoglobin.The positive shift of the cathodic and anodic peaks revealed a slight variation in the structure and indicated the unfolding of haemoglobin in the presence of high concentrations of GTP.Our study also showed that GDP and GMP did not cause significant shift the cathodic and anodic peaks of haemoglobin even at high concentrations,refuting the existence of specific GDP-and GMP-binding sites on the protein.Moreover,the iodide-modified silver electrode method proved to be easy and useful in investigating the effects of ligands or other effectors on haemoglobin in solution.

HPLC determination of hemoglobins to establish reference values with the aid of statistics and informatics

The purpose of the present study was to establish reference values for hemoglobins (Hb) using HPLC, in samples containing normal Hb (AA), sickle cell trait without alpha-thalassemia (AS), sickle cell trait with alpha-thalassemia (ASH), sickle cell anemia (SS), and Hb SC disease (SC). The blood samples were analyzed by electrophoresis, HPLC and molecular procedures. The Hb A2 mean was 4.30 +/- 0.44% in AS, 4.18 +/- 0.42% in ASH, 3.90 +/- 1.14% in SS, and 4.39 +/- 0.35% in SC. They were similar, but above the normal range. Between the AS and ASH groups, only the amount of Hb S was higher in the AS group. The Hb S mean in the AS group was 38.54 +/- 3.01% and in the ASH it was 36.54 +/- 3.76%. In the qualitative analysis, using FastMap, distinct groups were seen: AA and SS located at opposite extremes, AS and ASH with overlapping values and intermediate distribution, SC between heterozygotes and the SS group. Hb S was confirmed by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The Hb values established will be available for use as a reference for the Brazilian population, drawing attention to the increased levels of Hb A2, which should be considered with caution to prevent incorrect diagnoses.

Nitric oxide levels during erythroid differentiation in K562 cell line.

Nitric oxide (NO) is endogenous mediator of numerous physiological processes that range from regulation cardiovascular function and neurotransmission to antipathogenic and tumoricidal responses. This study was designed to investigate the possible role of NO during erythroid differentiation in K562 erythroleukemia cells. The chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cell line can be triggered in culture to differentiate along the erythrocytic pathway, in response to a variety of stimulatory agents. In this study, K562 cells were induced to synthesize hemoglobin by hemin. We investigated NOx (nitrate+nitrite) levels in uninduced (control) and hemin-induced K562 cell lysates during erythroid differentiation. Our results showed that NO levels decreased significantly on fourth and sixth day both in hemin-induced and control cells; the decrease was, however, more in hemin-induced group than in control group.

Vasoactive proterties of synthetic blood substitutes

There is a great need for the development of a safe and efficient blood substitute, to overcome the important limitations of homologous blood transfusion. Currently available cell-free hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solutions present oxygen transport and exchange properties similar to blood and potential benefits over conventional transfusion, including large supply, absence of transfusion reactions, no need for cross-matching, no risk for transmission of disease and long shelf life. Several experimental studies have suggested that cell-free hemoglobin is a vasoactive agent. In animal models of hemorrhagic shock, small doses of cell-free modified hemoglobin restore arterial pressure, promote adequate tissue oxygenation, and improve survival, when compared with fluids with no oxygen-carrying capacity. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that hemoglobin-induced vasocontriction may result in decreased cardiac output, reduced blood flow to vital organs and severe pulmonary hypertension. Cell-free hemoglobin solutions cause their pressor effects by binding and scavenging nitric oxide. Although hemoglobin within the red blood cells is the natural scavenger of NO, when the hemoglobin is free in solution, NO is inactivated to a greater extend. Cell-free hemoglobins are on advanced clinical trials, despite the fact that development of a safe and efficient blood substitute depends on the availability of these products for critical evaluation by the scientific community before the widespread clinical use of these blood substitutes.

Biophysics of hemoglobin in chronic renal failure

The imbalance in acid-base buffer capacities of Hb prior to dialysis is due to the unfolding of Hb as a globular protein. The new groups which by unfolding become exposed to its surface could be responsible for H+ and OH+ receptors. The drop in heme-heme interaction b and indicated a low affinity of Hb to oxygen. This signify the adaptation of macromolecule to deliver oxygen to the tissue. This adaptation is lost post-dialysis due to the rapid shift from acidosis to alkalosis. Thus, Hb is folded after being unfolded pre-dialysis. However, a slight decrease in Met-Hb and sulf-hemoglobin content was detected with corresponding elevation of tetramer Hb

Polimorfismo bioquímico de hemoglobinas, transferrinas y albúminas séricas en minivacas Cebú (Bos indicus) mediante electroforesis en gel de almidón en México / Biochemical polymorphism of haemoglobins, transferrins and serum albumins in Zebú minicows (Bos indicus) through electrophoresis in starch gel in Mexico

Se recolectaron muestras senguíneas (plasma y eritrocitos) de 14 minivacas Cebú (Bos indicus), correspondieron a 5 machos y 9 hembras, con el fin de determinar el patrón electroforético de tres sistemas bioquímicos polimórficos mediante técnicas de electroforesis zonal en gel de almidón. Con proteínas polimórficas se presentarón las transferrinas y las hemoglobinas de los animales estudiados, mientras que las albúminas séricas mostraron un solo patrón electroforético. Los alelos encontrados con mayor frecuencia fueron: De transferrinas, el alelo Tfd; de hemoglobinas, el alelo HbB y en albúminas sólo el AB. Se detectaron ciertas diferencias y semejanzas con el patrón electroforético tradicional ya establecido para estas proteínas en los bovinos Cebú

Effect of denaturants and stabilisers on protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces.

The adsorption isotherms of different proteins from aqueous solution to the surface of different solids have been compared in the presence of additives such as urea, surfactants and high concentration of various neutral salts. The adsorption isotherms of lysozyme on alumina are not affected much in the presence of 8 M urea showing the rigid structure of lysozyme whereas isotherms of hemoglobin show surface coagulation even in presence of 2 M urea. In presence of 8 M urea, adsorption isotherms of BSA on alumina show two distinct steps. The extent of protein adsorption in the presence of surfactants depends on the nature of surfactants as well as of the underlying surface. The adsorption isotherms of BSA and lysozyme in presence of 2 M concentration of different neutral salts have also been compared with each other. In the presence of denaturants such as NaI and LiCl, the proteins are adsorbed in unfolded beta-conformation whereas in the presence of protein stabilizers such as NaCl, KCl and Na2SO4, amount of protein adsorbed at saturation is zero or extremely small showing that unfolding of proteins at the interface is necessary for initial stage of protein adsorption. The standard free energy change (delta G degrees) per square meter of the surface, signifying relative affinity of adsorption at the state of monolayer saturation, have been calculated. The magnitude of standard free energy of transfer (delta G degrees B) of one mole of protein to the surface in presence of all the additives was found close to 40 kJ/mole.

In vitro study on the effect of low level fast neutrons on cow hemoglobin

The induced changes in biophysical properties such as: viscosity and turbidity of cow hemoglobin exposed to different low level fast neutron fluences in the range from 10[5] to 10 [8]n/cm [2]are examined. The data indicated that strong correlation relations between the changes in the parameters under investigation and the molecular weight of hemoglobin specimens due to neutron irradiation. Empirical for mulae are deduced to calculate the correspondence neutron fluence from the induced effects of viscosity as well as turbidity

Automatic measurement of hemoglobin F in blood obtained from patients with hemoglobin E/E and beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin/E.

This paper presents an automated determination of hemoglobin (Hb) F in Hb E/E disease using Hi-Auto A1c. Blood specimens collected in Bangkok were frozen, and sent to Japan by air mail for the determination. The automatically determined values showed a high correlation with the values obtained by the classical alkali denaturation method. Hb E/E cases showed 4.24 +/- 1.75% of Hb F. On the other hand, Hb, Hct, MCV and MCH in the disease samples were lower than in the controls, but higher than those of beta-thalassemia/HbE disease. From the results it was concluded that Hb E/E could be differentiated from beta-thalassemia/HbE by combination of Hb F value and MCH or Hb in CBC.