ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Influenza burden in Brazil is considerable with 4.2-6.4 million cases in 2008 and influenza-like-illness responsible for 16.9% of hospitalizations. Cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination may be assessed by different types of models, with limitations due to data availability, assumptions, and modelling approach. Objective: To understand the impact of model complexity, the cost-utility of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccines in Brazil was estimated using three distinct models: a 1-year decision tree population model with three age groups (FLOU); a more detailed 1-year population model with five age groups (FLORA); and a more complex lifetime multi-cohort Markov model with nine age groups (FLORENCE). Methods: Analysis 1 (impact of model structure) compared each model using the same data inputs (i.e., best available data for FLOU). Analysis 2 (impact of increasing granularity) compared each model populated with the best available data for that model. Results: Using the best data for each model, the discounted cost-utility ratio of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine was R$20,428 with FLOU, R$22,768 with FLORA (versus R$20,428 in Analysis 1), and, R$19,257 with FLORENCE (versus R$22,490 in Analysis 1) using a lifetime horizon. Conceptual differences between FLORA and FLORENCE meant the same assumption regarding increased all-cause mortality in at-risk individuals had an opposite effect on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in Analysis 2 versus 1, and a proportionally higher number of vaccinated elderly in FLORENCE reduced this ratio in Analysis 2. Discussion: FLOU provided adequate cost-effectiveness estimates with data in broad age groups. FLORA increased insights (e.g., in healthy versus at-risk, paediatric, respiratory/non-respiratory complications). FLORENCE provided greater insights and precision (e.g., in elderly, costs and complications, lifetime cost-effectiveness). Conclusion: All three models predicted a cost per quality-adjusted life year gained for quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in the range of R$19,257 (FLORENCE) to R$22,768 (FLORA) with the best available data in Brazil (Appendix A).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Influenza Vaccines/economics , Vaccination/economics , Models, Economic , Influenza, Human/economics , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Brazil , Reproducibility of Results , Decision Support Techniques , Age Factors , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Cost-Benefit Analysis/methods , Cost-Benefit Analysis/statistics & numerical data , Risk Assessment , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Hospitalization/economicsABSTRACT
A gripe é uma importante causa de doença e óbito. Estima-se que, anualmente, cause grave comprometimento em 3-5 milhões de pessoas e 250 a 500 mil mortes. Tanto os custos médicos diretos como os indiretos, que dependem grandemente do absenteísmo e da perda de produtividade no trabalho, são substanciais. A gripe pode ser responsável por 10%-12% de todas as faltas ao trabalho por doenças, e o custo-efetividade da imunização na população trabalhadora geral ainda está em debate...
Influenza is an important cause of disease and death. Yearly, it is estimated that the influenza causes severe harm in 3-5 million people and 250 to 500 hundred thousand deaths. Both the indirect and direct medical costs which depends on absenteeism and loss of productivity at work are substantials. The influenza can be responsible for 10%- 12% of sickness absences and the cost-efectiveness immunization of general employment- population is still in discussion...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dengue/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/economics , Absenteeism , Age Distribution , Cost of Illness , Employer Health Costs/statistics & numerical data , Diagnosis, Differential , Sick Leave/economics , Occupational Health , Immunization Programs/economics , Vaccines/supply & distributionABSTRACT
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection was an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Chile. Aim: To characterize the clinical pattern of hospitalized patients, identify risk factors associated with ICU admission or death, and evaluate its economic impact. Patients and Methods: Twenty five adult patients admitted to 2 hospitals in the Metropolitan Area from May 2009 to December 2010 with PCR confirmed H1N1 infection were analyzed. Total hospital charges were obtained and, using data of registered cases, expenses for the whole country during the first epidemic wave were estimated. Results: Aill cases presented a risk factor: age over 60 years old (n = 13, 52%), co-morbid conditions (n = 24, 96%) or pregnancy (n = 1, 4%). Pneumonia was present in 64% (n = 16) and 16% (n = 4) had hypotension. Only 6 patients (24%) had a CURB-65 score ≥ 2 and 36% (n = 9) requiring ICU admission. Case fatality rate was 16% (n = 4). By multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus type 2 was independently associated with ICU admission or death (OR 8.12; IC95 1.11-59.2, p < 0.05). Hospital charges for those admitted to ICU or the intermediate care unit reached US$ 20,304, and US$ 1,262 for those admitted in general wards. We estimated US$ 20 million in hospital charges for influenza related hospitalizations during the first wave for the whole country. Conclusions: A high proportion of patients affected by influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection required ICU admission during 2009-2010. Case fatality rate associated to this infection was high, and diabetes mellitus type 2 was a risk factor for ICU admission or death. Hospital charges were higher for those admitted in critical care units and represented an important expenditure for Chile during the first wave. The CURB-65 score was inappropriate to recognize patients at risk of hospitalization or ICU admission.
Introducción: La infección por influenza A (H1N1) pandémica representó una importante carga de morbilidad y mortalidad en Chile. Objetivo: Caracterización clínica de pacientes hospitalizados durante los años 2009 y 2010, identificar factores de riesgo asociados con ingreso a UCI o muerte y determinar el impacto económico de esta enfermedad. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis de las características clínicas y evolución en un grupo de 25 pacientes adultos ingresados a dos hospitales institucionales en la Región Metropolitana confirmados por RPC desde mayo de 2009 a diciembre de 2010. Estudio de gastos hospitalarios y estimación de gasto nacional según registro de casos atendidos desde mayo a agosto de 2009. Resultados. Todos los pacientes presentaron una condición de riesgo: edad > 60 años (n: 13, 52%), co-morbilidad (n: 24, 96%) o embarazo ((n: 1, 4%). El 64% (n: 16) presentó neumonía y 16% tuvieron hipotensión arterial (n: 4). Sólo 6 pacientes (24%) tuvieron puntuación CURB-65 ≥ 2. Un 36% (n: 9) requirió manejo en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) y 4 pacientes fallecieron (16%). Por análisis multivariado, el antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se asoció en forma significativa e independiente al ingreso a UCI o a un desenlace fatal (OR 8,12; IC95 1,11-59,2, p < 0,05). El gasto por paciente en aquellos que ingresaron a la UCI o Intermedio alcanzó los US$ 20.304 y US$ 1.262, para los que no ingresaron a estas unidades. Para Chile, se estimó un gasto mínimo de 20 millones de dólares por concepto de hospitalización para los primeros cuatro meses de la pandemia el 2009, asumiendo que 60% ingresó a UCI o Unidades Intermedias. Conclusiones: Una alta proporción de los pacientes afectados por influenza A (H1N1) 2009 requirió ingreso a UCI durante los años 2009-2010. La letalidad de esta infección fue elevada y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue un factor de riesgo para ingreso a UCI o muerte. Los gastos hospitalarios fueron elevados, especialmente en los que ingresaron a unidades críticas. El sistema CURB-65 tiene una baja capacidad para reconocer riesgo de hospitalización o muerte en estos pacientes.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/mortality , Pandemics/economics , Cost of Illness , Chile/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Influenza, Human/economics , Risk Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Estimar la relación costo-efectividad de la vacunación contra influenza pandémica A (H1N1) 2009 en mujeres embarazadas en Colombia durante la segunda onda de la pandemia. MÉTODOS: Se construyó un árbol de decisiones que simulaba los resultados sanitarios (muertes y años potenciales de vida perdidos, APVP) en dos cohortes de mujeres embarazadas, una vacunada y otra sin vacunar. Los parámetros del modelo fueron extraídos de la literatura científica y los costos se estimaron a partir de un estudio previo. Se calcularon razones de costo-efectividad incrementales (RCEI). RESULTADOS: La vacunación de embarazadas contra influenza pandémica habría evitado entre 4 664 y 15 741 consultas ambulatorias y entre 119 y 401 hospitalizaciones. Los costos de atención evitados serían de US$ 249 530 a US$ 842 163. Para el escenario base, vacunar embarazadas sería costo-efectivo (RCEI/APVP evitado US$ 7 657). Esta RCEI fue sensible a la letalidad de la enfermedad; en escenarios de baja letalidad la vacunación no sería costo-efectiva en Colombia. CONCLUSIONES: La vacunación en embarazadas contra influenza pandémica es costo-efectiva en un escenario de alta mortalidad. La evidencia existente de que las mujeres embarazadas tienen mayor riesgo de presentar complicaciones y de que la vacuna es segura justificaría su uso en embarazadas.
OBJECTIVE: Estimating the cost-effectiveness ratio of vaccinating pregnant women against the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Colombia during the second wave of the pandemic. METHODS: A decision tree was constructed, which simulated the health results (deaths and years of potential life lost [YPLL]) in two cohorts of pregnant women; one vaccinated, the other unvaccinated. The model's parameters were drawn from scientific literature and costs were estimated on the basis of a previous study. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated. RESULTS: Vaccinating pregnant women against pandemic flu would have prevented between 4 664 and 15 741 outpatient visits and between 119 and 401 hospitalizations. Between US$ 249 530 and US$ 842 163 in costs of care would have been avoided. For the base scenario, vaccinating pregnant women would be cost-effective (ICER/YPLL avoided US$ 7 657). This ICER was responsive to the disease's fatality rate; vaccina tion would not be cost-effective in Colombia in scenarios with a lower fatality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccinating pregnant women against pandemic influenza is cost-effective in a scenario with a high mortality rate. The existing evidence that pregnant women are at increased risk of complications and that the vaccine is safe would justify its use in pregnant women.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Influenza Vaccines/economics , Influenza, Human/economics , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/economics , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Decision Trees , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Pandemics , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiologyABSTRACT
La infección por virus influenza en niños tiene un alto impacto en términos de costos, morbilidad y mortalidad asociada. Las tasas más altas de infección se concentran en los niños menores de 2 años, especialmente en aquellos menores de 6 meses. Esta infección genera un importante número de consultas ambulatorias y es causa de frecuente de hospitalización en los menores 5 años durante cada temporada. Se reconoce, que los niños con factores de riesgo exhiben una mayor frecuencia de hospitalización y complicaciones respiratorias; mas aún, diversas publicaciones han sugerido que los niños son los principales transmisores de la enfermedad a otros grupos vulnerables. La infección por influenza traduce un ausentismo escolar y ausentismo laboral de sus padres o cuidadores, con importantes costos económicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Influenza, Human/economics , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Absenteeism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cost of Illness , Influenza, Human/mortality , Hospitalization/economics , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivos Analizar, desde la perspectiva del pagador, el costo efectividad de la vacunación contra influenza al personal de salud que tiene contacto estrecho con los pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados en Colombia. Métodos Mediante un árbol de decisión, se identificó la relación de costo-efectividad de la aplicación de esta vacuna al personal de salud que tiene contacto estrecho con los pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados. La perspectiva es la del pagador. Los costos se valoraron en unidades monetarias y la efectividad se mide por la reducción en días de hospitalización de pacientes oncológicos como resultado de la disminución en las probabilidades de contraer el virus por la vacunación al personal de salud. Resultados Vacunar contra la influenza al personal de salud que tiene contacto estrecho con los pacientes oncológicos hace que, al ahorrar un día de estancia hospitalaria, simultáneamente se ahorren $ 2 978 000 (US$ 1 324). Conclusiones Vacunar contra la influenza al personal de salud que tiene contacto estrecho con los pacientes oncológicos es costo efectivo para una probabilidad de contagio del personal de salud que no ha sido vacunado mayor o igual a 0,02.
Objective Performing a cost-effectiveness evaluation of influenza vaccine for health workers coming into close contact with oncological patients from the payer's point of view. Methods As no evidence was found for influenza vaccine effectiveness in oncological patients, the cost-effectiveness of applying the vaccine to health workers coming into close contact with oncological patients was calculated by means of a decision tree; the payer's point of view was adopted. Costs were evaluated in monetary units and effectiveness was measured by the reduction in length of hospital stay for cancer patients as a result of lesser probability of catching the disease because of vaccinating the health workers. Results Vaccinating health workers coming into close contact with cancer patients led to savings of $2 978 000 (US$1 324) per day of stay saved. Conclusions Vaccinating health workers coming into close contact with cancer patients proved cost-effective, returning health worker contagion probability higher than or equal to 0.02.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Influenza Vaccines/economics , Influenza, Human , Neoplasms , Professional-Patient Relations , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Colombia/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/economics , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Survival RateABSTRACT
Little is known about the disease burden of influenza in middle-income tropical countries like Thailand. The recent outbreak of avian influenza (H5N1) and studies on influenza from neighboring countries highlight the need for data on incidence, access to care, and health care cost. In May/ June 2003, we conducted a province-wide household survey using two-stage cluster sampling to determine the burden of influenza-like illness in Sa Kaeo Province. We used the total number of reported influenza that occurred in May 2003 and a prospective study of outpatient influenza in clinic patients to develop an estimate of the annualized incidence of influenza. Of 718 subjects, 16 (2.2%) suffered an episode of influenza-like illness in the preceding month; 14 sought care, of whom 7 went to a hospital facility. Fifty percent reported missing on average 3 days of work or school. The total individual cost per illness episode was 663 baht (15.78 US dollars). The proportion of outpatients with influenza-like illness caused by an influenza virus in May was 16% and the annualized influenza incidence was estimated to be 5,941/100,000 in Sa Kaeo Province. This survey adds to information indicating that in rural Thailand, the burden of influenza is substantial and costs associated with an illness episode are up to 20% of an average monthly income.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cost of Illness , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Incidence , Income , Infant , Influenza, Human/economics , Male , Middle Aged , Rural Health , Thailand/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Presentar una estimación de los costos y resultados de salud que podrían obtenerse en México con la introducción de un programa de vacunación contra influenza en los adultos de 65 años de edad y más. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre junio y octubre de 2004, en Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, se elaboró un modelo para estimar el número de años de vida que se pierden por problemas de salud ocasionados por la influenza y el porcentaje de los que podrían salvarse mediante la vacunación por influenza en adultos de 65 años de edad y más, así como el costo asociado a la atención de casos de influenza y el costo potencial de la vacunación, para obtener el costo neto por año de vida salvado. RESULTADOS: Utilizando dos escenarios de efectividad de la vacuna, se estimó un total de entre 7 454 y 11 169 años de vida que podrían salvarse mediante la vacunación de todos los adultos mayores en México a un costo de entre 13 301 y 21 037 pesos por año. DISCUSION: Si bien no se comparó con otros usos alternativos de los recursos, la intervención evaluada tiene un costo por año de vida ganado significativamente menor al producto interno bruto per cápita de México, lo que sugiere que es costo efectivo llevar a cabo la vacunación contra influenza en adultos de 65 años de edad en México.