Effects caused by the spinal administration of ketamine S (+) 5% with no preservatives, using a single puncture, and located on the spinal cord and meninges in rabbits

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of ketamine S (+) 5% with no preservatives and administered as a subarachnoid single puncture on the spinal cord and meninges of rabbits. METHODS: Twenty young adult female rabbits, each weighing 3500-5000 g and having a spine length between 34 and 38 cm, were divided by lot into two groups (G): 0.9% saline in G1 and ketamine S (+) 5% in G2, by volume of 5 μg per cm column (0.18 mL). After intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine and xylazine, the subarachnoid space was punctured at S1-S2 under ultrasound guidance, and a random solution was injected. The animals remained in captivity for 21 days under medical observation and were sacrificed by decapitation. The lumbosacral spinal cord portion was removed for immunohistochemistry to assess the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and histology was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. RESULTS: No histological lesions were found in the nervous tissue (roots and cord) or meninges in either group. CONCLUSION: The ketamine S (+) 5% unpreserved triggered no neurological or histological lesions in the spinal cord or meninges of rabbits. .

Morfina intratecal vs. epidural en operación cesárea / Intrathecal morphine vs. epidural in cesarean section

Introducción: Varios estudios han examinado diferentes protocolos de analgesia postoperatoria en cesáreas. La morfina utilizada en el neuroeje demostró ser una forma efectiva y segura como método analgésico postoperatorio en cesáreas, sin mayores efectos adversos. Objetivo: 1) Demostrar la equivalencia analgésica en las primeras 24 horas de 100 mcg de morfina intratecal con 1 mg de morfina peridural en el postoperatorio de cesáreas. 2) Evaluar efectos colaterales. Material y Métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado doble ciego. Se reclutaron 200 pacientes sometidas a operación cesárea, randomizadas en dos grupos: IT (intratecal, bupivacaína hiperbárica 0,5% 10 mg, fentanilo 20 mcg, morfina 100 mcg) y EP (epidural, lidocaína al 2% con epinefrina 17 ml, fentanilo 100 mcg, morfina 1 mg). Todas recibieron 400 mg de Ibuprofeno cada 6 h y metoclopramida 10 mg cada 8 h postoperatoriamente. Si el dolor era moderado (> 4 y < 7 en 10 según EVN), se administró 25 mg de tramadol vía oral; si el dolor era severo (> 7) la dosis fue de 50 mg. Se midió el número total de rescates en las primeras 24 h, tiempo hasta el primer rescate, intensidad del dolor según EVN. Se evaluó satisfacción analgésica a las 24 h según escala del 0 a 100. Se registraron los efectos colaterales según escala del 0 al 10: prurito, sedación, depresión respiratoria y náuseas. Se aplicó el test de Chi-cuadrado para comparación de proporciones, considerándose significativa una p < 0,05. Resultados: De las 200 pacientes, 112 fueron anestesias intratecales y 88 anestesias epidurales. Del total, el 5,5% presentó dolor moderado y el 1% dolor severo en algún momento del día. El 4% presentó náuseas moderadas, el 1,5% severas, el 3% presentó algún episodio de vómitos. El 15%, prurito moderado, y el 2% severo. No hubo diferencias significativas con respecto al dolor, las náuseas ni al prurito. No hubo sedación profunda ni depresión respiratoria...

Effect of different intrathecal morphine doses in low dilute dose bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in anal surgery

Postoperative pain for anal surgery is a concern. Intrathecal morphine is effective and simple method for postoperative analgesia. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of 50 ug intrathecal morphine in low dilute bupivacaine 0.125% to 100 ug morphine in low dilute bupivacaine 0.125% and to compare the advantage and disadvantage in each group. Sixty patients of ASA grade I and II scheduled for anal surgery were randomly allocated to receive saddle block in setting position either lml of 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 1ml saline 0.9% [total volume 2ml to give concentration of 0.125%] [Group I n=20] or 1ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.25% with 1ml of morphine 50 micro g [group II n=20] or 1ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.25% with 1ml of morphine 100 ug [group III n=20]. The duration of analgesia in the groups I, H, III were 2.8 +/- 0.55 hr, 6.4 +/- 0.8 hr and 11.2 +/- 1.2 hr respectively which was highly significant. Postoperative nausea and vomiting occurred at overall highly significant incidence during the first 24 hours, in group II, III, while there was no nausea and vomiting in group I. Urinary retention was also significant between group I, II and III with mean 3.95, 6.82 and 9.12 hours, in group II eight patients need catheter while in group Ill fourteen patients need catheter. As regard pruntus no patients in group I, while in group II one patients complaining of sever pruritus, in group Ill five patients complaining of sever pruritus and need treatment. A transient respirator depression with respiratory rate<8 pen minute and SPO2<90% occurred in one patients only in group III. No homodynamic changes

Preemptive prophylactic intravenous granisetron reduces the incidence and severity of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus

Pruritus is a common adverse event of intrathecal fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Activation of central 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype[3] [5-HT [3]] receptors is one of its possible mechanisms. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of granisetron for the prevention of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus in patients undergoing gynecologic, urologic, orthopedic and general surgery. 120 parturients [American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] I-II status] undergoing surgery under spinal anesthesia using 15 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine [0.5%] and 25 micro g fentanyl were randomly divided to three equal groups [n=40]. Thirty minutes before spinal anesthesia, patients received granisetron 1 mg IV [GRN], granisetron 1 mg plus 8 mg dexamethasone IV [GRN/DEX], or normal saline IV [Placebo]. Pruritus, pain, sedation, nausea and vomiting scores were evaluated during the initial 24 hours postoperatively. The incidence of pruritus was significantly more frequent in Placebo group compared with GRN and GRN/DEX groups [75% versus 50% and 45%] [P

Tetanus neonatorum: treated by intratecal tigh and single circum-umbilical ATS injection

Fifty cases of neonatal tetanus have been treated by us in the Nursery of Services Hospital, Lahore from July 1998 to December 1989. Human tetanus immunoglobulin [TIGH] 250 I.U. were given intrathecally along with a subcutaneous infusion in the abdominal wall around umbilicus of 200 [cc] half strength Normal saline [0.45%] with 50, 000 units of ATS. The traditional method of sedation with valium, phenobarbitone, largectil is followed along with benzyl penicillin. With the above mentioned protocol and isolation, even from light, sound, touch and by a good nursing care, we have succeeded to decline mortality rate from 60% to 34%

Effect of the level of injection of spinal anesthesia on sensory anaesthetic level

A prospective, randomized study was performed in Assiut University Hospital to investigate the influence of the level of injection on sensory anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower limbs and perineum surgeries when 3 mL of plain 0.5 percent bupivacaine was injected intrathecally at three different levels [L2-3, L3-4 and L4-5] in three groups of 20 patients each. The patients were kept sitting for 2 minutes after injection. No significant difference in maximal level of sensory anaesthesia was found. In all patients, anaesthesia was sufficient for surgery. These preliminary results indicate that if a higher level of injection is more suitable for anatomic reasons, it can safely be used without the risk of a much higher level of sensory blockade

Incremental spinal sufentanyl and bupivacaine during labour and delivery: a new approach of obstetric analgesia

Twenty mothers who had requested pain relief during labor had a 26 gauge chatheter inserted into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Incremental sufentanil was given up to a maximum of 10 ug with a mean duration of analgesia of 162 minutes [range 55-194 minutes] and a mean total dose of 8 ug [range 5-10 ug]. Analgesia was excellent in nine mothers, good in seven and unsatisfactory in four. Side effects were pruritis, nausea, vomiting and mild sedation. Fifteen mothers received initially 1 ml 0.25% bupivacaine for incomplete analgesia with a mean duration of 68.6 minutes [range 41-118 minutes]. The subsequent analgesia was by increments of 1 ml 0.125% plain bupivacaine, the maximum height of the block was T8. Five mothers received hyperbaric bupivacaine for perineal suturing. There was no hypotension and no post-spinal headache. All mothers were allowed to go home after delivery