Effects of combined treatment of cadmium and oxytetracycline on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio leavis / Efeitos do tratamento combinado de cádmio e oxitetraciclina no isópode terrestre Porcellio laevis

The influence of pharmaceutical residues and heavy metals on living organisms has received global attention. The present study assessed the interactive effect of antibiotic residues and heavy metals in soil, as contaminated food with cadmium (Cd) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the isopod Porcellio leavis. It was fed on fresh plant leaves contaminated with different concentrations of cadmium, Cd+OTC1000 ppm, Cd+OTC2000 ppm and Cd+OTC3000 ppm for 4 weeks. The changes in the feeding patterns, protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and total free amino acids (TFAA) were recorded. There were significant differences in the obtained results where Cd reduced the egestion ratio (ER) however, OTC enhanced this ratio. Biochemical analysis illustrated that combination between OTC and Cd inhibits the toxic effects of Cd at low concentration (1000 ppm), while at high concentration (3000 ppm) raise the toxicity. Detailed studies are required for further understanding of the interaction between OTC and heavy metals, and also its impact on soil animals and for improving soil risk evaluation.

A influência de resíduos farmacêuticos e metais pesados em organismos vivos tem recebido atenção global. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de resíduos de antibióticos e metais pesados no solo, como alimentos contaminados com cádmio (Cd) e oxitetraciclina (OTC), sobre o isópode Porcellio laevis, o qual foi alimentado com folhas frescas de plantas contaminadas com diferentes concentrações de cádmio, Cd + OTC1000 ppm, Cd + OTC2000 ppm e Cd + OTC3000 ppm, por quatro semanas. As mudanças nos padrões de alimentação, proteína, peroxidação lipídica (LPO), atividade da catalase (CAT) e aminoácidos livres totais (TFAA) foram registradas. Houve diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos, em que o Cd reduziu a taxa de excreção (ER), no entanto o OTC aumentou essa proporção. A análise bioquímica mostrou que a combinação entre OTC e Cd inibe os efeitos tóxicos do Cd em baixa concentração (1.000 ppm), enquanto, em alta concentração (3.000 ppm), aumenta a toxicidade. Estudos detalhados são necessários para uma maior compreensão da interação entre OTC e metais pesados, e seu impacto sobre os animais do solo, bem como para melhorar a avaliação de risco do solo.

Effects of combined treatment of cadmium and oxytetracycline on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio leavis / Efeitos do tratamento combinado de cádmio e oxitetraciclina no isópode terrestre Porcellio laevis

The influence of pharmaceutical residues and heavy metals on living organisms has received global attention. The present study assessed the interactive effect of antibiotic residues and heavy metals in soil, as contaminated food with cadmium (Cd) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the isopod Porcellio leavis. It was fed on fresh plant leaves contaminated with different concentrations of cadmium, Cd+OTC1000 ppm, Cd+OTC2000 ppm and Cd+OTC3000 ppm for 4 weeks. The changes in the feeding patterns, protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and total free amino acids (TFAA) were recorded. There were significant differences in the obtained results where Cd reduced the egestion ratio (ER) however, OTC enhanced this ratio. Biochemical analysis illustrated that combination between OTC and Cd inhibits the toxic effects of Cd at low concentration (1000 ppm), while at high concentration (3000 ppm) raise the toxicity. Detailed studies are required for further understanding of the interaction between OTC and heavy metals, and also its impact on soil animals and for improving soil risk evaluation.

A influência de resíduos farmacêuticos e metais pesados em organismos vivos tem recebido atenção global. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de resíduos de antibióticos e metais pesados no solo, como alimentos contaminados com cádmio (Cd) e oxitetraciclina (OTC), sobre o isópode Porcellio laevis, o qual foi alimentado com folhas frescas de plantas contaminadas com diferentes concentrações de cádmio, Cd + OTC1000 ppm, Cd + OTC2000 ppm e Cd + OTC3000 ppm, por quatro semanas. As mudanças nos padrões de alimentação, proteína, peroxidação lipídica (LPO), atividade da catalase (CAT) e aminoácidos livres totais (TFAA) foram registradas. Houve diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos, em que o Cd reduziu a taxa de excreção (ER), no entanto o OTC aumentou essa proporção. A análise bioquímica mostrou que a combinação entre OTC e Cd inibe os efeitos tóxicos do Cd em baixa concentração (1.000 ppm), enquanto, em alta concentração (3.000 ppm), aumenta a toxicidade. Estudos detalhados são necessários para uma maior compreensão da interação entre OTC e metais pesados, e seu impacto sobre os animais do solo, bem como para melhorar a avaliação de risco do solo.

First report of Livoneca guianensis (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) in Leporinus fasciatus (Pisces: Anostomidae) in Brazil / Primeiro registro de Livoneca guianensis (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) em Leporinus fasciatus (Pisces: Anostomidae) no Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to report the first record of the occurrence of the parasite Livoneca guianensis in Leporinus fasciatus in Brazil. In September 2019, during surveys of the parasites in 12 specimens of L. fasciatus from the lower Jari River basin, in Amapá State, Brazil, one specimen of L. guianensis was found in the tongue of one host. The prevalence of L. guianensis was 8.3%, and it was observed that this parasite has a geographic distribution restricted to South America, parasitizing fish species from Guyana and Brazil. This study contributed to the first report on the occurrence of L. guianensis for L. fasciatus in Brazil. In addition, increased the knowledge on the geographic distribution of this parasite with morphometric data, which are scarce for this Cymothoidae.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou registrar a primeira ocorrência de Livoneca guianensis em Leporinus fasciatus no Brasil. Em setembro de 2019, durante uma pesquisa sobre parasitos em 12 espécimes de L. fasciatus do baixo Rio Jari, Estado do Amapá, norte do Brasil, um espécime de L. guianensis foi encontrado na língua de um hospedeiro. A prevalência de L. guianensis foi de 8,3% e foi observado que esse parasito tem distribuição geográfica restrita à América do Sul, parasitando espécies de peixes da Guiana e do Brasil. Este estudo contribuiu com o primeiro relato da ocorrência de L. guianensis para L. fasciatus no Brasil. Além disso, aumentou o conhecimento sobre a distribuição geográfica desse parasito, contribuindo com dados morfométricos que são escassos para esse Cymothoidae.

Isopods Cymothoidae ectoparasites of fish from the Amazon / Isópodes Cymothoidae ectoparasitos de peixes da Amazônia

Abstract Most freshwater species of Cymothoidae are distributed in South America. They have mainly been recorded in the eastern and western regions of the Amazon River basin. However, in this ecosystem, the biodiversity of this group may be greater if the entire Amazon basin is considered. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to provide an updated list of isopod species of the family Cymothoidae that are found in fish in the Brazilian Amazon region and to report on new fish host occurrences and expanded geographical distributions for cymothoid isopods that parasitize fish in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon region. The parasites found in fish specimens were collected, fixed and identified later. We found eight species of Cymothoidae parasitizing different host fish species in the southwestern Amazon region. However, we found 14 species of Cymothoidae throughout the Brazilian Amazon region. Three additional species are thus reported here, which increases the number of species of Cymothoidae in this region to 17. These additional species are also new records for Brazil. Therefore, this study has contribute to expand the knowledge about the distribution and diversity of Cymothoidae in the Amazon basin.

Resumo A maioria das espécies de água doce de Cymothoidae está distribuída na Sul e foi registrada principalmente nas regiões Leste e Oeste da bacia do Rio Amazonas. Entretanto, nesse ecossistema, a biodiversidade desse grupo pode ser maior se toda a bacia amazônica for considerada. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi fornecer uma lista atualizada de espécies de isópodes da família Cymothoidae que são encontrados em peixes na Região Amazônica brasileira e relatar novas ocorrências de peixes hospedeiros, ampliando as distribuições geográficas para isópodes cimotoides que parasitam peixes na região Sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Os parasitos encontrados em espécimes de peixes coletados foram analisados e posteriormente identificados. Foram encontradas oito espécies de Cymothoidae parasitando diferentes espécies de peixes hospedeiros na região Sudoeste da Amazônia. No entanto, foram encontradas 14 espécies de Cymothoidae em toda a Região Amazônica brasileira. Três novos relatos de espécies foram observados, o que aumenta o número de espécies de Cymothoidae nessa região para 17. Essas espécies relatadas, também são novos registros para o Brasil. Portanto, este estudo ajudou a expandir o conhecimento sobre a distribuição e diversidade de Cymothoidae na bacia amazônica.

First report of Artystone trysibia (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) in Caquetaia spectabilis (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) / Primeiro relato de Artystone trysibia (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) em Caquetaia spectabilis (Cichliformes: Cichlidae)

Abstract The present study provides the first record of an isopod parasite (Artystone trysibia) on Caquetaia spectabilis, a cichlid from the eastern Amazon collected in the State of Amapá, northern Brazil. In May 2018, specimens of C. spectabilis were collected in the lower Jari River, and 33.3% were parasitized by A. trysibia on the tegument tissue between pelvic fins. No hemorrhage or injury signals were observed in the tegument of the host. This study also expanded the distribution of A. trysibia to the eastern Amazon.

Resumo O presente estudo fornece o primeiro registro de um isópode parasito (Artystone trysibia) em Caquetaia spectabilis, um ciclídeo da Amazônia coletado no estado do Amapá, norte do Brasil. Em maio de 2018, espécimes de C. spectabilis foram coletados no baixo Rio Jari e 33,3% estavam parasitados por A. trysibia dentro do orifício tegumentar localizado na região ventral, entre as nadadeiras pélvicas de C. spectabilis. Nenhuma hemorragia ou lesões foram observadas no tegumento dos hospedeiros. Este estudo amplia a distribuição de A. trysibia para a Amazônia oriental.

Low levels of crustacean parasite infestation in fish species from the Matapi River in the state of Amapá, Brazil / Baixos níveis de infestação de parasitos crustáceos em espécies de peixes do Rio Matapi no estado do Amapá (Brasil)

Abstract This first study investigated the crustacean parasite fauna in 66 species of fish from the Matapi River basin, state of Amapá (Brazil). Fish were collected every two months between March 2012 and August 2013, encompassing dry and rainy seasons. Among the 66 species examined (corresponding to 722 fish specimens) only 11 species were parasitized. The infestation prevalence was 2.2%, and a total of 48 specimens of parasites were distributed between three different parasite groups. These included Argulus elongatus, Dolops reperta and Argulus multicolor (Branchiura), Ergasilus xinguensis and Gamidactylus sp. (Copepoda), and Isopoda (Braga patagonica), but branchiuran species were predominant. This was the first report of these parasite species for Leporinus fasciatus, Astyanax bimaculatus, Curimata incompta, Pygocentrus nattereri, Crenicichla cincta, Crenicichla johanna, Geophagus camopiensis, Pterophyllum scalare, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Hypostomus plecostomus and Propimelodus eigenmanni. Lastly, this study expands the range of occurrence of these six parasite species to the Matapi River basin in eastern Amazon.

Resumo Este primeiro estudo investigou a fauna parasitária de crustáceos em 66 espécies de peixes da bacia do Rio Matapi, estado do Amapá (Brasil). Os peixes foram coletados bimestralmente no período de março de 2012 a agosto de 2013, nas estações de estiagem e chuvosa. Entre as 66 espécies (correspondendo a 722 espécimes) somente 11 espécies estavam parasitadas. A prevalência de infestação foi 2,2% e um total de 48 espécimes foram distribuídos em três grupos de parasitos. Esses incluem Branchiura (Argulus elongatus, Dolops reperta e Argulus multicolor), Copepoda (Ergasilus xinguensis e Gamidactylus sp.) e Isopoda (Braga patagonica), mas a dominância foi de espécies de branchiuras. Este foi o primeiro relato dessas espécies de parasitos para Leporinus fasciatus, Astyanax bimaculatus, Curimata incompta, Pygocentrus nattereri, Crenicichla cincta, Crenicichla johanna, Geophagus camopiensis, Pterophyllum scalare, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Hypostomus plecostomus e Propimelodus eigenmanni. Por fim, este estudo expande a ocorrência dessas seis espécies de parasitos para a bacia do Rio Matapi na Amazônia oriental.

Braga nasuta (Cymothoidae): an ectoparasite of the Giant Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae) fingerlings cultured in the Amazon region in Northern Brazil / Braga nasuta (Cymothoidae): um ectoparasito de alevinos do peixe gigante da Amazônia Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae), cultivado na região Amazônica, no Norte do Brasil

Isopods Cymothoidae are organisms that parasitize several fish species, both marine and freshwater, provoking important physiological alterations and secondary infections. The genus Braga was proposed to harbor three species of parasitic isopods in freshwater fish from South America: B. brasiliensis, B. cichlae and B. nasuta. Posteriorly, other four species were included: B. patagonica, B. amapaensis, B. fluviatilis and B. bachmanni. Regarding the geographical distribution of the genus, there are registers in Brazil, Argentina, Suriname and Paraguay. In this study, 3,625 fingerlings of pirarucu Arapaima gigas were examined from a commercial fish farm in the Amazon region, Pará State, to observe and identify possible parasites. A total of eleven ectoparasitic isopods were carefully removed from the body surface of the hosts and fixed in alcohol 70%. They were processed and identified as Braga nasuta. Parasitological indexes were prevalence of 0.303%, mean intensity of 1.000±0.000 and mean abundance of 0.003±0.055. This is the first report of B. nasuta in pirarucu fingerlings.

Isópodes Cymothoidae são organismos que parasitam ampla variedade de espécies de peixes, tanto marinhos quanto dulcícolas, provocando importantes alterações fisiológicas e infecções secundárias. O gênero Braga foi proposto inicialmente para abrigar três espécies de isópodes parasitos de peixes de água doce da América do Sul: B. brasiliensis, B. cichlae e B. nasuta; posteriormente, outras quatro espécies foram inseridas: B. patagônica, B. amapaensis, B. fluviatilis e B. bachmanni. Em relação à distribuição geográfica das espécies deste gênero, há registros no Brasil, na Argentina, em Suriname e no Paraguai. Neste estudo, 3.625 alevinos de pirarucu Arapaima gigas de uma piscicultura comercial na região amazônica, Estado do Pará, foram examinados para observar e identificar possíveis parasitos. Ao total, foram encontrados onze isópodes ectoparasitos, cuidadosamente retirados da superfície corporal de hospedeiros e fixados em álcool 70%. Eles foram processados e identificados como Braga nasuta. Os índices parasitológicos tiveram prevalência de 0,303%, intensidade media de 1.000±0.000 e abundância média de 0,003±0,055. Este é o primeiro relato de B. nasuta em alevinos de pirarucu.

Rocinela signata (Isopoda: Aegidae) parasitizing the gills of the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Actinopterygii: Mullidae) in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Parasitic isopods of fishes usually show wide distribution and low host specificity. This study investigated the occurrence of gill parasites in 120 specimens of spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus, marine fish of great economic importance for fishery community. The fish were captured monthly in the Coast of Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, between October 2012 and September 2013. Eleven isopods were found and identified as Rocinela signata. We observed lower infections in the gills of P. maculatus (prevalence 8.3%, mean intensity 1.6±0.3 and mean abundance 0.1±0.3) when compared to other studies of different host fishes from geographically close locations. This parasite has been reported from a wide variety of fish species, not only in Brazil, but also in the eastern Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. This is the first report of R. signata in spotted goatfish.

Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of Armadillidium vulgare Latreille / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of Armadillidium vulgare (AV).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The antinociceptive effect of AV (400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) was investigated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociceptive, and hot plate tests. Phlogogen-induced paw edema using carrageenan, dextran, or compound 48/80 as phlogogen was used as inflammatory models to evaluate AV's anti-inflammatory effect. Additionally, the bioactive substances glucosamine (GLcN) and taurine in AV were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Oral treatment of the mice with AV (600 and 800 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of writhes in the acetic acid-induced writhing test (P<0.01) but not the hot plate test (P>0.05). All doses tested significantly inhibited paw-withdrawal during the second phase of the formalin-induced nociceptive model (P<0.01). AV demonstrated a strong anti-inflammatory effect in all those inflammatory models (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>AV has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, providing scientific evidence of the efficacy of its traditional use in pain treatment. Furthermore, GLcN and taurine contribute, at least in part, to the anti-inflammatory activity of AV.</p>

Occurrence of Braga cigarra (Cymothoidae) parasitizing Galeocharax knerii (Characidae) from affluents of Jurumirim reservoir, Brazil / Ocorrência de Braga cigarra (Cymothoidae) parasitando Galeocharax knerii (Characidae) de afluentes da represa de Jurumirim, Brasil

The occurrence of the cymothoidae Braga cigarra is reported parasitizing the oral cavity of freshwater fish Galeocharax knerii from Veados, Paranapanema and Taquari Rivers, affluent of the Jurumirim Reservoir, State of São Paulo, Brazil is reported. The isopod species were identified based on the multilaminar pleopods, narrow pleon and short pleotelson in females. The overall prevalences of isopods were 31.7%, 7.7% and 5.7%, respectively, in the Paranapanema, Veados and Taquari Rivers. This note contributes to the knowledge of the geographical distribution and fauna of parasite crustaceans known to date in these important ecosystems.

Foi registrada a ocorrência do cymothoidae Braga cigarra parasitando a cavidade bucal do peixe de água doce Galeocharax knerii capturado nos rios Veados, Paranapanema e Taquari, afluentes da represa de Jurumirim, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As espécies de isópodas foram identificadas com base nos pleópodos multilaminares, abdômen estreito e pleotelson curto nas fêmeas. As prevalências totais de isópodos foram 31,7%, 7,7% e 5,7%, respectivamente, nos rios Paranapanema, Veados e Taquari. Essa nota contribui com o conhecimento da distribuição geográfica e da fauna de crustáceos parasitas conhecidas até a presente data nesses importantes ecossistemas aquáticos.

Effect of the parasitic isopod, Catoessa boscii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae), a buccal cavity parasite of the marine fish, Carangoides malabaricus

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the effect of isopod parasite Catoessa boscii (C. boscii) on Carangoides malabaricus (C. malabaricus).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The host fish C. malabaricus infested by C. boscii were collected directly from the trawlers landed at Parangipettai coast during December 2008 to November 2009. Data regarding the total length, width, weight and sex of the host fish were recorded. Effect of infestation on C. malabaricus, the length and weight data were analysed and host specificity of isopods was also examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the sampling period, 585 C. malabaricus were examined. Among them, 218 specimens were found to carry 243 parasites. Three pairs of isopods (one male with one female) were recorded from the host fish and each pair was attached to the tongue in the buccal cavity of the host. Another pair was also found where the male and male, female and female isopod had settled on the tongue in the buccal cavity. Gross lesions observed in the buccal cavity of infested fish showed small pin-holes in the tongue region, through which dactyls of pereopod's penetrating claws dig into the host tissues. The maximum weight loss was reported in females (5.43%) than in males (3.75%) of C. malabaricus. Due to infestation of different isopod parasites in both male and female fish, the effects on the length-weight relationship of C. malabaricus were compared. The rate of increased growth in weight in uninfested female fish was found to be higher than that of the infested. The weight gain is faster in uninfested fish than in the infested fish.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>From the above mentioned observations, it is clear that the worst of fish on account of the infestation of isopods are the C. malabaricus succumbed to the attack of isopod parasites. Although, the infestation did not cause immediate death, it had affected the normal growth of the host fish.</p>

Detection of Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: rickettsiales) in three species of terrestrial isopods (crustacea: isopoda: oniscidea) in Brazil

Terrestrial isopods are widely infected with Wolbachia. However, little is known about the presence of bacteria in the Neotropical species. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of presence of Wolbachia infection in the native species of terrestrial isopods, Atlantoscia floridana and Circoniscus bezzii, and in the introduced species Burmoniscus meeusei.

Reproduction of Cubaris murina (Crustacea: Isopoda) under laboratory conditions and its use in ecotoxicity tests / Reprodução de Cubaris murina (Crustacea: Isopoda) em condições de laboratório e seu uso em testes de ecotoxicidade

Reproduction of the isopod Cubaris murina was studied in the laboratory in order to observe the offspring number per brood, the number and duration of the incubation periods, and the influence of repeated mating on number of young per brood. An experiment was conducted with two different groups: female/male pairs and females that were isolated after mating. No significant difference was found between the two reproductive female groups for the mean number of young per brood (x = 25) and the duration of the incubation periods (x = 17 days). One mating was enough for at least five broods, with no reduction in brood size. There was no significant difference between the number of adult males and females. Low-density cultures had a significantly higher growth rate compared to high-density cultures. Furthermore, the experimental results for optimization isopod culture conditions for terrestrial ecotoxicity testing are reported.

A reprodução do isópodo Cubaris murina foi investigada em laboratório para observar: o número de filhotes por ninhada, número e duração dos períodos de incubação, e se repetidas cópulas influenciam o número de juvenis por ninhada. Um experimento foi conduzido com dois diferentes grupos: pares com uma fêmea e um macho e fêmeas mantidas individualmente depois da cópula. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois grupos de fêmeas em relação ao número de filhotes por ninhada (x = 25) e a duração dos períodos de incubação (x = 17 dias). Uma cópula foi suficiente para ao menos cinco ninhadas, sem redução em seu tamanho. A proporção sexual dos adultos de C. murina em laboratório não apresentou diferenças significativas entre a proporção de machos e fêmeas nos cultivos. A densidade influencia o crescimento dos isópodos de forma significativa: culturas com baixa densidade têm maior taxa de crescimento do que culturas com alta densidade. Os resultados experimentais sobre a eficiência dos cultivos em laboratório para ensaios ecotoxicológicos terrestres são apresentados.

A note on the occurrence of praniza larvae of Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) on fishes from Northeast of Pará, Brazil

The infection of the estuarine teleost fishes Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest, 1831 (Mugilidae), Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes, 1839 (Ariidae), Conodon nobilis Linnaeus, 1759 (Haemulidae), Cetengraulis edentulus Cuvier, 1829 (Engraulidae), and Anableps anableps Linnaeus, 1758 (Anablepidae) by praniza larvae of Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) was studied in specimens fished off the Atlantic Ocean in Northeast of Pará State, near Bragança, Brazil. The highest infection prevalence value was found in Anableps anableps (42.3 percent) and the lowest in Conodon nobilis (9.1 percent). The mean intensity varied from 1 parasitein Conodon nobilis to 19.5 in Arius phrygiatus. A description of the larvae is provided. The morphology of the mouthparts is related to the blood sucking activity, and is compared with the characteristics of other gnathiidae species.

Foi estudada a parasitose dos peixes estuarinos Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest, 1831 (Mugilidae), Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes, 1839 (Ariidae), Conodon nobilis Linnaeus, 1759 (Haemulidae), Cetengraulis edentulus Cuvier, 1829 (Engraulidae), e Anableps anableps Linnaeus, 1758 (Anablepidae) por larvas praniza de Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) em exemplares pescados no Oceano Atlântico, no Nordeste do Pará, próximo a Bragança, Brasil. O valor mais elevado da prevalência da infecção foi observado em A. anableps (42,3 por cento) e o menor em C. nobilis (9,1 por cento). A intensidade média da parasitose variou entre 1 parasita em C. nobilis até 19,5 em A. phrygiatus. Efetua-se a descrição da larva, verificando-se que a morfologia da armadura bucal está relacionada com a atividade sugadora de sangue, e faz-se a comparação com as características de outras espécies.

Population dynamics of Excirolana armata (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) in Buenos Aires beaches, Argentina

Se estudió la dinámica y estructura poblacional de Excirolana armata en tres playas arenosas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), de enero de 2004 a marzo de 2005. Se seleccionaron playas sometidas a distintos tipos de influencias antropogénicas. Los parámetros de la función de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy fueron determinados en cada playa. Esta especie mostró una notable fluctuación en su crecimiento, con tasas más bajas a fines de otoño y en invierno. La población de la playa con mayor grado de erosión antropogénica presentó los valores menores y más estables de densidad y biomasa, la más alta tasa de mortalidad y la menor longevidad. Las variaciones temporales del coeficiente alométrico de la relación longitud-peso seco indicaron un patron cíclico, con los menores valores en otoño-invierno y los mayores en verano. Las hembras predominaron en la población ebido a la corta duración de la temporada reproductiva. Las poblaciones argentinas y uruguayas tienen índices similares en el crecimiento, pero difieren en los valores de abundancia y densidad, probablemente como respuesta a variaciones en la orfodinámica de las playas y en las interacciones biológicas.

The population dynamics and structure of the cirolanid isopod Excirolana armata were studied from January 2004 through March 2005 in three sandy beaches of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). Beaches with different types of anthropogenic influences were selected. The von Bertalanffy’s growth function parameters were determined for each population. There was a marked fluctuation in growth, with lowest rates in late autumn and winter. The isopod population of the beach exposed to the highest degree of anthropogenic erosion had thelowest and most stable values of abundance and biomass, the highest mortality rate and the shortest life span.Temporal fluctuations of the allometric coefficient of the length‑dry weight relationship indicated a cycling pattern,with lowest values during the autumn‑winter period and peak values in the summer. Females predominatedin the populations due to the short duration of the reproductive season. Argentine and Uruguayan populationsshowed similar growth performance indices, but differed in their abundance and biomass values, probably asa response to variations in beach morphodynamics and biological interactions.

Biodiversidad de crustáceos peracáridos en el delta del Río Orinoco, Venezuela / Biodiversity of peracarid crustaceans in the Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela

The composition, abundance, diversity and density of benthonic peracarid crustaceans were studied in the Orinoco river delta, Venezuela. Samples were collected at 18 sites distributed in five areas: one at the high delta, two at the medium sector and two at the low delta. Two field seasons were included: high waters (18-28 November 2002) and low waters (8-19 May 2003). Three samples were dredged at each sampling site, identifying more than 510 specimens belonging to eight families and 11 species: Amphipoda (three families, six species), Isopoda (one family, one species), Tanaidacea (two families, three species), Cumacea (one family) and Mysida (one family, one species). Two species (Discapseudes surinamensis and Halmyrapseudes spaansi) and an unidentified species of Kalliapseudes are new records for Venezuela. Their density and distribution suggest that a salinity gradient influenced longitudinal distribution: greater densities and species richness were in the lower delta, near the mouth of the Mariusa and Winikina rivers.

Para evaluar la composición, abundancia, diversidad y densidad de crustáceos peracáridos en los sedimentos de la región del delta del río Orinoco (Venezuela), establecimos cinco áreas de muestreo: una en el alto delta, dos en el sector medio y dos en el bajo delta (18 estaciones). Hicimos dos muestreos de campo: época de “aguas altas” o lluvia (18-28 noviembre/2002) y “aguas bajas” o sequía (8-19 de mayo, 2003). Tomamos tres muestras de bentos mediante dragas, identificando un total de 515 individuos, pertenecientes a 8 familias y 11 especies en total: Amphipoda (tres familias, seis especies), Isopoda (una familia, una especie), Tanaidacea (dos familias, tres especies), Cumacea (una familia) y Mysida (una familia, una especie), de las cuales dos fueron nuevas citas para el país: Discapseudes surinamensis y Halmyrapseudes spaansi, así como una especie no identificada de Kalliapseudes. La densidad y distribución de estos organismos sugiere la existencia de gradientes de influencia marina, con las mayores densidades y riqueza de especies en áreas cercanas a las desembocaduras de los caños Mariusa y Winikina.

Effect of isopod parasite, Cymothoa indica on gobiid fish, Oxyurichthys microlepis from Parangipettai coastal waters (South-east coast of India).

The present study reported for the first time on the effect of isopod parasite, Cymothoa indica infestation on Oxyurichthys microlepis an ecologically important gobiid fish from Parangipettai coastal environment (South-east coast of India). The loss of weight in host fishes (male 20.47 and female 32.84%) were observed due to parasitism. The weight of uninfested female fish was found to be higher than that of infested one. The calus like thickening developed on the gill arch and gill filaments of host fish due to the persistent irritation caused by the appendages of the parasite. The reduction of gill surface area was observed due to the attachment of the parasites. The maximum reduction noticed in the first gill arch is mainly due to the heavy pressure exerted by the parasite. Details of gross lesions observed in the branchial chamber, buccal cavity and body surface was enumerated. Heavy infestations of parasitic juveniles have the potential to kill small fingerlings. The swimming capacity of the fish was also found to be affected.

Isopods (Isopoda: Aegidae, Cymothoidae, Gnathiidae) associated with Venezuelan marine fishes (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii) / Isópodos (Isopoda: Aegidae, Cymothoidae, Gnathiidae) asociados a peces marinos venezolanos (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii)

The parasitic isopod fauna of fishes in the southern Caribbean is poorly known. In examinations of 12 639 specimens of 187 species of Venezuelan fishes, the authors found 10 species in three families of isopods (Gnathiids, Gnathia spp. from Diplectrum radiale *, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus *, Orthopristis ruber * and Trachinotus carolinus *; two aegids, Rocinela signata from Dasyatis guttata *, H. cruentatus *, Haemulon aurolineatum *, H. steindachneri * and O. ruber ; and Rocinela sp. from Epinephelus flavolimbatus *; five cymothoids: Anilocra haemuli from Haemulon boschmae *, H. flavolineatum * and H. steindachneri *; Anilocra cf haemuli from Heteropriacanthus cruentatus *; Haemulon bonariense*, O. ruber*, Cymothoa excisa in H. cruentatus *; Cymothoa oestrum in Chloroscombrus chrysurus, H. cruentatus* and Priacanthus arenatus ; Cymothoa sp. in O. ruber; Livoneca sp. from H. cruentatus *; and Nerocila fluviatilis from H. cruentatus * and P. arenatus *). The Rocinela sp. and A. cf haemuli in the southern Caribbean could represent new species. The abundance of A. cf haemuli appears to have drastically reduced from 1994 to 1999 in the Gulf of Cariaco. The Cymothoa sp. represents an undescribed species that is apparently host specific to O. ruber . It does not occur in the Gulf of Cariaco, but is relatively abundant on the Caribbean coast of Sucre State, Venezuela. The Livoneca sp. is an undescribed species host specific to Diapterus rhombeus, Cymothoa excisa and C. oestrum were thought to have distinct host preferences, but both infected the Heteropriacanthus cruentatus in the present study.Gnathia spp. are reported from Venezuelan waters for the first time. Twenty new host records* are noted. The fish-associated isopod fauna is much more extensive and important than has previously been suspected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 175-188. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se conoce muy poco acerca de la fauna de isópodos parásitos de peces en el Caribe Sur. Tras examinar 12 639 especímenes de 187 especies de peces de Venezuela, los autores encontraron 10 especies de isópodos distribuidos en tres familias. Los asteriscos indican nuevos registros (Gnátidos, Gnathia spp. en Diplectrum radiale*, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus*; Orthopristis ruber* y Trachinotus carolinus*; dos aégidos, Rocinela signata en Dasyatis guttata*, H. cruentatus*, Haemulon aurolineatum*, H. steindachneri * y O. ruber ; y Rocinela sp. en Epinephelus flavolimbatus*; cinco cimotoidos: Anilocra haemuli en Haemulon boschmae*, H. flavolineatum* y H.steindachneri*; Anilocra cf haemuli en Heteropriacanthus cruentatus*; Haemulon bonariense*, O. ruber*; Cymothoa excise in H. cruentatus*; Cymothoa oestrum en Chloroscombrus chrysurus, H. cruentatus* y Priacanthus arenatus; Cymothoa sp. en O. ruber; Livoneca sp. en H. cruentatus*; y Nerocila fluviatilis en H. cruentatus* y P. arenatus*). Las especies Rocinela sp.y A.cf haemuli en el Caribe sur podrían representar especies distintas. La abundancia de A. cf haemuli en el Golfo de Coriaco parece haberse reducido drásticamente entre 1994 a 1999. Cymothoa sp.es una especie no descrita que aparentemente parasita específicamente a O. ruber. No se le encuentra en el Golfo de Cariaco, pero es relativamente abundante en la costa Caribe del Estado de Sucre, Venezuela. Livoneca sp. (especie sin describir) parasita específicamente a Diapterus rhombeus. Anteriormente se pensaba que Cymothoa excisa y C. oestrum tenían distintas preferencias de hospedero, pero ambas infectan a Heteropriacanthus cruentatus. Gnathia spp. Son además primer registro en aguas venezolanas. Se informan en total 20 nuevos registros. La fauna de isópodos asociados a peces es mucho más extensa e importante de lo que se sospechaba.

Infestation pattern and parasitic castration of the crustacean Riggia paranensis (Crustacea: Cymothoidea) on the fresh water fish Cyphocharax gilbert (Teleostei: Curimatidae)

Cyphocharax gilbert infested by Riggia paranensis shows parasitic castration. The prevalence of parasitism in C. gilbert varied among different environments, being higher in the middle rio Itabapoana. Fish were collected monthly using two cast nets (thrown 30 times during the day) and gillnets kept in the river during 12 hour, from sunset to sunrise, between September 1997 and August 2000. Infestation pattern was investigated on 1358 specimens. Most of them were infested (57.9 percent), with one or two parasites; the majority (62.9 percent) was collected during the rainy season (spring-summer). The parasite did not show preference for sex or size of hosts. A total of 91.5 percent of the 511 examined parasites had a body size that represented 10.1 percent to 20 percent of host standard length. The reproductive condition of 311 specimens of R. paranensis was analyzed checking the presence of oocytes in the ovarian and eggs or embryos in the marsupium. Nearly 73 percent of them were at reproductive phase, and had a body size that represented 5.1 percent to 20 percent of host standard length. The size of the immature parasites varied from 0.1 percent to 5 percent of the host size. The results suggest that R. paranensis may adopt a fast growth rate strategy and increase the investment in reproduction when they occupy most of the host's pericardial space.

Cyphocharax gilbert infestado por Riggia paranensis apresenta castração parasitária. A prevalência do parasito varia entre diferentes ambientes, sendo maior no trecho médio do rio Itabapoana. Os peixes foram coletados mensalmente neste rio usando duas tarrafas (lançadas por 30 vezes durante o dia) e redes de espera por 12 horas, do crepúsculo ao amanhecer, entre setembro de 1997 e agosto de 2000. O padrão de infestação foi investigado em 1358 peixes. Peixes infestados apresentaram um ou dois parasitos, representando 57,9 por cento da população e a maioria deles (62,9 por cento) foi coletada no período de maior precipitação (primavera-verão). O parasito não apresentou preferência por sexo ou tamanho do hospedeiro. No total, 91,5 por cento de 511 parasitos examinados apresentaram um tamanho corpóreo que representou de 10,1 por cento a 20 por cento do comprimento padrão do hospedeiro. A condição reprodutiva em 311 espécimes R. paranensis foi analisada através da presença de oócitos no ovário e ovos ou embriões no marsúpio, sendo que cerca de 73 por cento estavam em fase de reprodução, apresentando um tamanho corporal que variou entre 5,1 por cento a 20 por cento do comprimento padrão do hospedeiro. O tamanho dos parasitos imaturos variou de 0,1 por cento a 5 por cento do tamanho do hospedeiro. Os resultados sugerem que R. paranensis pode adotar uma estratégia de rápido crescimento e deve aumentar o investimento em reprodução quando ocupa grande parte do espaço disponível na cavidade pericardial do hospedeiro.