Análise molecular da hipolactasia primária do tipo adulto: uma nova visão do diagnóstico de um problema antigo e frequente / Molecular analysis of adult-type hypolactasia: a new view into the diagnosis of an old frequent condition

A intolerância ao leite de vaca e seus derivados acomete grande parte da população mundial. No Brasil, também se observa elevada prevalência dessa condição. A principal causa de intolerância à lactose é a Hipolactasia Primária do Tipo Adulto (HPTA), uma condi- ção determinada geneticamente e que se caracteriza pela redução da atividade da enzima lactase a partir dos primeiros anos de vida. As bases genéticas da HPTA estão relacionadas à identificação de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único na região promotora do gene LCT (que codifica a lactase). Conforme o genótipo, haverá persistência ou não da atividade desta enzima na idade adulta. No presente artigo, são abordados aspectos clínicos e diagnósticos desta frequente condição, à luz dos conhecimentos atuais de suas bases genético-moleculares. Os autores ressaltam a importância da análise molecular da HPTA na estratégia atual de investigação diagnóstica frente a sintomas de intolerância à lactose (AU)

Intolerance to cow's milk and its derivatives affects a great part of the world's population. In Brazil, there is also a high prevalence of this condition. The main cause of lactose intolerance is primary hypolactasia (or adult-type hypolactasia ­ ATH)), a genetically determined condition characterized by reduction of lactase activity from the first years of life. The genetic basis of ATH is related to the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the LCT gene (encoding lactase). Depending on genotype, the activity of this enzyme will persist or not into adulthood. In this article, clinical and diagnostic aspects of this condition are discussed in light of current knowledge of its molecular genetic bases. The authors emphasize the importance of molecular analysis of ATH in the current strategy of diagnostic investigation upon symptoms of lactose intolerance (AU)

Diagnóstico de intolerancia a la lactosa en adultos: rendimiento comparativo de la clínica, test de hidrógeno espirado y test genético / Comparative performance of symptoms questionnaire, hydrogen test and genetic test for lactose intolerance

Background: Genetically programmed adult-type hypolactasia affects 56% of Chilean population. Ideally, diagnosis should be confirmed. Aim: To compare diagnostic yield of genetic test, hydrogen (H2) expiratory test and a validated symptomatic structured survey (SS). Material and Methods: Patients submitted to H2 test answered a historic (anamnestic) and current SS (after the ingestion of 25 g of lactose). A blood sample was obtained for determination of genetic polymorphisms C/T_13910, C/G_13907 and G/A_22018 by polymerase chain reaction. The gold standard for diagnosis of lactose intolerance (LI) was the agreement of at least two of three tests. Results: Sixty-one participants aged 39 ± 12 years (21 males), were studied. Anamnestic SS was diagnostic of LI in all cases (score > 7), while current SS detected LI in 27/61 (46%). H2 test (an increase > 15 ppm after ingestion of 25 g of lactose) showed LI in 31/61 (51%). The locus C/G_13907 showed no polymorphism and locus G/A_22018 was in complete linkage disequilibrium with C/T_13910. Genotype C/C_13910, associated to hypolactasia, was present in 30/58 (52%). According to the gold-standard, 32/61 (52.5%) patients were diagnosed as LI. Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 79% and 69% for current SS, 93% and 93% for H2 test and 97% and 93% for the genetic test. The last two showed a positive likelihood ratio (LR) > 10 and a negative LR < 0.1, figures within the range considered clinically useful. Conclusions: Genotype C/C_13910 is responsible for hypolactasia in this population. Anamnestic report of symptoms after milk ingestion and symptoms after lactose ingestion, are not accurate enough. H2 and genetic tests are simple and similarly accurate to diagnose lactose intolerance in adults.

Genotype frequencies of C/T-13910 and G/A-22018 polymorphisms in a Colombian Caribbean population do not correspond with lactase persistence prevalence reported in the region / Las frecuencias genotípicas de los polimorfismos C/T-13910 and G/A-22018 en una población caribeña colombiana no corresponden con la prevalencia de lactasa persistencia que se informó en la región

Introduction: The C/T-13910 and G/A-22018 polymorphisms located upstream of the lactase gene are reliable predictors of lactase persistence in Caucasian-derived populations. Assessing the presence and distribution of these polymorphisms in other populations is central to developing genotyping assays and understanding the evolutionary mechanism behind this trait in several human populations. Objective: Genotyping the C/T-13910 and G/A-22018 polymorphisms in a sample of Colombian Caribbean individuals. Materials and methods: The polymorphisms were identified through Polymerase Chain Reaction/Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Amplified fragments were digested using Hinf I and Hha I. Arlequin v. 3.1 was used to determine allelic and genotypic frequencies, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, and linkage disequilibrium. Results: Genotypic frequencies were CC (81.4%), CT (18.6%), and TT (0%) for the C/T-13910 polymorphism. Frequencies were AA (55.5%), GA (45.5%), and GG (0%) for the G/A-22018 polymorphism. No linkage disequilibrium was found between the two loci. Only the locus containing the C/T-13910 polymorphism was found in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusion: The allelic and genotypic distributions observed in this first genotyping study in a Colombian Caribbean population indicate a distribution pattern different from the one of the North European Caucasians and do not correspond to the lactase persistence prevalence reported for Caribbean populations.

Introducción: Los polimorfismos C/T-13910 y G/A-22018, que se localizan corriente arriba del gen de la lactasa son predictores confiables de la persistencia de lactasa en poblaciones derivadas de caucásicos. Conocer la presencia y distribución de esos polimorfismos en otras poblaciones es fundamental para el desarrollo de métodos de diagnóstico de lactasa persistencia y para comprender los mecanismos evolutivos de este fenotipo en seres humanos. Objetivo: Genotipificar los polimorfismos C/T-13910 y G/A-22018 en una muestra de sujetos caribeños colombianos. Materiales y métodos: Los polimorfismos se identificaron mediante la digestión de productos amplificados, que se hizo con Hinf I y Hha I. Se usó el programa Arlequín versión 3.1 para determinar las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas, el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg y el desequilibrio de ligamiento. Resultados: Para el polimorfismo C/T-13910 las frecuencias genotípicas fueron CC (81.4%), CT (18.6%) y TT (0%), mientras que para el polimorfismo G/A-22018 fueron AA (55.5%), GA (45.5%) y GG (0%). No se encontró desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los loci que contienen los polimorfismos y sólo el polimorfismo C/T-13910 está en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg en comparación con G/A-22018. Conclusión: Las distribuciones alélicas y genotípicas observadas en este primer estudio de genotipificación en una muestra de la población caribeña colombiana muestra un patrón de distribución diferente del encontrado en poblaciones caucásicas del norte de Europa y no corresponden con la prevalencia de lactasa persistencia que se ha informado en caribeños.

In vitro translation of RNA to lactase during postnatal development of rat intestine.

mRNA levels encoding lactase were detected by Northern blot analysis using two different probes in developing rat intestine. Probe I and probe II corresponding to second half of prolactase gene showed a 6.8 kb mRNA transcript in 7, 14, 21 and 30 day old rat intestine. There was no change in quantity of lactase mRNA detected using probe II, but hybridization with probe I showed a progressive decrease in mRNA transcript encoding lactase with age. At day 7 and 14 of postnatal development, the lactase mRNA was quite high, but it reduced upon weaning. The in vitro translation products of RNA detected by Western blot analysis using brush border lactase antibodies showed several isoforms of lactase antigen with molecular weight ranging from 100-220 kDa. Analysed at days 7 and 30 of postnatal development, lactase isoforms of molecular weight 130 kDa and 220 kDa were similar to those found in purified brush border membranes. The translation of RNA to 220 kDa lactase protein was high in 7 and 14 day old pups, but it was markedly reduced in 30 day old animals. These findings support the contention that translation of mRNA to lactase is impaired in weaned animals, which may also be responsible for the maturational decline in lactase activity in adult rat intestine.