Laparotomía abreviada y terapia de presión negativa para el cierre temporal del abdomen como tratamiento de la peritonitis diverticular Hinchey III/IV / Abbreviated laparotomy and negative pressure therapy for temporary closure of the abdomen as treatment of diverticular peritonitis Hinchey III/IV

Introducción: Los pacientes que se presentan con cuadros de peritonitis de origen diverticular (estadios Hinchey III o IV) en un contexto de sepsis severa con inestabilidad hemodinámica (shock séptico) la realización de anastomosis primaria presenta una alta tasa de dehiscencia anastomótica y mortalidad operatoria, aconsejándose la realización de una resección y abocamiento a la manera de Hartmann. Sin embargo, la alta tasa de complicaciones relacionadas a la confección del ostoma, la complejidad de la cirugía de restauración del tránsito intestinal, asociado a que entre el 40 % y el 60 % de los Hartmann no se reconstruyen, ha estimulado a que se intenten otras variables de resolución para esta compleja y grave patología. Diversas publicaciones en los últimos años han propuesto la táctica de "cirugía del control del daño" con el objeto de disminuir la morbimortalidad de estos gravísimos cuadros sépticos y a su vez reducir la tasa de ostomías. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestra experiencia inicial con esta modalidad de manejo de la peritonitis diverticular Hinchey III/IV sepsis severa e inestabilidad hemodinámica (shock séptico) y realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema. Material y método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de series de casos. Entre noviembre de 2015 y diciembre de 2016. Servicio de coloproctología del complejo médico hospitalario Churruca-Visca de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y práctica privada de los autores. Se utilizó la técnica de laparotomía abreviada y cierre temporal del abdomen mediante un sistema de presión negativa. Resultados: En el periodo descripto se operaron 17 pacientes con peritonitis generalizada purulenta o fecal de origen diverticular. Catorce casos fueron Hinchey III (82,36%) y 3 casos Hinchey IV (17,64%). En 3 casos se observó inestabilidad hemodinámica en el preoperatorio o intraoperatorio. Todos ellos correspondientes al estadio IV de Hinchey. Se describen los 3 casos tratados mediante esta táctica quirúrgica. Discusión: La alta tasa de morbimortalidad de este subgrupo de pacientes incentivó a diversos grupos quirúrgicos a implementar la técnica de control del daño, permitiendo de esta manera estabilizar a los pacientes hemodinámicamente y en un segundo tiempo evaluar la reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal. En concordancia con estas publicaciones, dos de nuestros pacientes operados con esta estrategia, pudieron ser anastomosados luego del segundo lavado abdominal. Conclusión: En pacientes con peritonitis diverticular severa asociado a shock séptico el concepto de laparotomía abreviada con control inicial del foco séptico, cierre temporal del abdomen con sistema de presión negativa y posterior evaluación de la reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal, es muy alentador. Permitiendo una disminución de la morbimortalidad como así también del número de ostomías. (AU)

Introduction: Patients presenting with diverticular peritonitis (Hinchey III or IV stages) in a context of severe sepsis with hemodynamic instability (septic shock), performing primary anastomosis has a high rate of dehiscence anastomotic and operative mortality, advising the realization of a resection and ostoma in the manner of Hartmann. However, the high rate of complications related to performing of ostoma, the complexity of intestinal transit restoration surgery, associated with the 40% to 60% of Hartmann reversal not performed, has encouraged other variables to be attempted resolution for this complex and serious pathology. Several publications in recent years have proposed the tactic of "damage control surgery" in order to reduce the morbidity of these serious septic charts while reducing the rate of ostomies. The objective of this study is to present our initial experience with this modality of management of the diverticular peritonitis Hinchey III/IV severe sepsis and hemodynamic instability (septic shock) and to carry out a bibliographic review of the subject. Material and method: Observational, descriptive study of case series. Between November 2015 and December 2016. Coloproctology service of the Churruca-Visca hospital medical complex in the city of Buenos Aires and private practice of the authors. The technique of abbreviated laparotomy and temporary closure of the abdomen was used by a negative pressure system. Results: In the period described, 17 patients with generalized purulent or fecal peritonitis of diverticular origin were operated. Fourteen cases were Hinchey III (82.36%) and 3 cases Hinchey IV (17.64%).In 3 cases, hemodynamic instability was observed in the preoperative or intraoperative period. all of them corresponding to Hinchey's Stage IV. The 3 cases treated using this surgical tactic are described. Discussion: The high morbidity rate of this subgroup of patients encouraged various surgical groups to implement the damage control technique, thus allowing patients to stabilize hemodynamically and in a second time evaluate reconstruction intestinal transit. In line with these publications, two of our patients operated on with this strategy could be anastomosated after the second abdominal wash. Conclusion: In patients with severe diverticular peritonitis associated with septic shock, the concept of abbreviated laparotomy with initial control of the septic focus, temporary closure of the abdomen with negative pressure system and subsequent evaluation of transit reconstruction intestinal, it's encouraging. Allowing a decrease in morbidity as well as the number of ostomies. (AU)

Is direct consultant supervision of all trauma laparotomies necessary?

Introduction: This study examines the nature of trauma laparotomies performed primarily by trainees and those performed under the direct supervision of a consultant. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was undertaken at the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service (PMTS), South Africa. All patients who underwent a trauma laparotomy were included. Admission physiology, organ injury and outcome were assessed. Statistical comparison using STATA was performed. Chi-squared analysis was used for categorical variables and unpaired T-test for physiology. Results: A total of 562 patients for trauma laparotomy were identified. Ninety percent (506/562) were male and the mean age was 30 years. The in hospital mortality was 7% (40/562). A consultant was present at 35% of cases (197/562). Consultant-lead operations were found to have a higher rate of mortality 16% vs 2% (32/197 vs 8/365: p < 0.001) and ICU 45% vs 25% (89/197 vs 91/365: p < 0.001) than trainee only.Significant differences in many parameters of admission physiology were identified. Consultant-lead procedures had a higher lactate (3.7 vs 2.9: p 0.0043), respiratory rate (RR) (22 vs 20: p 0.0005), heart rate (HR) (102 vs 96: p 0.0035) and a lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) (115 vs 122: p 0.0001) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (69 vs 73: p 0.0350) pH (7.34 vs 7.36: p 0.0216) base excess (BE, mEq/L) (-4.1 vs -2.5: p 0.0036) and bicarbonate (HCO3, mEq/L) (21.3 vs 22.5: p 0.0043) than trainee only procedures. Consultants were more likely to be called in for a gunshot than a stab wound (p < 0.001).Of the solid organ injuries, consultants are more likely to be called in for cases with liver injury 23% vs 16% (45/197 vs 58/365: p 0.005) and pancreatic injury 15% vs 3% (30/197 vs 11/365: p < 0.001). Conclusion: Trainees can safely undertake a subset of trauma laparotomies. However, patients with deranged physiology and complex hepatobiliary injuries should be operated on directly by a consultant

Urgências cirúrgicas abdominais em pacientes com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida / Surgical abdominal emergencies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients

Os pacientes com síndrome da imunodefiência adquirida (SIDA) podem apresentar quadro de abdome agudo com manifestaçoes clínicas muito variadas, levando a erros e retardos no diagnóstico pré-operatório e retardos freqüentes na açao cirúrgica. Objetivo. Estudar os dados clínicos, critérios diagnósticos, etiologia, conduta cirúrgica e morbimortalidade dos pacientes com SIDA submetidos à laparotomia exploradora. Métodos. Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, os dados de 31 pacientes com SIDA atendidos no Serviço de Cirurgia de Emergência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, no período de 1986 a 1993, com diagnóstico clínico de abdome agudo e submetidos à laparotomia exploradora. Resultados. A principal manifestaçao clínica foi a dor abdominal, e o diagnóstico de abdome agudo foi a baseado em exame físico, exames laboratoriais e métodos de imagem. A causa mais freqüente de abdome agudo foi a perfuraçao do trato gastrointestinal, sendo a infecçao por citomegalovírus a etiologia mais freqüente da perfuraçao. Todos os doentes apresentaram algum tipo de complicaçao pós-operatória, prevalecendo a infecçao da ferida cirúrgica. A mortalidade foi de 42 por cento, em decorrência de sepse e falência de múltiplos órgaos e sistemas. Conclusoes. Basedos nestes dados, concluímos que os sinais clínicos de abdome agudo nos doentes com SIDA sao menos evidentes; as estomias devem ser a conduta de eleiçao. A morbimortalidade é extremamente elevada devido ao estado imuno-comprometido, ao retardo diagnóstico e a laparotomias nao terapêuticas.

Laparotomias / Peritoneostomy

A infeccao intraperitoneal grave associada a infeccao de parede e as complicacoes de outros orgaos apresenta ainda elevado indice de mortalidade. Considerando os principios basicos empregados nas diferentes condutas para este tipo de infeccao, ou seja, a drenagem do foco septico, o desbridamento dos tecidos desvitalizados e a prevencao ininterrupta do reacumulo de secrecao septica, os autores fizeram um levantamento sobre peritoneostomia, suas vantagens, desvantagens, indicacoes, tecnicas e complicacoes. Observaram, quanto aos resultados, que a principal causa do obito apos cirurgia da peritonite difusa e a falha no controle da infeccao inicial ou a recorrencia da sepse, e o aparecimento subsequente da insuficiencia de multiplos orgaos e sistemas. Comentam a taxa de mortalidade, que oscila de 7,l% a 66,6%, com media de 37,3%, chamando a atencao para a dificuldade de comparar os resultados observados, pois que nao houve randomizacao dos pacientes e patologias, alem do que os trabalhos, em sua maioria, nao sao prospectivos. Concluem que a laparotomia e um metodo racional de tratamento da peritonite difusa grave, nos doentes submetidos a cirurgias anteriores, principalmente nos doentes com fistulas que nao podem ser exteriorizadas, nos casos de abscessos pancreaticos ou quando as secrecoes nao podem ser drenadas por metodos convencionais