ABSTRACT
Because of its high incidence, breast cancer becomes a major concern, justified by psychological and social impacts. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current trends for breast reconstruction and evaluate its major complications. Method: A retrospective study was performed in a consecutive series of breast reconstructions in the period February 2011 to February 2012, through analysis of medicai records. Results: A total of 127 breast reconstructions were performed. The immediate reconstructions represent 73% of the total. The following techniques were used: permanent silicone implant, 54% (n = 69), Becker adjustable implant, 14%(n = 17), transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM), 13%(n=17), latissimus dorsi flap and implant 13% (n=16) and single expander 6% of cases (n=8). Major complications occurred in 16.5% (n = 21) and most (63% n=12) had a history of radiation therapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and / or smoking history. The complications resulted from hematoma reoperation (0.72% n=l), extensive necrosis of the flap requiring debridement and / or positioning of the implant to recover the lost volume (4%n=5), infections (3% n=4), extrusion and removal of the implant (7% n=9)and thromboembolic events (1.5% n=2). Conclusion: The choice of technique for breast reconstruction must be individualized and based on the characteristics and desires of each patient, the familiarity of the technique by the surgical team, the hospital resources available and costs generated by the techniques to optimize the results, reduce costs and complication rates...
Em razão da sua elevada incidência, o câncer de mama torna-se uma das grandes preocupações, sobretudo pelos impactos psicológicos e sociais. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são analisar as tendências atuais para a reconstrução mamária e avaliar suas complicações maiores. Método: O estudo retrospectivo foi realizado numa série consecutiva de reconstruções mamárias, no período de fevereiro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012, pela análise de prontuários médicos. Resultados: Um total de 127 reconstruções mamárias foram realizadas. As reconstruções imediatas representam 73% do total. As seguintes técnicas foram utilizadas: implante de silicone permanente, 54% (n=69), implante ajustável de Becker, 14% (n= 17), retalho transverso do músculo reto abdominal (TRAM), 13% (n=17), retalho do músculo latíssimo do dorso com implante, 13% (n=16), e expansor simples, 6% dos casos (n=8). Complicações maiores ocorreram em 16,5% (n=21) sendo que na maioria (63% n=12) possuíam passado de radioterapia, QT neoadjuvante e/ou história de tabagismo. As complicações foram decorrentes de hematoma com reintervenção /reinternação (012% n= 1), necrose extensa do retalho com necessidade de desbridamentos e/ou posicionamento de implante para recuperação do volume perdido (4% n=5), infecções (3% n=4), extrusão e retirada do implante (7% n=9), e eventos tromboembólicos (1,5% n=2). Conclusão: A escolha da técnica para a reconstrução mamária deve ser individualizadae baseada nas características e anseios de cada paciente, na familiaridadeda técnica pela equipe cirúrgica, nos recursos hospitalares disponíveis e nos custos gerados pelas técnicas, a fim de otimizar os resultados, reduzir custos e os índices de complicações...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Mastectomy , Breast/surgery , Mammaplasty/trends , Postoperative Complications , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Methods , Patients , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The author discusses the indiscriminate use of various terms to designate a single artifact and suggests the adoption of only one signifier. Although no publications deal specifically with the meaning of the terms "implant", "prosthesis" or "inclusion", apart from what is found in ordinary lexical and medical dictionaries, such terms are commonly and interchangeably used to designate a single artifact. According to the author, it is beneficial to select and utilize only the term that best conceptualizes the object designed for correcting lack of breast volume in specialty terminology. The use of a single term will facilitate scientific paper writing; therefore, the author proposes the use of the term "implant" to indicate the artifact placed inside the mammary gland.
O autor discute o uso indiscriminado de vários termos para designar um único artefato e sugere a adoção de apenas um significante. Embora não se encontrem publicações que tratem especificamente do significado dos termos implante, prótese e inclusão, a não ser o que se encontra nos dicionários léxicos e médicos comuns, esses termos têm sido usados rotineiramente para designar um único artefato. O autor considera ser possível incluir na nomenclatura da especialidade o termo que melhor conceitue o referido objeto destinado à correção da falta de volume mamário. O uso de um único termo facilitaria a redação de trabalhos científicos, e, por esse motivo, o autor propõe o uso do termo implante para o artefato colocado dentro da glândula mamária.
Subject(s)
Subject Headings , Review Literature as Topic , Mammaplasty , Breast Implants , Breast Implantation , Abstracting and Indexing , Mammaplasty/trends , Breast Implants/trends , Breast Implantation/trends , Abstracting and Indexing/trendsABSTRACT
Negative effect of post-mastectomy radiotherapy in transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction remains unclear. The immediate post-mastectomy TRAM has shown better cosmetic results than delayed reconstruction, making it necessary to define the effects of radiation on this type of reconstruction. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of radiotherapy on immediate and delayed reconstruction with TRAM, analyzing aesthetic results and complications. We reviewed medical records of 23 patients undergoing mastectomy with TRAM reconstruction and radiation therapy between 2004-2009, distributed in those undergoing immediate reconstruction (n=12) and delayed post-radiotherapy (n=11). Cosmetic results and complications were compared between the groups. There were no differences in age, prevalence of comorbidities or clinical stage. Regarding the aesthetic result of immediate TRAM, 50 percent were classified as excellent, 20 percent very well, 20 percent good and 10 percent regular, while in delayed reconstructions, 64 percent was excellent, 18 percent very good and 18 percent good, no differences between both groups (p=0.51). There were no differences in local complications. Although the study population is insufficient to draw conclusions comparable, our results are comparable to those of other studies showing no deleterious effect of radiotherapy on immediate TRAM reconstructions. Additional studies are needed to recommend the treatment of choice.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Mammaplasty/methods , Mammaplasty/trends , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Plastic Surgery Procedures/trendsABSTRACT
Introdução: dada a evolução das técnicas de mamaplastia redutora (MR) com cicatrizes reduzidas, surgem questionamentos sobre as indicações e resultados das técnicas com cicatrizes amplas, considerando a opinião das pacientes e dos cirurgiões. Objetivo: comparar a opinião de cirurgiões e pacientes sobre resultados de MR com cicatriz reduzida e em T invertido. Métodos: analisaram-se 20 pacientes submetidas à MR, divididas em dois grupos: grupo V (cicatriz vertical, n=10) e grupo T (cicatriz em T invertido, n=10), com mais de um ano de pós-operatório. As pacientes responderam formulários com perguntas sobre os resultados obtidos. Suas fotografias foram analisadas por oito cirurgiões plásticos do Serviço, em diapositivos, numa única sessão. Os resultados foram convertidos em dados numéricos e feita a análise estatística. Resultados: houve divergência da satisfação das paciente sem relação aos cirurgiões. Considerando a forma, as pacientes estavam mais satisfeitas do que os cirurgiões, em ambos os grupos, mas especialmente no grupo T (p= 0,0283). Analisando as cicatrizes, os resultados se inverteram, sendo que as pacientes estavam mais insatisfeitas do que os cirurgiões, principalmente no grupo V (p= 0,088). Confrontando os grupos V e T, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas, embora tenha ocorrido mais cirurgias secundárias no grupo V. Conclusões: as pacientes do grupo T estão mais satisfeitas com seus resultados de forma do que os cirurgiões, não havendo diferença estatisticamente ignificativa quando se considerou forma e cicatrizes entre os grupos.
Background: with the evolution of the short scar mammaplasty reduction (MR) technique, it emerges questions about the indication and results of the wise pattern scars technique, considering the patient and surgeon opinion. Objective: the aim is to compare the patient and surgeon opinion about the MR results using short and inverted T scars. Methods: it was analyzed 20 patients who wer underwent to MR separated in two groups: Group V (vertical scar, n=10) e Group T (T inverted scar, n=10), with follow-up more than one year. The patients answered questions about their results. Their pictures were analyzed by 8 plastic surgeons of the Department in only one session. The results were converted to numeric data and it was made the statistic analysis of the results. Results: there were divergences of patients and surgeons satisfaction. Considering the mammary shape, the patients were more satisfied than the surgeons in both groups, but mainly in the Group T (p=0,0283). Analyzing the scars, the results are inverted; the patients were more unsatisfied than the surgeons, mainly in the Group V (p=0,088). Comparing the Groups V and T, there were not statistic differences in the mammary shape or scars but occurred more secondary procedures in the Group V. Conclusions: the patients of the Group T were more satisfied about the mammary shape than the surgeons. There were not statistic differences in the mammary shape or scars among the groups.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cicatrix , Mammaplasty , Mammaplasty/methods , Mammaplasty/trendsABSTRACT
Os autores utilizam técnicas conhecidas de cirurgia plástica da mama para decidir e planejar o mais radical tratamento oncológico com melhores resultados estéticos. Realiza-se a cirurgia oncológica com margens de segurança; o linfonodo sentinela é pesquisado e, se necessário, é feito o esvaziamento axilar, seguido de mamoplastia bilateral. Sistematizaram para a abordagem oncoplástica a associação de técnicas de cirurgia plástica com o tipo e a localização do tumor em um de nove quadrados de uma divisão geométrica da mama. Para mamas dos tipos I e II, a técnica periareolar é usada para a retirada de tumor em qualquer quadrado da mama. Para aquelas dos tipos III e IV com tumores localizados em quadrados superiores e laterais, a técnica utilizada é o quinto pedículo. Tumores localizados no quadrado central mediano têm a abordagem realizada pela técnica em ilha com posterior reconstrução do complexo aréolo-mamilar. Para a retirada dos tumores localizados em quadrados inferiores, são usadas as técnicas de Pitanguy ou de Gerardo Peixoto, dependendo do grau de ptose da mama. É imperativo que o mastologista, hoje, domine as técnicas oncoplásticas.
The authors systematized oncoplastic surgery techniques for the approach to breast cancer regarding the type of breast and the location of the tumor in one of nine squares. Oncologic surgery is performed by removing the tumor area with safety margins and examining the sentinel lymph nodes, when necessary, by axillary emptying at three levels, followed by bilateral mammoplasty. The authors use a geometrical division of the breast and, depending on tumor location and on the type of breast, use plastic surgery techniques for the breast and plan the most radical oncologic handling with better esthetic results. For breast types I and II, a periareolar technique is used to remove the tumor from any square of the breast. For breast types III and IV with tumors located in lateral and upper squares, the 5th pedicle technique is used. For tumors located in the median central square, the island technique is used, with subsequent reconstruction of the areolo-mammillary complex. For the removal of tumors located in the lower squares the techniques of Pitanguy or of Gerardo Peixoto are used, depending on the degree of ptosis of the breast. Today it is imperative for mastologists to dominate the oncoplastic techniques.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mastectomy, Segmental , Mammaplasty/methods , Mammaplasty/trends , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Surgery, Plastic/methods , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Patient SatisfactionABSTRACT
A oncoplástica (OP) associa as técnicas de cirurgia plástica à cirurgia conservadora no tratamento do câncer de mama. O seu emprego na Europa tem sido cada vez mais difundido, mas ainda existem poucos trabalhos demonstrando seus resultados em nosso meio. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados oncológicos e estéticos preliminares da OP em 33 pacientes consecutivas submetidas à cirurgia conservadora de mama com remodelamento bilateral por meio de técnicas de OP no ano de 2004, no Serviço de Oncologia do Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, em Curitiba/PR. A média de idade das pacientes foi de 51 anos. O local da mama mais freqüentemente envolvido foi a união dos quadrantes superiores (30%), e a média do tamanho tumoral foi de 15 mm. O peso médio da ressecção cirúrgica foi de 89 g, e as margens foram negativas em 85% dos casos. A maioria das pacientes foi submetida à reconstrução empregando a técnica de mamoplastia baseada no pedículo inferior (36,4%). Os resultados estéticos foram considerados bons ou excelentes em 80% dos casos. Este estudo demonstrou que a OP é segura como procedimento oncológico e com resultados estéticos satisfatórios.
Oncoplastic (OP) surgery combines breast conserving-therapy (BCT) and plastic surgery techniques. This surgery is being diffused in Europe but there are few data concerning their results in Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess the oncological and aesthetical outcomes of a consecutive series of 33 early breast cancer patients who underwent to BCT and concomitantly bilateral plastic remodeling at Surgical Oncology Division, Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças in Curitiba in 2004. The median age of the patients was 51 years. Superior quadrants were the most frequent involved local of the breast (30%), and the medium tumor size was 15mm. The mean volume of excised specimen was 89cc. Assessment of excision margins showed complete excision in 85% of the cases. The inferior pedicle was performed for the majority of breast reconstructions (36,4%). This study confirms that OP surgery is oncologically safe and aesthetically suitable.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Mammaplasty/trends , Mastectomy, Segmental/methods , Mastectomy, Segmental/trends , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Morbidity , Surgery, PlasticABSTRACT
The current status of the silicone breast implants which have recently come under scrutiny by the FDA and received much unfavorable media coverage is reviewed. The gel-filled breast implants which in 1976 were "grandfathered" by the FDA have now been required to provide scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness by July 9, 1991. The possible risks of silicone breast implants include capsular contracture, interference with early tumor detection by routine mammography, developments of sarcomas in laboratory animals (no human cases are reported), silicone gel leakage and connective tissue disease. In the less frequently used polyurethane to diaminotoluene (TDA) has caused liver cancer in laboratory animals, yet at present, this type of implant has been voluntarily removed from the market by the manufacturer. After reviewing the available evidence, the American Society of Plastic Surgery still considers silicone breast implants reliable and safe