Pharmacological importance of Manilkara zapota and its bioactive constituents / Importancia farmacologica de Manilkara zapota y sus constituyentes bioactivos

Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae), commonly known as Sapodilla, is widely known for its delicious fruit. Various parts of this plant are also used in folk medicine to treat a number of conditions including fever, pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhage and ulcers. Scientific studies have demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anti-hypercholesteremic, antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective activities in several parts of the plant. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of phenolic compounds including protocatechuic acid quercitrin, myricitrin, catechin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, etc. as main constituents of the plant. Several fatty acids, carotenoids, triterpenes, sterols, hydrocarbons and phenylethanoid compounds have also been isolated from M. zapota. The present review is a comprehensive description focused on pharmacological activities and phytochemical constituents of M. zapota.

Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae), comúnmente conocida como Sapodilla, es ampliamente conocida por su delicioso fruto. Variadas partes de esta planta se usan en medicina popular para tratar una serie de afecciones, como fiebre, dolor, diarrea, disentería, hemorragia y úlceras. Estudios científicos han demostrado actividad analgésica, antiinflamatoria, antioxidante, citotóxica, antimicrobiana, antidiarreica, antihipercolesterolémica, antihiperglucémica y hepatoprotectora en diferentes partes de la planta. Los estudios fitoquímicos han revelado la presencia de compuestos fenólicos que incluyen ácido protocatechúico, quercitrina, miricitrina, catequina, ácido galico, ácido vanílico, ácido cafeico, ácido sirínico, ácido cumárico, ácido fúnico y ácido ferúlico como componentes principales de la planta. Varios ácidos grasos, carotenoides, triterpenos, esteroles, hidrocarburos y compuestos feniletanoides también han sido aislados de M. zapota. La presente revisión es una descripción exhaustiva centrada en las actividades farmacológicas y los constituyentes fitoquímicos de M. zapota.

Alternative vibro-dynamic compression processing of wood-cement composites using Amazonian wood

Wood-cement composite (WCC) is a potential construction material for tropical regions, due to its physico-mechanical properties and resistance to decay and fungi attack. However it is important to test alternative production methods and wood materials that are easier and cheaper than those traditionally used, in order to create a higher demand for this product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of wood from four Amazonian species (Eschweilera coriaceae, Swartzia recurva, Manilkara amazonica and Pouteria guianensis) in the production of wood-cement composites through a vibro-dynamic compression process, an alternative method to the use of a hydraulic press. The inhibition degree caused by the wood to the cement cure, measured by the factor CA, indicated that all species were compatible with Portland cement (CP II-Z). WCC with densities higher than 1,100 kg m-3 (produced with E. coriaceae and S. recurva particles) showed compressive strength values higher than 10 MPa, which fulfills the minimum requirement for lightweitgh reinforced concrete blocks for structural use. (AU)

Compósito madeira-cimento é um potencial material de construção para regiões tropicais, devido a suas propriedades físico-mecânicas e resistência ao ataque de fungos e podridão. Contudo, é importante testar métodos alternativos de produção e madeiras que sejam mais simples e baratos do que os tradicionalmente usados, para que se alcance uma maior demanda para esse produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de madeira de quatro espécies amazônicas (Eschweilera coriaceae, Swartzia recurva, Manilkara amazonica e Pouteria guianensis) na produção de compósitos de madeira-cimento (WCC) pelo processo de compactação vibro-dinâmica, um método alternativo que dispensa o uso de prensas hidráulicas. O grau de inibição à pega do cimento causado pela presença da madeira foi medido pelo fator CA e indicou que todas as quatro espécies foram compatíveis com o cimento Portland (CP II-Z). Compósitos com massa específica superior a 1.100 kg m-3 (produzidas com partículas de E. coriaceae e S. recurva) apresentaram valores de compressão axial acima de 10 MPa, requisito mínimo para classificar como blocos de concreto reforçados leves de uso estrutural.(AU)

Pharmacobotanical study of Manilkara zapota (L. ) P. Royen (Sapotaceae)

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, popularly known as sapoti or sapota (sapodilla), is a tree bearing an important fruit, in addition to different parts of the plant being widely used in folk medicine in the management of inflammation, pain, fevers, coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, among other ailments. This study aimed to conduct a pharmacobotany standardization study of M. zapota. Semi-permanent slides, containing transversal sections of stem, petiole, leaf blade and fruit; and paradermic sections of leaf blade were prepared, and analyzed by light microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in cross-sections of the leaf blade. Microscopic analysis allowed the identification of important elements in the diagnosis of the species; while the use of histochemical techniques on the leaf blade showed evidence of the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, triterpenes and steroids, lipophilic compounds, starch, lignin and calcium oxalate crystals. The results presented contributed to characterization of the species.

In vivo mucoadhesive strength appraisal of gum Manilkara zapota

The mucilage (MMZ) extracted from the seeds of Manilkara zapota(Linn.) P. Royen syn. using maceration techniques was evaluated for mucoadhesive strength by various in vitro and in vivo methods. The result showed that mucoadhesive strength of seeds mucilage have comparable property toward natural and synthetic polymers such as Guar Gum and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E5LV) under the experimental conditions used in this study. Briefly, it could be concluded that the seed mucilage of Manilkara zapota can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in oral mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Further, it may be appropriate to study the changes in these properties after chemical modifications.

Mucilagem (MMZ) extraída das sementes de Manilkara zapota(Linn.) P. Royen syn utilizando técnicas de maceração foi avaliada por sua força mucoadesiva por vários métodos in vitro e in vivo. O resultado mostrou que a força mucoadesiva das sementes mucilaginosas tem propriedade comparável aos polímeros naturais e sintéticos, tais como goma Guar e hidroxipropilmetil celulose (HPMC E5LV) nas condições experimentais utilizadas neste estudo. Brevemente, se pode concluir que a mucilagem de semente de Manilkara zapota pode ser usada como um excipiente farmacêutico em sistemas de liberação de fármacos mucoadesivos por via oral. Pode ser apropriado o estudo posterior de mudanças nessas propriedades após modificações químicas.

Inhibition of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma by Manilkara zapota L. stem bark in Swiss albino mice

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the antitumor activity of Manilkara zapota (M. zapota) L. stem bark against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The in vivo antitumour activity of the ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of M. zapota L. (EASM) was evaluated at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw against EAC using mean survival time. After administration of the extract of M. zapota, viable EAC cell count and body weight in the EAC tumour hosts were observed. The animal was also observed for improvement in the haematological parameters (e.g., heamoglobin content, red and white blood cells count and differential cell count) after EASM treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Intraperitoneal administration of EASM reduced viable EAC cells, increased the survival time, and restored altered haematological parameters. Significant efficacy was observed for EASM at 100 mg/kg dose (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It can be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of M. zapota L. possesses significant antitumour activity.</p>

Propagação de sapotizeiro (Manilkara zapota L. ) por estaquia / Propagation of sapoti tree (Manilkara zapota L. ) for cutting

Dois acessos de sapotizeiro, planta nativa do sul do México e da América Central, pertencentes à Coleção de Frutíferas Nativas e Exóticas da UNESP/FCAV, Campus de Jaboticabal, foram estudados quanto à propagação por estaquia. O primeiro ensaio consistiu de imersão rápida da base de estacas semi-herbáceas enfolhadas dos acessos selecionados FCAV-III e FCAV-VII em solução hidroalcoólica (50%) de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) nas concentrações 0, 1.000, 3.000, 5.000 e 7.000 mgL-1 e o preparo de estacas com e sem lavagem do látex exsudado, em recipiente contendo água pura por período de 14 horas. Esse ensaio foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 2 (doses de AIB x acessos x preparo das estacas). O segundo ensaio constou da imersão das estacas herbáceas enfolhadas do acesso FCAV-III nas doses de AIB acima mencionadas. Ambos os ensaios foram distribuídos no delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e 10 estacas cada. Todas as estacas foram coletadas na primavera e preparadas com cerca de 12 cm de comprimento, plantadas em vermiculita de textura média e conduzidas em condições de câmara de nebulização por aspersão intermitente sob telado com 50 % de luminosidade. Os dois acessos testados não enraizaram e os tratamentos utilizados não foram capazes de induzir apreciável emissão de raízes.

Two sapoti tree accesses (Manilkara zapota), native plants of south of Mexico and of América Central, belonging to the Collection of Fruitful Native and Exotic of UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal Campus, was studied with relationship to the cutting propagation. The first test consisted of fast immersion of cutting base semi-herbaceous foliage of selected accesses FCAV-III and FCAV-VII. The ttreatments were alcoholic solution (50%) of indolbutíric acid (IBA) in concentrations of 0, 1,000, 3,000, 5,000 and 7,000 mgL-1. and the cuttings preparing with and without latex exudate washing for a period of 14 hours in recipient with pure water. This trial was set in 5 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme (IBA concentrations x accesses x cutting preparation) The second test consisted the herbaceous foliage immersion of FCAV-III access in IBA concentrations above. Both experiments were distributed in randomized design with four replications and 10 cuttings each. All cuttings were collected in spring and prepared with about 12 cm of length, planted in medium texture vermiculite and carried under conditions intermittent mist spray flashing in chamber with 50% light. The two accesses tested not rooted and treatments were not able to induce the roots emission

In vitro antibacterial activity in seed extracts of Manilkara zapota, Anona squamosa, and Tamarindus indica

Extracts prepared from seeds of Manilkara zapota, Anona squamosa, and Tamarindus indica were screened for their antibacterial activity by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Acetone and methanol extracts of T. indica seeds were found active against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. MIC values of potent extracts against susceptible organisms ranged from 53-380 μg/mL. Methanol extract of T. indica and acetone extract of M. zapota seeds were found to be bactericidal.

Carvão de resíduos de indústria madeireira de três espécies florestais exploradas no município de Paragominas, PA / Charcoal from timber industry residues of three tree species logged in the municipality of Paragominas, PA

Este trabalho avalia as principais propriedades do carvão de Manilkara amazonica (maçaranduba), Lecythis pisonis (sapucaia) e Piptadenia suaveolens (timborana), carbonizadas em sete e dez dias. O carvão foi produzido a partir de resíduos da serraria da Empresa Cikel Brasil Verde S. A., na Fazenda Rio Capim, em Paragominas. Foram utilizados 30 fornos de alvenaria, sendo dez fornos para cada espécie, dos quais cinco para carbonização em sete dias e cinco para dez dias. Após a carbonização, foram retiradas amostras de carvão produzido para estudo de rendimento gravimétrico e de propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas. Os principais resultados foram: o rendimento gravimétrico do carvão variou de 21,47 a 29,59 por cento (base úmida); a densidade média a granel, variou de 178,51 a 231,14 kg.m-3; a densidade média aparente foi de 0,38 a 0,53 g.cm-3; o poder calorífico foi de 23451 a 28830 kj.kg-1; o teor de materiais voláteis variou de 23,94 a 31,47 por cento; cinzas de 0,7 a 2,5 por cento; o carbono fixo de 68,29 a 74,49 por cento; e a friabilidade de 12 a 32,6 por cento. Constatou-se que a espécie é o principal fator que influencia nas propriedades do carvão. Através da análise das propriedades, não foi possível identificar qual espécie produziu o melhor carvão, uma vez que as três apresentaram algumas características consideradas boas, porém, sempre acompanhadas de outras inadequadas.

The timber industry in Amazonia generates large quantities of residues from log processing. A viable alternative for the enterprises is the production of charcoal from these residues. This study evaluates the main properties of the charcoal from Manilkara amazonica (maçaranduba), Lecythis pisonis (sapucaia) and Piptadenia suaveolens (timborana), carbonized in 7 and 10 days. The charcoal was produced from residues of timbers from the sawmill of Cikel Brasil Verde S. A., in Rio Capim estate, Paragominas, PA. A series of 30 kilns was used, being 10 for each species, of which 5 kilns used a 7-day carbonization process and 5 kilns 10 days. After the carbonization, samples of the charcoal produced were collected for studying gravimetric yield and physical, chemical and mechanical properties. The main results were: gravimetrical yield of the charcoal varied from 21,47 to 29,59 percent (humid base); the bulk medium density varied from 178,51 to 231,14 kg.m-3; apparent medium density from 0,38 to 0,53 g.cm-3; calorific power from 23451 to 28830 kj.kg-1; volatile materials content from 23,94 to 31,47 percent; ashes from 0,7 to 2,5 percent; fixed carbon from 68,29 to 74,49 percent; and the friableness varied from 12 to 32,6 percent. It was noted that species is the main factor that influences the properties of the charcoal. It was not possible to say which species produced the best charcoal, from the properties analyses, because all the three species present some good characteristics, but these are always accompanied by other inadequate characteristics.