Recommendations for post-rehabilitation care of maxillofacial prostheses

Aim: This study aimed to review the scientific literature to describe the main care and hygiene protocols for different types of maxillofacial prostheses (MFP). Methods: A bibliographic search on the PubMed / Medline database using the following keywords: ["maxillofacial prosthesis" OR "ocular prostheses" OR "palatal obturators"] AND ["Cleaning" OR "disinfection"] AND ["care"] AND ["color stability"] OR ["denture cleansers" OR "cleansing agents"]. Articles addressing materials, cleaning and disinfection protocols, and care related to MFP were included. The following exclusion criteria were applied: no adequate methodology, incompatibility with the area of interest, and unavailability for reading in full. Results: The papers were grouped into the following topics: facial prostheses, ocular prostheses, maxillofacial intraoral prostheses, and retention systems. Conclusion: Despite the MFP changes over time, its degradation decreases upon following the recommendations and post-adaptation care. The guidelines for cleaning and disinfection must be individualized to guarantee the longevity of the prosthesis and the patient health

Manejo de las fracturas maxilofaciales y sus complicaciones / Management of maxillofacial fractures and its complications

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el trauma maxilofacial corresponde a toda lesión traumática del macizo facial. Actualmente representa uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en el mundo. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis de nuestra experiencia en las intervenciones realizadas en pacientes internados y sus complicaciones. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de 205 pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales desde el año 2011 hasta el año 2019. Resultados: el 81,46% fueron hombres (n: 167) y el rango etario más afectado osciló entre los 21 y 30 años con el 38,54% (n:79). El accidente de tránsito 56,1% (n:115) fue el mecanismo de trauma más frecuente. Los tipos de fracturas faciales fueron: panfaciales 12,2% (n: 25), tercio superior 1,46% (n:3), tercio medio 72,2% (n:148) y tercio inferior 14,15% (n:29). Dentro del tercio superior, el 66,67% (n:2) fueron fracturas del seno frontal asociadas al hueso frontal, en el tercio medio las combinadas en un 54,73% (n:81) y en el tercio inferior, las complejas en el 34,48% (n:10). Fueron intervenidos 199 pacientes (97,07%). Solo el 11,56% (n:23) presentó alguna complicación. No se observaron complicaciones graves. Discusión: según nuestra serie, la mayoría de los pacientes fueron hombres jóvenes; la causa más frecuente, el accidente de tránsito, y el tercio medio, el más afectado, resultados estos similares a los de otros estudios publicados. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente reducción abierta y fijación con material de osteosíntesis de titanio, un procedimiento seguro y fiable, que permite restablecer la funcionalidad previa al traumatismo, con un índice muy bajo de complicaciones posoperatorias.

ABSTRACT Background: Maxillofacial trauma corresponds to all traumatic injuries affecting the facial bones. Nowadays, it represents one of the main healthcare issues worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze our experience in the interventions performed in hospitalized and their complications. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective and observational study of 205 patients with maxillofacial fractures from 2011 to 2019. Results: 81.46% were men (n = 167) and 38.54% (n = 79) of the patients were between 21 and 30 years of age. Traffic collision was the most common mechanism of trauma (56,1%, n = 115). The types of facial fractures were panfacial (12.2%; n = 25), of the upper-third (1.43%; n = 3), of the middle-third (72.2%; n = 148) and of the lower third (14.15%; n = 29). In the upper third of the face frontal sinus fractures associated with the frontal bone were the most common (66.67%; n =2); in the middle-third combined fractures were most prevalent (54.73%; n = 81) while complex fractures were most frequent in the lower third (34,48%; n = 10). One-hundred and ninety-one patients were operated on (97.07%). Complications occurred in only 11.56% (n = 23) and were not serious. Discusion: In our series, most patients were young men, traffic collisions were the most common cause of trauma, and the middle third of the face was the most affected region. These results are similar to our publications. Surgical management, mostly by open reduction and fixation with titanium-based osteosynthesis material, is an effective, safe and reliable procedure, which allows the restoration of pre-trauma function, with very low rate of postoperative complications.

Estados emocionales en pacientes con rehabilitación protésica bucomaxilofacial / Emotional States in Patients with Bucomaxilofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation

RESUMEN Introducción: Las emociones son reacciones psicofisiológicas que representan modos de adaptación a ciertos estímulos o eventos, como enfermedades o traumas, que se relacionan con la necesidad de tratamiento protésico bucomaxilofacial. Objetivo: Identificar los estados emocionales en pacientes antes y después de la rehabilitación protésica bucomaxilofacial. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal, en 48 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital General Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y del Castillo", entre junio de 2018 a junio de 2019, a los cuales se le aplicaron instrumentos de evaluación psicológica antes y después del tratamiento rehabilitador. Se estudió la experiencia emocional, la ansiedad y depresión. Resultados: Antes del tratamiento protésico los pacientes presentaron: tristeza (66,66 por ciento), sufrimiento (60,41 por ciento), abatimiento (54,16 por ciento), angustia (43,75 por ciento) y apatía (41,66 por ciento) con un alto nivel de intensidad vivencial. Luego de la rehabilitación protésica bucomaxilofacial, disminuyeron los estados emocionales: la ansiedad disminuyó en el 58,33 por ciento de los participantes y la depresión en el 52,08 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con necesidad de protésica bucomaxilofacial experimentan tristeza, sufrimiento, abatimiento, angustia, apatía y altos niveles de ansiedad y depresión como estado antes del tratamiento. Estas emociones disminuyen luego de la rehabilitación protésica bucomaxilofacial(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Emotions are psychophysiological reactions that represent modes of adaptation to certain stimuli or events, such as illnesses or trauma, related to the need for bucomaxilofacial prosthetic treatment. Objective: To identify emotional states in patients before and after prosthetic bucomaxilofacial rehabilitation. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was carried out in 48 patients cared for at Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y del Castillo General University Hospital, between June 2018 and June 2019, and who were applied psychological assessment instruments before and after they received rehabilitation treatment. Emotional experience, anxiety and depression were studied. Results: Before prosthetic treatment, patients presented sadness (66.66 percent), suffering (60.41 percent), weariness (54.16 percent), anguish (43.75 percent), and apathy (41.66 percent), with a high level of life experience-related intensity. After bucomaxilofacial prosthetic rehabilitation, emotional states decreased: anxiety decreased in 58.33 percent and depression decreased in 52.08 percent of the participants. Conclusions: Patients in need of bucomaxilofacial prosthesis experience sadness, suffering, weariness, anguish, apathy and high levels of anxiety and depression as a state before treatment. These emotions decrease after oral bucomaxilofacial prosthetic rehabilitation(AU)

Prótese bucomaxilofacial na Educação Superior em Odontologia: perspectivas curriculares / Maxillofacial Prosthesis in Higher Education in Dentistry: Curricular Perspectives

Introdução: A falta de contato dos estudantes com Prótese Bucomaxilofacial (PBMF) durante a graduação pode ser um fator agravante para o desinteresse na área. O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar um panorama da disciplina de PBMF nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de Odontologia na Região Sudeste do Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo exploratório, quantitativo e transveral. Foram analisadas as grades curriculares disponibilizadas nos sítios web oficial das instituições de ensino superior (IES) cadastradas no portal e-MEC do Ministério da Educação. Buscou-se informações referentes às variáveis: categoria administrativa da IES, inserção e oferta da disciplina, natureza do componente curricular, método de ensino, carga horária média e formação curricular do coordenador da disciplina. Os dados foram analisados e tabulados por meio do software GraphPad Prism 8.1.2. Resultados: Os resultados desta pesquisa refletem a análise da grade curricular de 144 IES. Apenas 8 IES (5,55%) ofertam a disciplina de PBMF. Dentre estas, a maioria (62,5%) em universidades públicas, de forma obrigatória (66,6%), com conteúdo teórico, prática-laboratorial e prática-clínica (44,4%) e carga horária média de 54,56h. Conclusões: A implementação do componente curricular se encontra bastante reduzida e mais prevalente em universidades públicas. Assim, sugere-se a atualização dos curriculos do curso de Odontologia do sudeste brasileiro... (AU)

Introduction: The lack of contact of students with Maxillofacial Prosthesis (PBMF) during graduation can be an aggravating factor for the lack of interest in the area. The objective of the present study is to present an overview of PBMF discipline in the pedagogical projects of Dentistry courses in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Methods: Exploratory, quantitative and crosssectional study. The curricula available on the official websites of higher education institutions (HEIs) registered in the e-MEC portal of the Ministry of Education were analyzed. Information on the variables was sought: administrative category of the HEI, insertion and provision of the discipline, nature of the curricular component, teaching method, average workload and curricular training of the subject coordinator. Data were analyzed and tabulated using GraphPad Prism 8.1.2 software. Results: The results of this research reflect the analysis of the 144 HEI curriculum. Only 8 HEIs (5.55%) offer the discipline of MFP. Most (62.5%) in public universities, compulsorily (66.6%), with theoretical content, laboratory practice and clinical practice (44.4%) and average workload of 54.56h. Conclusions: The implementation of the curricular component is quite reduced and more prevalent in public universities. Thus, it is suggested to update the curricula of the Dentistry course in southeastern Brazil... (AU)

Reconstrucción 3D en maxilectomía parcial: reporte de caso / 3D reconstruction in partial maxilectomy: case report

Reporte de caso de un paciente con antecedentes de Fibroangioma Nasofaringeo (FANF), que fue sometido a múltiples cirugías. Entre ellas se realizó una maxilectomía parcial izquierda en otra institución. El paciente fue examinado por los equipos de Cirugía General (Cabeza y Cuello y Plástica), Oftalmología e Ingeniería clínica para eventual tratamiento reconstructivo mediante prótesis 3D. Los huesos maxilares, proveen soporte entre la base del cráneo y los arcos dentales, separan cavidades y determinan la proyección facial. Para la rehabilitación de las secuelas mencionadas anteriormente, la alternativa quirúrgica reconstructiva se perfila como la mejor opción. La rehabilitación con prótesis 3D requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario y tiene como objetivo restaurar el contorno facial y la rehabilitación funcional del macizo facial.

Bionic mechanical design and 3D printing of novel porous Ti6Al4V implants for biomedical applications / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

In maxillofacial surgery, there is a significant need for the design and fabrication of porous scaffolds with customizable bionic structures and mechanical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering. In this paper, we characterize the porous Ti6Al4V implant, which is one of the most promising and attractive biomedical applications due to the similarity of its modulus to human bones. We describe the mechanical properties of this implant, which we suggest is capable of providing important biological functions for bone tissue regeneration. We characterize a novel bionic design and fabrication process for porous implants. A design concept of "reducing dimensions and designing layer by layer" was used to construct layered slice and rod-connected mesh structure (LSRCMS) implants. Porous LSRCMS implants with different parameters and porosities were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). Printed samples were evaluated by microstructure characterization, specific mechanical properties were analyzed by mechanical tests, and finite element analysis was used to digitally calculate the stress characteristics of the LSRCMS under loading forces. Our results show that the samples fabricated by SLM had good structure printing quality with reasonable pore sizes. The porosity, pore size, and strut thickness of manufactured samples ranged from (60.95± 0.27)% to (81.23±0.32)%, (480±28) to (685±31) μm, and (263±28) to (265±28) μm, respectively. The compression results show that the Young's modulus and the yield strength ranged from (2.23±0.03) to (6.36±0.06) GPa and (21.36±0.42) to (122.85±3.85) MPa, respectively. We also show that the Young's modulus and yield strength of the LSRCMS samples can be predicted by the Gibson-Ashby model. Further, we prove the structural stability of our novel design by finite element analysis. Our results illustrate that our novel SLM-fabricated porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds based on an LSRCMS are a promising material for bone implants, and are potentially applicable to the field of bone defect repair.

Estudo de comparação por extensometria entre dois modelos de implante: extraoral e intraoral (estudo piloto) / Comparison study for extensometry between two implant models: extra-oral and intraoral (pilot study)

Objetivo: avaliar, por meio de extensometria, a infl uência da flange do implante de titânio na deformação superficial do osso. Material e métodos: um bloco de poliuretano simulando um osso tipo I mais corticalizado e menos medular (40 PCF) recebeu um implante de hexágono externo intraoral, sem flange 3,75 mm x 8,5 mm (G1) e um implante de hexágono externo extraoral, com flange 3,75 mm x 8 mm (G2). Em seguida, foram instalados componentes standard com 2 mm de altura de cinta metálica e cilindros metálicos para restauração provisória. Dois extensômetros lineares foram colados na superfície do bloco (mesial e distal de cada implante), e uma carga axial de 100 Ncm em uma máquina de ensaio universal foi aplicada, com cinco medições de microdeformação (µÎµ) para cada implante. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste Shapiro-Wilk para verifi car a homogenidade dos dados e em seguida ao teste t Student. Resultados: as médias e desvios-padrão obtidos foram: G1: 148,2 ± 5,84 e G2: 92,4 ± 11,24 µÆ, com diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão: os implantes extraorais tiveram melhor comportamento mecânico para as cargas axiais do que os implantes intraorais, sendo que a flange melhorou a distribuição da carga na superfície do bloco de poliuretano.

Objectives: to evaluate, by means of extensometry, the influence of the titanium implant flange on the superficial deformation of the bone. Material and methods: a polyurethane block simulating a more corticalized and less spinal type I bone (40 PCF) received an external intraoral hexagon implant with a 3.75 mm x 8.5 mm fl ange (G1) and an extraoral external hexagon implant, with flange 3.75 mm x 8 mm (G2). Subsequently, standard components with 2 mm high of metal strap and metal cylinders were installed for temporary restoration. Two linear strain gauges were glued to the surface of the block (mesial and distal of each implant), and an axial load of 100N in a universal test machine was applied with five microdemorphometric measurements (µÎµ) for each implant. The data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilks test to verify the homogeneity of the data and then to the t-student test. Results: the means and standard deviations obtained were: G1: 148.2 ± 5.84 and G2: 92.4 ± 11.24 µÎµ, with signifi cant statistical difference between the groups. Conclusion: extraoral implants had better mechanical behavior for axial loads than intraoral implants, and the flange improved the load distribution on the surface of the polyurethane block.

Maxillofacial reconstruction with Medpor porous polyethylene implant: a case series study

OBJECTIVES: The role of alloplastic materials in maxillofacial reconstruction is still controversial. Determining the utility of porous, high-density, polyethylene implants as a highly stable and flexible, porous alloplast, with properties such as rapid vascularization and tissue ingrowth, is crucial in cases of maxillofacial deformities and aesthetic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty high-density porous polyethylene implants were implanted in 16 patients that had been referred to a private office over a three-year period. These implants were used for correcting congenital deformities, posttraumatic defects and improving the aesthetic in nasal, paranasal, malar, chin, mandibular angle, body and orbital areas. RESULTS: The outcomes of the cases in this study showed good aesthetic and functional results. The majority of patients had no signs of discomfort, rejection or exposure. Two implants suffered complications: a complicated malar implant was managed by antibiotic therapy, and an infected mandibular angle implant was removed despite antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, the Medpor implant seems to be an excellent biomaterial for correcting various facial deformities. Advantages include its versatility and relatively ideal pore size that allows for excellent soft tissue ingrowth and coverage. It is strong, flexible and easy to shape.

Culture and patients' perception to maxillofacial surgical practices in kano, Nigeria

Objective: Culture is the way of life of a people; and is an integral component of their day-to-day existence. It influences the daily routine of a people, including their diet, dressing, religious disposition, and surprisingly, the degree to which orthodox medical practices impact their daily lives. Appreciating underlying cultural context will help health care workers influence patient's perceptions, especially where cultural practices are not in tandem with medical best practices. This is important, for example, in administration of informed consent for surgery. This study explored cultural beliefs of patients in relation to some common maxillofacial practices in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: Patient's perceptions on oral cancers, use of nasogastric tubes, and tooth extraction was conducted amongst patients attending maxillofacial outpatient clinic of a tertiary Nigerian hospital from January to December 2015 using a non-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: Seventy-seven (77) patients were surveyed (52 males and 25 females), with ages ranging from 16 to 75 years. Most were aged 51-60 years (44.2%). Only 6.5% of respondents had higher than secondary education. Responses to the aetiology and treatment of oral cancers, use of nasogastric tubes for maxillofacial surgery patients and extraction of teeth showed cultural perceptions usually at variance with medical best practices. Conclusion: Patients' expectations and fears of maxillofacial surgery procedures are affected by their cultural beliefs. Proper acceptance of this, combined with targeted education and counselling may enhance patient's co-operation and acceptance of necessary surgical procedures when orthodox medical care is sought

Utilización de implantes oseointegrados orales para prótesis orbitaria: Caso clínico / Use of osseointegrated oral implants for orbital prosthesis: a clinical case

La constante evolución de la Implantología en los últimos años, ha logrado que el implante oseointegrado, sea un medio de anclaje eficaz y seguro, para las prótesis buco-maxilo-faciales. Los altos índices de éxito, que surgen de los estudios clínicos, confirman que los implantes oseointegrados son el tratamiento de elección para determinados pacientes1. El objetivo de este trabajo es la presentación de un caso clínico, en el que se instalaron implantes orales, para anclaje de una prótesis orbitaria. El paciente fue atendido en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de la República, en el Servicio de Prótesis Buco Maxilo Facial, conjuntamente con el Departamento de Implantología Oral y MaxiloFacial

The constant evolution of implantology in recent years has made osseointegrated implants an effective and safe anchorage tool for oral-maxillofacial prostheses. High success rates in clinical studies confirm that osseointegrated implants are the treatment of choice for certain patients. The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case in which oral implants were placed to anchor an orbital prosthesis. The patient was treated at the School of Dentistry of Universidad de la República, at the Oral-Maxillofacial Prostheses Service, jointly with the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology

Reconstrução de sequela facial por prótese interna acrílica / Reconstruction of facial sequela by internal acrylic prothesis

As sequelas faciais decorrentes do trauma representam grande desafio para o cirurgião buco-maxilo-facial e exigem que este tenha em mente o conhecimento anatômico, cirúrgico, do acervo material, bem como do aporte tecnológico que lhe assiste a prática cirúrgica. Frente aos biomateriais utilizados na confecção protética, a resina acrílica aparece como uma possibilidade amplamente vantajosa para o profissional e para o paciente, e, uma vez somada às técnicas de prototipagem, se tornam ainda mais eficientes e eficazes. O presente trabalho objetiva discutir o uso da resina acrílica no tratamento das sequelas faciais após o trauma por meio da apresentação de um caso clínico... (AU)

As the facial sequelae resulting from trauma represent a great challenge for the maxillo-facial surgeon, and require that keep in mind the knowlodge about anatomical, surgical, material assets and the technological support that assists you to surgical practice. In view of the prosthetic biomaterials used in making the acrylic resin appears as a widely advantageous possibility for professional and patient, and once added to the prototyping techniques become more efficient and effective. This paper aims to discuss the use of acrylic resin in the treatment of facial sequelae after trauma by presenting a clinical case... (AU)

Rehabilitación protésica de un paciente con defecto nasal / Prosthetics rehabilitation of a patient with nasal defect

Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente de 84 años de edad, a quien se le realizó exéresis total del órgano nasal desde hacía 5 años aproximadamente en el Hospital Oncológico Conrado Benítez de Santiago de Cuba, a causa de un carcinoma epidermoide del apéndice nasal, por lo cual fue remitido al Centro de Rehabilitación Protésica Bucomaxilofacial de esta provincia para ser rehabilitado. Al examen físico extrabucal se observó ausencia total de la nariz, que simulaba una facies leonina, con bordes cicatrizados y bien definidos. La mayor preocupación del paciente era ocultar su defecto, de manera que se le realizó una prótesis nasal de silicona para mejorar su estética y funcionalidad

The case report of an 84 years patient is described, to whom a total removal of the nasal organ was carried out about 5 years ago-at Conrado Benítez Cancer Hospital in Santiago de Cuba - due to an epidermoid carcinoma of the nasal appendix, reason why he was referred to the Oralmaxillofacial Prosthetics Rehabilitation Center of this province to be rehabilitated. A total absence of the nose was observed in the extraoral physical examination that simulated a leonine facies, with well defined healed borders. The patient's biggest concern was to hide his defect, so a nasal silicone prosthesis was placed to improve his aesthetics and functionality

Prótese nasal implantorretida por magnetos ­ relato de caso com cinco anos de acompanhamento / Magnet-retained nasal prosthesis ­ case report with 5-year follow-up

O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar, por meio de um caso clínico, a reabilitação de uma paciente com uma prótese nasal implantorretida. A mesma possuía 68 anos de idade e foi encaminhada para a reabilitação nasal pela equipe que realizou a cirurgia oncológica de um tumor de pele na região do seu nariz. A paciente reportou queixa com relação à estética da face e problemas no convívio social. Foi proposta reabilitação com prótese nasal, com implantes osseointegráveis associados ao sistema de retenção por magnetos. Após cinco anos e dez meses, três novas próteses foram fabricadas devido a queixas da paciente em relação à descoloração da peça. Na última consulta, a prótese foi removida e inspecionada, e se constatou problemas na higienização, motivo das pigmentações escurecidas na superfície interna da peça e do exsudato no tecido mole ao redor dos pilares protéticos. Foram realizadas a limpeza da barra e do tecido mole, e a confecção de novas próteses nasais implantorretidas à base de silicone elastomérico, além de instrução sobre a necessidade de higienização. Constatou-se que próteses nasais implantorretidas à base de silicone elastomérico são eficientes e seguras para a reabilitação de defeitos na região do nariz. Além disso, é extremamente necessário que o profissional transmita aos pacientes a necessidade de uma higienização satisfatória, solicitando retornos periódicos para obter o máximo do desempenho clínico de suas próteses e implantes.

The aim of present study was to report the rehabilitation of a patient with magnet-retained nasal prosthesis. A 68-year-old female patient was referred to nasal rehabilitation by the surgical team that performed the removal of a skin nose tumor. The patient complained about her facial aesthetics and also reported fearing social interactions. The rehabilitation with nasal prosthesis associated with osseointegrated implants, and retained by magnets was proposed to the patient. After 5 years and 10 months, 3 new prostheses have been fabricated because the patient complained about their discoloration. In the last check-up, the prosthesis was removed and visual inspection revealed lack of hygiene maintenance, which resulted in dark pigments in the intaglio surface as well as exudate in the peri-implant soft skin. The prosthetic components and soft tissue were cleaned, the fabrication of new magnet-retained nasal prosthesis was performed and instructions about the necessity of oral hygiene were also transmitted. The implant-retained nasal prosthesis is an effi cient and safe method for the rehabilitation of defects in the nasal area. Furthermore, it is extremely necessary that clinicians advise patients to perform satisfactory hygiene maintenance and periodic controls in order to obtain long-term success in such cases.

Anatomical reproducibility through 3D printing in cranio-maxillo-facial defects / Reproducibilidad anatómica a través de impresión 3d en defectos cranio-maxilo-faciales

The planning and 3D reconstruction in craniofacial defects based on anatomical principles of symmetry and passive adaptation has evolved radically the past few years. This article recounts the possibility to develop personalized and extensive craniofacial implants. We present a case of a patient with a 10-year trauma sequel evolution; the patient lost the right frontal bone, supraorbital wall and part of the temporal fossa. From the computerized tomography, and by using Materialise software (3-Matic and Mimics). Subsequently, the printing was performed using the virtual planning with a laser printer in titanium where the piece was elaborated with the determined specifications in the planning; surgery was performed without complications in which the implant was placed via a coronal approach, which did not require any type of adaptation. After a two-year follow-up we observed a correct position, symmetry, absence of infection or any other alteration. It is concluded that the planning and 3D printing are suitable to perform craniofacial reconstructions with a low morbidity, shorter surgical time, and with an adequate facial symmetry and aesthetic return.

La planificación y reconstrucción 3D en defectos craneofaciales se basa en principios anatómicos de simetría y pasividad en la adaptación, evolucionando rápidamente en los últimos años. El presente articulo presenta la posibilidad de rehabilitación de un paciente con trauma importante gracias a un implante craneofacial extenso. Se presenta el caso de un sujeto con evolución de 10 años de una secuela de trauma, donde perdió el hueso frontal, pared supraorbitaria y parte de la fosa temporal. A partir de una tomografía computadorizada, utilizando un software de planificación Materialise (3-Matic and Mimics) se construyó un modelo virtual a través de un implante de pieza única para cubrir íntegramente el defecto; se planificó la posición junto a la cantidad y longitud de tornillos a utilizar. A continuación se realizó la impresión de la pieza mediante una impresora laser de titanio donde la pieza fue construida según las especificaciones de la planificación; la cirugía fue realizada sin complicaciones en el cual el implante fue instalado a través de un acceso coronal sin necesidad de ningún tipo de adaptación. Después de dos años de seguimiento se observa una posición correcta, simétrica y en ausencia de infecciones u otro tipo de alteración. Se concluye que la planificación e impresión 3D es viable de realizar en reconstrucción craneofacial con baja morbilidad, disminución del tiempo quirúrgico, obteniendo una adecuada simetría y estética facial.

Prótesis Parcial Obturatriz Paralelizada, en Paciente Oncológico / Partial parallelized obturator prosthesis in oncological patient

Al enfrentarnos a casos que tienen relación con tumores de cabeza y cuello, hay que tener en cuenta la gran diversidad de presentaciones de las neoplasias, histopatología y topografía anatómica de las mismas. Sumado a esto intervendrán factores etiológicos o de riesgo, que darán distintas características epidemiológicas, sintomatológicas, tanto en la forma de progresión de la enfermedad, como en su pronóstico y plan de tratamiento. En este trabajo los autores presentan un caso clínico de una paciente femenino de 25 años con una maxilectomia, por mixoma odontogénico, en su variable histológica de Fibromixoma Odontogénico, ubicado en el seno maxilar derecho. El tratamiento rehabilitador protésico, se realiza con una prótesis obturatriz esquelética, preparando los pilares paralelizados, con los principios de un eje único y preciso de inserción y retiro...

When dealing with neck and head cancer patients, we must consider the many different types of such tumors that appear when conducting histopathologic and anatomic topography assessment. To this we must add etiological or risk factors that will result in various epidemiological and symptomatological characteristics, both regarding the progression of the disease and the prognosis and treatment plan. In this work a clinical case is presented: a 25-year-old female patient who underwent right maxillectomy for an odontogenic myxoma (fibromyxoma) located in her right maxillary sinus. Prosthetic rehabilitation is done with framework obturator prosthesis. The remaining teeth are prepared by creating parallel pillars to obtain a single and accurate axis for insertion and removal...

Evolução dos sistemas de retenção, fixação e ancoragem extraoral na reabilitação bucomaxilofacial: revisão sistemática / Evolution of retention, fixation and anchorage extraoral in maxillofacial rehabilitation systems: a systematic review

Introdução: A utilização de próteses bucomaxilofaciais é de extrema importância para a reintegração no convívio social dos pacientes acometidos de deformidades congênitas ou adquiridas. Tendo em vista os avanços dos sistemas de retenção, fixação e ancoragem extraoral na reabilitação bucomaxilofacial realizou-se revisão sistemática. Objetivos: verificar a evolução das retenções das próteses bucomaxilofaciais comparando os sistemas osseointegrados, aos sistemas não osseointegrados, analisando algumas variáveis como: taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes ao longo do tempo, idade média dos pacientes, etiologia do defeito facial e sitio dos sistemas de retenção relacionado ao tipo de prótese, em formato de revisão sistemática. Métodos: Realizou-se busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados PubMed e SCOPUS, após elaboração de estratégias de busca, obteve-se 2630 artigos onde foram analisados títulos, resumos e eliminadas duplicidades. Resultados: Obteve-se 25 artigos pré-selecionados que passaram pelos critérios de inclusão e exclusão sendo eleitos 13 artigos para a revisão sistemática. Conclusão: As próteses retidas por implantes superam os sistemas convencionais. A perda dos implantes foi muito pequena nos estudos analisados, apesar do tempo de acompanhamento ser relativamente curto e dos protocolos distintos de tratamento. A idade adulta entre a quarta e quinta década de vida foi a de maior prevalência. A etiologia mais incidente são as neoplasias. Os sistemas osseointegrados fixados por implantes por retenção barra clipe se localizam mais na região auricular e retenção magnética nas regiões nasal e orbital. Os sistemas não osseointegrados, a retenção anatômica é mais utilizada na região ocular, retenção mecânica na região orbital e o uso da retenção por adesivos nas regiões nasal e orbital.

Introduction: The use of maxillofacial prostheses is the most importance for reintegration into social life of patients suffering from congenital or acquired deformities. Given the advances in retention, fixation and extraoral anchorage systems in maxillofacial rehabilitation got systematic review. Objectives: To observe the evolution of the retentions of maxillofacial prostheses comparing osseointegrated systems, non osseointegrated systems, analyzing some variables such as survival rate of implants over time, mean patient age, etiology of facial defect and place restraint systems related kind of prosthesis, in a systematic review format. Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed and SCOPUS database, after preparation of search strategies, we obtained 2630 articles where were checking titles, abstracts and eliminated duplicates were analyzed. Results: We obtained 25 pre-selected articles that passed the criteria for inclusion and exclusion being elected 13 articles for systematic review. Conclusion: The dentures retained by implants outperform conventional systems. The loss of the implants was very small in the analyzed studies, although the follow-up time is relatively short and the different treatment protocols. Between the fourth and fifth ages of life was the most prevalent. The most frequent etiology are neoplasms. Osseointegrated systems for fixed for implants retention bar clip are located more auricular and magnetic retention in the regions nasal and orbital. Non osseointegrated systems, anatomical retention is most commonly used in the ocular region, mechanical retention in orbital region and the use of adhesives for retention in the regions nasal and orbital.

Rehabilitation of a mandibular segmental defect with magnet retained maxillofacial prosthesis.

Resection or loss of a portion of the mandible can result in a variety of functional, cosmetic and psychological deficits that are dependent on the extent of the defect, the concomitant therapy and the timing of rehabilitative efforts. These impairments greatly affect the patient's Quality of life (QOL). The thrust in cancer care is not simply on survival but on rehabilitation, which aims to improve multiple impairments and QOL. This article describes a case of a 58-year-old female with segmental resection of the anterior mandible, extending to lower lip, resulting in a large intraoral as well extra oral defect. Prosthodontics rehabilitation was done using a two-piece intra oral and extra oral prosthesis oriented to each other using magnets. Use of magnets for retaining the extra oral prosthesis simplifies the clinical and laboratory phase enhancing patient's comfort and psychological morale.

Prevalencia de hendiduras de labio y/o palatinas en los pacientes que acudieron al Centro de Investigación y Atención a Pacientes con Malformaciones Craneofaciales y Prótesis Maxilofacial durante los años 2000-2012 / Prevalence of clefts of lip and/or palatine in patients that attended the Center for Research and Care for Patients with Craniofacial Malformations and Maxillofacial Prosthesis during 2000-2012

La Hendidura de labio y paladar (HLP), es la malformación más común, y afecta un niño por cada 700 nacidos vivos. Se produce por la falta de fusión de los procesos maxilares con el proceso nasomediano, dando origen a la fisura de labio uni o bilateral. Y a nivel del paladar, es la falta de fusión de los procesos maxilares, la cual puede presentarse solo en la parte anterior o paladar duro, o total incluyendo paladar blando. Reportar la prevalencia en niño/as con HLP en una población venezolana, desde el año 2000-2012, que acudieron al Centro de Investigación y Atención a Pacientes con Malformaciones Craneofaciales y Prótesis Maxilofacial (CIAPA) de un total de 1.759 historias clínicas que se revisaron en el CIAPA, de la Facultad de Odontología de la U.C.V se seleccionaron los casos con diagnóstico de HLP. La muestra estuvo formada por los 329 pacientes con HLP que asistieron al CIAPA entre 2000 y 2012.Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y transversal. La población fue de 329 niño/as, el 51,1% (168) varones y el 48,9% (161) niñas. En edades, 0-5 años 89,1% (293), el 9,4% (31) 6-10 años y el 1,5% (5) 11-15 años. "Tipo de hendidura" el 21,3% (70) HLP completa, 17,3% (57) HLP unilateral completa izquierda, 15,5% (51) HLP unilateral completa derecha, 14,3% (47) Hendidura de Paladar Secundario incompleta y el 31,6% cualquiera de los otros tipos de hendidura. La hendidura que predomino en esta muestra fue de HLP bilateral completa

Cleft lip and palate, is the most common malformation and affects a child for every 700 live births. It is caused by the lack of fusion of the maxillary processes with the nasomediano process, giving rise to the fissure of lip uni or bilateral. And at the level of the palate, it is the lack of fusion of the maxillary processes, which can occur only in the anterior part or total or hard palate including soft palate. To report prevalence in children with Cleft lip and palate in a Venezuelan population, since the year 2000-2012, who came to the Center for research and care for patients with craniofacial malformations and maxillofacial prosthesis. A total of 1.759 records reviewed in this Center, of the Faculty of Dentistry of the U.C.V were selected cases with a diagnosis of HLP. The sample was formed by 329 patients with Cleft lip and palate who attended the Center between 2000 and 2012.Se conducted a descriptive and cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS: The population was 329 children, 51.1% (168) male and 48.9% (161) girls. In ages 0-5 years old 89.1% (293), 9.4% (31) 6-10 years and 1.5% (5) 11-15 years. "Type of cleavage" 21.3% (70) complete HLP, 17.3% (57) complete left unilateral HLP, 15.5% (51) right complete unilateral HLP, 14.3% (47) incomplete secondary palate cleft and 31.6% any of the other types of cleavage. The Groove I predominance in this sample was complete bilateral Cleft lip and palate

Estudio radiográfico prospectivo de la reparación ósea en sínfisis mandibular posterior a la remoción ósea de mentón / Radiographic prospective study of osseous repair in mandibular symphysis after chin bone remove

El retiro de hueso de sínfisis mandibular ha sido utilizado ampliamente para diferentes procedimientos reconstructivos maxilofaciales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la existencia de la reparación ósea en el defecto creado en sínfisis debido al retiro de hueso. Treinta pacientes (22 mujeres, 8 hombres) de entre 21 y 65 años fueron operados para retirar hueso de mentón que fue posteriormente aplicado en reconstrucción ósea alveolar; las cirugías fueron realizadas por dos cirujanos maxilofaciales y los pacientes fueron evaluados con telerradiografías en la etapa preoperatoria, postoperatoria inmediata (PIn) y postoperatoria tardía (PTar), donde se realizaron medidas horizontales y verticales del defecto óseo; los valores fueron estudiados con la prueba t de Student con valor de p<0,05. Luego del retiro óseo se observó un defecto vertical promedio de 12,80+/-1,99 y horizontal de 8,33+/-1,77; luego de un año, se obtuvo una disminución de 32,8 por ciento en el sentido vertical y 50,3 por ciento horizontal, presentando significancia estadística en relación al PIn. Se concluye que existe reparación ósea del defecto originado en sínfisis siendo próximo al 30 por ciento-50 por ciento en la evaluación de un año posterior a la cirugía.

Bone harvest of mandibular symphysis has been used in maxillofacial reconstruction procedures. The aim of this research was to establish the presence of bone repair into osseous defect caused by removal of bone. Thirty patient s, 2 female and 8 male, ranging between 21 and 65 years of age underwent surgery for chin bone harvest and alveolar reconstruction. The surgery was performed by two maxillofacial surgeons and the patients were evaluated with lateral radiography in the pre-operatory stage, in early post-operatory and in late post-operatory stages. Horizontal and vertical measures of bone defect were realized; the dates were analyzed by Student t test with a value of p<0.05. After bone harvest, a vertical defect of 12.80 +/-1.99 was observed and a horizontal defect of 8.33 +/- 1.77 was observed. After one year the defect decreased to 32.8 percent in vertical evaluation, and 50.3 percent in the horizontal evaluation with a statistical significance (p<0.05) in relation to the early post-operatory stage. Therefore, we conclude that in bone repair of mandibular symphysis defect is close to 30 ­ 50 percent in a one-year follow-up.

Implante craneano individual de gran volumen en polimetilmetacrilato demetilo a partir de un prototipo rápido: reporte de un caso / Development of individual cranial implant large in PMMA from a rapid prototype: a case report

Se realizó la reconstrucción aloplástica de un gran defecto de cráneo de etiología traumática, en una paciente de sexo femenino de 24 años de edad. Debido a la particular complejidad del caso, se utilizó una técnica para la construcción de la prótesis que involucró el procesamiento imagenológico 3D, asistido por ordenador y la posterior confección de un prototipo rápido. Sobre este prototipo se realizó la planifi cación y reconstrucción protésica, obteniendo un implante craneano interno de gran volumen, con absoluta exactitud. La inter-relación de distintas especialidades del área de la salud, fue imprescindible para la solución de este caso, posicionando a la disciplina de la Prótesis Buco Maxilo Facial denro de la más alta medicina rehabilitadora integral. El procedimiento empleado resultó adecuado, para reconstruir defectos internos complejos de restitución ósea, en comparación a los métodos empleados hasta el momento.

Alloplastic reconstruction was performed of a large skull defect of traumatic etiology in a female patient 24 years of age. Due to the particular complexity of the case a technique for denture construction had to be used, involving 3D imaging processing, computer aided and the subsequent production of a rapid prototype. This enabled the planning and prosthetic reconstruction on a rapid prototype, obtaining a large internal cranial implant volume, with absolute accuracy. The inter-relationship of different specialties in the area of health was essential to resolving this case, positioning the discipline of Maxillofacial Prosthesis within the highest integral medicine. This procedure was the adequate to reconstruct complex internal defects of bone restitution, compared to the methods used so far.