"Graded early warning system" of RET germline mutation carriers in MEN2A/MEN2B families and total thyroidectomy (report of 7 cases) / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To explore the reasonable time of prophylactic thyroidectomy for RET gene carriers in multiple endocrine neoplasia(MEN) 2A/2B families. Methods: From May 2015 to August 2021, RET gene carriers in MEN2A/MEN2B families were dynamically followed up at the Department of Thyroid Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University. The high-risk patients were encouraged to undergo prophylacitc total thyroidectomy according to the principle of "graded early warning system", namely the evaluation of gene detection, calcitonin value and ultrasound examination successively. Seven cases underwent the surgery, including 3 males and 4 females, aged from 7 to 29 years. According to the risk stratification listed in the guidelines of the American Thyroid Association in 2015, there were 2 cases of the highest risk, 2 cases of the high risk and 3 cases of the modest risk. Calcitonin index remained within the normal range in 3 cases and elevated in 4 cases before operation. All 7 patients underwent thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection of the level Ⅵ performed in 4 patients. Results: The time from suggestion to operation was 2 to 37 months, with an average of 15.1 months. The 6 patients were medullary thyroid carcinoma and 1 case with C-cell hyperplasia. The follow-up time was 2 to 82 months, with an average of 38.4 months. Postoperative serum calcitonin levels of all cases decreased to normal level, with biochemical cure. There was no sign of recurrence on ultrasound examination. All 7 patients had no serious complications, no obvious thyroid dysfunction. Their height, weight and other indicators of pediatric patients were similar to those of their peers, with normal growth and development. Conclusion: For healthy people with MEN2A/MEN2B family history, prophylactic thyroidectomy can be carried out selectively based on the comprehensive evaluation of "graded early warning system" with strict screening and close monitoring.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia-IIb with RET gene mutation p.M918T： A case report / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia-IIb (MEN-IIb) is a rare hereditary autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. It's characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PHEO), mucosal neuromas, and Marfanoid habitus. Because of the rarity of MEN-IIb and finiteness of clinical cognition, the majority of the patients suffer a delayed diagnosis. A MEN-IIb patient with the lingual mucosal neuromas since childhood was admitted in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in November, 2018. He had surgical history of mitral valve prolapse and spinal deformity. He was diagnosed with MTC and PHEO at the age of 22 and 28, respectively, and received surgical treatments. Sequencing of RET gene revealed a de novo heterozygous p.M918T mutation in the patient. Being aware of the unique clinical phenotype and screening of RET gene mutation may lead to the early diagnosis and better long-term outcome for MEN-IIb.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B (MEN2B) delayed diagnosis: importance of opportune recognition of MEN2 Syndromes in pediatric thyroid cancer

ABSTRACT Background: RET proto-oncogene mutations are responsible for familial thyroid medullary carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and 2B. These syndromes develop specific biomarkers and, in the case of MEN2B, clinically observable stigmas. However, the diagnosis of patients with MEN2B is usually delayed. Because of the close genotype-phenotype correlation, molecular testing is the final approach for the diagnosis to establish preventive care and therapeutic behaviors. Discussion: pM918T is classified as ''highest risk'' for medullary carcinoma with a 50% of lifetime risk for developing pheochromocytoma. Most cases of MEN2B are due to a de novo mutation. Even with the increased risk of developing pheochromocytoma, our 24-year-old patient does not yet present one. Other factors may be involved in the modulation of the phenotype in different populations. Case report: We present the case of a woman diagnosed with a thyroid nodule at the age of nine. She underwent a total thyroidectomy plus radical cervical lymph node dissection, with a diagnosis and initial management of papillary thyroid carcinoma. During the evolution of the disease, she developed pulmonary metastases. At the age of 24, after her first endocrinological evaluation, typical physical manifestations of MEN2B were observed. A re-evaluation of the original thyroidectomy revealed a medullary carcinoma, with positive manifestation CEA and calcitonin. The analysis of RET proto-oncogene identified a de novo mutation in exon 16 (pM918T). Conclusion: The timely diagnosis of MEN2B offers opportunities to make appropriate preventive and therapeutic decisions that may change the natural evolution of the disease and its complications.

Síndromes de neoplasia endocrina múltiple: revisión radiológica / Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes: Radiological Review

Los síndromes de neoplasia endocrina múltiple (MEN), incluyen una serie de enfermedades con alteraciones genéticas que se caracterizan por la presencia de tumores que afectan a dos o más glándulas endocrinas. Son síndromes con una herencia autosómica dominante e incluyen tres patrones: MEN 1 (síndrome de Wermer), MEN 2 (que incluye MEN 2A o síndrome de Sipple y MEN 2B o síndrome de Wagenmann-Froboese) y MEN 4. Los adenomas paratiroideos y el carcinoma medular tiroideo, son los tumores más frecuentes del MEN tipo 1 y 2 respectivamente. Esos síndromes son más comunes en pacientes jóvenes, con patología de afectación bilateral, múltiple o multifocal y, sobre todo, en pacientes con antecedentes familiares. Es necesario el trabajo en equipo de endocrinólogos, cirujanos, oncólogos y radiólogos para optimizar el tratamiento de esos pacientes.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) encompasses a serial of familial genetically disorders in wich tumors simultaneusly occur in two or more endocrine organs. MEN síndromes are autosomal-dominant disorders categorized into three main patterns: MEN 1 (Wermer syndrome), MEN 2 (includes MEN 2A o Sipple syndrome and MEN 2B o Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome) and MEN 4. Parathyroid adenomas and medullary thyroid carcinoma are the most frecuent tumors in MEN 1 and MEN 2 respectively. These entities will be suspected in younger patients, bilateral, multiple or multifocal disease and, specially, in patients with family background. Cooperation between endocrinologist, surgeons, oncologists and radiologists is pivotal for optimizing patient treatment.

Bone and Calcified Soft Tissue Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Better Characterized on ¹⁸F-Fluoride PET/CT than on ⁶⁸Ga-Dotatate PET/CT / 대한핵의학회잡지

Herein, we report a case of a 19-year-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) diagnosed when he was 12 years of age. The patient had previously undergone total thyroidectomy, cervical radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. He progressed with known bone, pulmonary, and lymph node metastases and was scanned with ¹⁸F-fluoride (¹⁸F-NaF) and ⁶⁸Ga-dotatate whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for metastatic disease monitoring.We found that the MTC bone metastases and soft tissue calcified metastases were better characterized on ¹⁸F-NaF PET/CT than on ⁶⁸Ga-dotatate PET/CT. This case illustrates that the ¹⁸F-NaF PET/CT could be helpful not only to the detection of bone metastases but also to the detection of calcified soft tissue metastases in patients with MTC.

Manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas en enfermedades neuroendocrinas / Neurophthalmological findings in neuroendocrine diseases

La neuroftalmología es considerada una especialidad frontera por su vínculo con otras múltiples especialidades médicas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Los tumores de hipófisis son de tal importancia desde el punto de vista neuroftalmológico que son tratados separadamente en casi todos los textos de la especialidad. El objetivo de la presente revisión es aproximarnos, sobre la base de los conocimientos actuales, a los hallazgos neuroftalmológicos de algunas enfermedades neuroendocrinas, haciendo hincapié en dos temas fundamentales: los adenomas hipofisarios y el síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples, y demostrar además el importante papel del neuroftalmólogo en estas dos entidades. Quedan aquí evidenciadas las variadas manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas de estas entidades neuroendocrinas, el importante cometido del oftalmólogo en el diagnóstico y el ulterior seguimiento de los pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios, así como lo decisiva que puede resultar su actuación en la identificación de los hallazgos asociados al síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples tipo 2 B(AU)

Neurophthalmology is considerate frontier speciality because of their relationships with many other medical and surgical specialities. Pituitary tumors are so important from neuro-ophthalmological point of view that they appear as special chapter in text books. Our objective in the present review is to refer the neurophthalmological finfings in two main entities: pituitary adenomas and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and to establish the important role of neuro-ophthalmologist in those neuroendocrine conditions. It was proved the diversity of neurophthalmological findings in neuroendocrine entities, the important role of ophthalmologist in diagnosis and pursuance of patients with pituitary adenomas and its peremptory role in screening finding associated to 2 B type multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome(AU)

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Diagnosed Early by Conjunctival Neuroma: a Case Report

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, neuroma and Marfanoid feature. Medullary thyroid cancer occurs in more than 95% patients of MEN 2B and increases mortality. So, the early diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia is very important, because in the early diagnosed and treated medullary thyroid cancer, the prognosis is excellent. This is a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B that diagnosed early by conjunctival neuroma. A 15-year-old female patient was presented with both conjunctival masses that occurred 6 months ago. The excisional biopsy revealed conjunctival neuroma. The multiple endocrine tumor was suspected, further evaluation was performed. Medullary thyroid cancer was confirmed by thyroid ultrasound and fine needle aspiration. Finally, MEN type 2B was confirmed by a RET mutation genetic testing.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B: Early Diagnosis Based on Conjunctival Neuroma

PURPOSE: To report a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) diagnosed early based on conjunctival neuroma. CASE SUMMARY: A 15-year-old female presented with red eye and conjunctival mass in both eyes. A 5 x 5 mm-sized yellowish conjunctival mass adjacent to the limbus was observed in her right eye and a 3 x 3 mm-sized mass in her left eye. Excisional biopsy was performed and the patient was diagnosed with conjunctival neuroma. Other abnormalities were not found on the ophthalmic examination, but she had characteristic appearances such as thickened upper eyelid, mild telecanthus and nodular edematous upper lip. She was transferred to the Endocrinology Department for systemic evaluation in consideration of multiple endocrine neoplasia. Abdominal pelvic computed tomography and a 24-hr urine collection analysis showed asymptomatic pheochromocytoma. Thyroid ultrasonography and fine-needle biopsy revealed medullary thyroid carcinoma. Finally, MEN type 2B was confirmed by using a RET mutation gene test. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid carcinoma can occur in MEN 2B in combination with pheochromocytoma and mucosal neuroma. Thickened corneal nerve fiber and perilimbal conjunctival mass have been regarded as ophthalmologic characteristics of MEN 2B and may be accompanied by telecanthus, thickened upper eyelid and marfanoid habitus. A biopsy of the mass is required for pathological diagnosis. Medullary thyroid carcinoma is the most significant clinical component of MEN 2B syndrome and thyroidectomy is indicated. MEN 2B may be a rare syndrome, but its consequences are serious and the ophthalmologist may play a lifesaving role in its diagnosis.

frequency of Yq microdeletion in azoospermic and oligospermic Iranian infertile men

About 15% of couples have infertility problems which 40% of them are related to the male factors. Genetic factors are candidate for about 10% of male infertility conditions. Among these, AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and AZFd regions on the Yq are considered most important for spermatogenesis. Microdeletions of these regions are thought to be involved in some cases of azoospermic or oligospermic infertile men. We studied the prevalence of AZF microdeletions among Iranian infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia and oligospermia. A total of 50 Iranian azoospermic and oligospermic infertile men were selected for case group and 50 men with normal spermogram as control group. The molecular study of Y chromosome microdeletions was done by multiplex polymerase chain reaction [M-PCR] method by using of 13 sequence tagged site [STS] markers from AZF region. Four [8%] patients showed Y chromosome microdeletions among case group, deletion in AZFc region was the most frequent [80%] followed by AZFb [20%], in AZFa and AZFd region we did not detect any deletions. No deletion was detected in control group; the ratio of Y chromosome microdeletion in azoospermic men was higher than this ratio in oligospermic men [19% [3/16] among azoospermic men and 3% [1/34] among oligospermics]. Serum FSH level in men with microdeletions was higher than this level in men with no deletions [p=0.034]. Because of relatively high prevalence of microdeletions on the long arm of Y chromosome among Iranian azoospermic and oligospermic patients, screening of this microdeletion may be advised to infertile men particularly azoospermic and oligospermic men before using assisted reproductive treatments

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma / 대한갑상선학회지

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is defined as a disorder with neoplasms in two or more different hormonal tissues in several members of a family. MEN1, or Wermer's syndrome, is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This syndrome is characterized by neoplasia of the parathyroid glands, enteropancreatic tumors, anterior pituitary adenomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors with variable penetrance. Inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) consists of MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC). The identification of hereditary MTC has been facilitated in recent years by direct analysis of germline RET proto-oncogene mutation.

Clinicopathological features of multiple mucosal neuroma without multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinicopathological features of multiple mucosal neuromas without multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB (non-MEN-IIB MMN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three cases of non-MEN-IIB MMNs were analyzed for the clinical manifestations and histopathological characteristics.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the 3 cases were females, age ranging from 30 to 45 years. Two cases of them involved in the laryngopharyngeal mucosa and another one located in the left margin of the tongue. Clinically, non-MEN-IIB MMNs presented with uncertain foreign body sensation, itching, vomiting and causalgia in the laryngopharyngeal areas. Mucosal papular lesions were treated by laser ablation or local surgical excision. The cases were respectively followed up for 6 to 20 months and found nothing. Histological examination showed the lesions were not encapsulated and contained irregular tortuous nerve bundles with undefined perineurium in the lamina propria. There were no nuclear palisade. Immunophenotype showed tumor cells strongly positive for vimentin, S-100, myelin specific enolase, CD56, neurofilament and neuron specific enolase, uniformly negative to CD34, CD117 and epithelial membrane antigen.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Non-MEN-IIB MMN is a very rare disease and the possibility of MEN-IIB should be excluded before making diagnosis. The lesions located in the mucosal tissue with polyp-like or papular appearance, so they should be differentiated from other neoplasms or non-neoplastic lesions.</p>

A Case of Isolated Ileal Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuromas of the gastrointestinal tract are rare, but have an established association with genetic disorders, such as the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome (type 2b) and neurofibromatosis (type 1). However, solitary ganglioneuromas are not associated with an increased risk for MEN 2b, neurofibromatosis type 1, or any other systemic conditions. Ganglioneuromas of the gastrointestinal tract have been reported to predominantly involve the colon and rectum, and are thereby occasionally detected during colonoscopy or surgery. Although there are no characteristic symptoms of solitary ganglioneuromas, symptoms can be induced by solitary ganglioneuromas, such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction, depending on the location and size. Herein we report a case of a solitary ganglioneuroma of the ileum. A 34-year-old man sought evaluation at our hospital for anemia. The medical and family histories were benign and there was no history of genetic disorders. The evaluation for anemia revealed iron-deficiency anemia and CT enterography revealed a single mass in the ileum. Laparoscopic resection of the lesion was performed and the pathologic examination confirmed an ileal ganglioneuroma.

A Case of Isolated Ileal Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuromas of the gastrointestinal tract are rare, but have an established association with genetic disorders, such as the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome (type 2b) and neurofibromatosis (type 1). However, solitary ganglioneuromas are not associated with an increased risk for MEN 2b, neurofibromatosis type 1, or any other systemic conditions. Ganglioneuromas of the gastrointestinal tract have been reported to predominantly involve the colon and rectum, and are thereby occasionally detected during colonoscopy or surgery. Although there are no characteristic symptoms of solitary ganglioneuromas, symptoms can be induced by solitary ganglioneuromas, such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction, depending on the location and size. Herein we report a case of a solitary ganglioneuroma of the ileum. A 34-year-old man sought evaluation at our hospital for anemia. The medical and family histories were benign and there was no history of genetic disorders. The evaluation for anemia revealed iron-deficiency anemia and CT enterography revealed a single mass in the ileum. Laparoscopic resection of the lesion was performed and the pathologic examination confirmed an ileal ganglioneuroma.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B: Early Diagnosis by Multiple Mucosal Neuroma and Its DNA Analysis

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is a rare disease caused by germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and is transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. It is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and mucosal neuroma developing in the tongue, lip, intestinal tract, palate etc. Among these neoplasias, mucosal neuroma generally develops from early childhood. Therefore, early detection and proper treatment can minimize the disease course. Here we describe a 9-year-old male who presented with multiple verrucous papules and nodules on his lips, tongue and gingiva that were there since birth. Histologic findings of his lips and tongue showed well-defined nerve bundles and DNA analysis revealed a M918T mutation at codon 918 of the RET oncogene. He was diagnosed early as having MEN 2B according to his genetic and phenotypic features.

Early Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations in Korean Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome is an inherited, autosomal dominant disease that presents as a combination of several endocrine tumors. Early diagnosis of this syndrome is difficult, because of the nonspecific symptoms and signs. This study analyzed early manifestations and clinical characteristics in patients with MEN syndrome. METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed and telephone interviews were conducted with 35 patients diagnosed as MEN syndrome at Samsung Medical Center from December 1994 to December 2009. RESULTS: The 35 patients had been diagnosed as MEN1 (n=14), MEN2A (n=19) and MEN2B (n=2). The early manifestations of the 14 MEN1 patients were related with hyperparathyroidism (n=5), pituitary tumor (n=3), and pancreatic endocrine tumor (n=2). There were tumors of the parathyroid gland in all 14 patients, anterior pituitary in eight patients, and pancreatic islet cells in seven patients. Four cases were incidentally detected during the screening examination. Six cases harbored a MEN1 gene mutation. The twenty-one patients diagnosed with MEN2 comprised medullary thyroid cancer (n=20), adrenal pheochromocytoma (n=15), and hyperparathyroidism (n=4). The MTC-related symptoms in the 21 MEN2 patients included neck mass or discomfort in 12 patients and pheochromocytoma-related symptoms in seven patients. Two cases were detected through familial genetic screening test. The RET gene mutationwas detected in 19 cases. CONCLUSION: Early manifestations of MEN syndrome were very different between the types of MEN and the types of its presenting tumor. The early diagnosis and proper management of MEN requires awareness of the clinical characteristics of each expressed tumor and is influenced by genetic screening methods.

A Case of Concurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Familial Medullary Thyroid Microcarcinoma with a Germline C634W Mutation

The origins of medullary carcinoma (MTC) and papillary carcinoma (PTC) of the thyroid are embryologically different. Tumors showing concurrent medullary and papillary features are rare and they represent less than 1% of all thyroid malignancies. Hereditary MTC is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease which is genetically determined as part of the MEN 2A, MEN 2B, or variants of MEN 2A such as familial MTC. Germline mutations of the RET gene are the underlying cause of the majority of cases of hereditary medullary carcinomas. The pathogenesis of concurrent PTC with familial MTC has rarely been known. Genetic analysis of the RET oncogene has so far provided conflicting results. Here we describe a family whose sibling was affected by both PTC & MTC, and the family carried a germ-line point mutation in the RET extracellular domain that converted cysteine 634 into tryptophan (C634W).

Prognostic Factors Influencing Recurrence in Medullary Thyroid Cancer / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an uncommon thyroid tumor and the clinical course is variable. Many prognostic factors for MTC have been studied, but the significance of some of these factors remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the prognosis of recurrent disease in patients suffering with MTC. METHODS: Fifty three patients who were operated for MTC from 1987 to 2006 in Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) was retrospectively analyzed. Their medical records were reviewed for the demographic data, the laboratory data and the clinical course, the treatment and the long-term outcome. The median duration of follow-up was 66.5 months. Forty-two patients who were operated on primarily in this hospital were analyzed for their recurrence free survival. RESULTS: The mean age atdiagnosis was 41.8 years. There were 28 femaleand 25 male patients. Eleven patients (22.9%) had multifocal disease. There were 32 sporadic MTC patients, 15 MEN2A patients, 3 familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) patients and 1 MEN 2B patient. The 10- and 15-year overall survival rates were 91.9% and 76.5%, respectively; the 5- and 10-year recurrence-free survival rates were 70.6% and 45.5%, respectively. By univariate statistical analysis, the stage (stage I/II vs. III/IV, P=0.025), extrathyroidal extension (P=0.039), cervical lymph node metastasis (P=0.044), and the postoperative calcitonin level (≥25 pg/ml) (P=0.003) were the significant factors that influenced recurrence. CONCLUSION: The overall prognosis of MTC is favorable. The significantfactors for a poor prognosis were the presence of lymph node metastasis, TNM stage III and IV, positive extrathyroidal extension at the first diagnosis and a high postoperative calcitonin level.

A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B early Diagnosis by RET Proto-oncogene Analysis and Prophylactic Total Thyroidectomy / 대한소아내분비학회지

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is a rare autosomal-dominant hereditary syndrome which includes medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochoromocytoma, multiple ganglioneuromas, gastrointestinal disorders and marfanoid face. MTC is the main cause of death in patients that have not received early and prophylactic treatment. Clinically useful direct DNA tests have recently been available to identify gene carriers before any clinical or biochemical abnormalities are present. Prophylactic total thyroidectomy is recommended to affected children at an early stage of the disease to prevent the development of metastases of MTC. We report a case of MEN 2B patient who was diagnosed by RET proto-oncogene analysis and performed prophylactic total thyroidectomy.

A family of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A associated with a C618R mutation in RET proto-oncogene / 대한내과학회지

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a relatively rare malignant thyroid disease that accounts for approximately 1% to 5% of all thyroid carcinomas. MTC occurs as a sporadic disease and as an inherited disease with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), MEN2B, and familial non-MEN medullary carcinoma (FMTC). MEN2A is characterized by MTC, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid adenoma. The mutation of RET proto-oncogene plays an important role in MEN2A syndromes. Recently the authors diagnosed MEN2A patient and screened his family with thyroid ultrasonogram and RET proto-oncogene analysis. A genetic analysis of the peripheral leukocyte showed a codon 618 mutation (Cys618Arg) at exon 10 of the RET proto-oncogene in a family presenting third generations from age 7 to age 56 years. We report this case of MEN2A with a review of the related literatures.

The Characteristics of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia in Korean / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm (MEN) is a rare, complex and familial disease. There are MEN syndromes are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with high penetrance. The variations in the RET gene play an important role in the MEN syndromes. Recent advances in diagnosis, treatment and genetic study of patients with MEN in Korean are reviewed. METHODS: There were 79 cases and 20 families with MEN syndromes in Korea which based on my experiences and 27 published papers. According to subtypes, there were classified and analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.9±11.5 years old. Sex ratio was 1:2.6. There were 7 families and 23 cases with MEN type I in Korean. The clinical characteristics of MEN I in Korean are mostly not different from the previous reports except older age (mean=43.2 old-year) at diagnosis. The frequency of the MEN I germ-line mutation in Korean MEN I (80%) families was similar to those reported previously. There were 13 families and 52 cases with MEN type II A in Korean. Three-quarters (9/12) of the Korean patients with MEN IIa had RET mutations on codon 634 of exon 11 (4 patients, C634; 4 patients, C634Y; 1 patient, C634W), but a quarter (3/12) had mutations on codon 618 of exon 10 (2 patients, C618R; 1 patient, C618S). A small medullary carcinoma in a patient of MEN type II A family was detected by genetic mutation screening in SMC. MEN IIb was reported only 4 cases. A case showed a codon 918 mutation (M918T) at exon 16 of RET proto-oncogene. CONCLUSION: Multiple endocrine neoplasia is rare hereditary cancer syndromes expressing a variety of tumors. With understanding of the molecular and clinical pathology of MEN syndromes, genetic screening is now feasible, and treatments have become more individualized based on genetic information of Korean.