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1.
Rev. Bras. Neurol. (Online) ; 58(2): 31-34, abr.-jun. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395443

ABSTRACT

Dream-reality confusion (DRC) is the consequence of hypnagogic content confusion with real events and memories. Narcoleptic subjects eventually have DRC and can be misdiagnosed as schizophrenic or with another disorder with delusional or hallucinatory symptoms. Although dream-related experiences and hallucinatory perception share neurophysiological pathways, they are phenomenologically distinct. The lack of phenomenological intentionality in Dreamrelated perceptions, the different cognitive pathways for delusion generation, and other differences between mental disorders psychopathology, and DRC-related phenomena are here discussed. The lived world and awake experience interpretation, and dream neurobiology in narcoleptic subjects related to DRC, might indicate some hints for the mind-brain gap issue that still exists in neurology and psychiatry.


A confusão entre realidade e sonho (CRS) é a consequência da confusão do conteúdo hipnagógico com eventos e memórias reais. Sujeitos narcolépticos eventualmente têm CRS e podem ser diagnosticados erroneamente como esquizofrênicos ou com outro transtorno com sintomas delirantes ou alucinatórios. Embora as experiências relacionadas ao sonho e à percepção alucinatória compartilhem vias neurofisiológicas, elas são fenomenologicamente distintas. A falta de intencionalidade fenomenológica nas percepções relacionadas ao sonho, as diferentes vias cognitivas para a geração do delírio e outras diferenças entre a psicopatologia dos transtornos mentais e os fenômenos relacionados à CRS são discutidos aqui. A interpretação do mundo vivido e da experiência de vigília, e a neurobiologia dos sonhos em sujeitos narcolépticos relacionados à CRS, podem indicar algumas dicas para a questão do gap mente-cérebro que ainda existe na neurologia e na psiquiatria.


Subject(s)
Humans , Confusion/psychology , Sleep Arousal Disorders , Dreams/psychology , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/psychology , REM Sleep Parasomnias , Diagnosis, Differential , Hallucinations/psychology
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 75(6): 345-348, June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-838926

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT We studied multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele and compared them with MS patients who did not carry the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele. We analyzed clinical and neurophysiological criteria for narcolepsy in six MS patients with HLA-DQB1*06:02, compared with 12 MS patients who were HLA-DQB1*06:02 non-carriers. Only two patients with HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele scored higher than 10 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Polysomnography recording parameters and the multiple sleep latency test showed an absence of narcolepsy in the study group. Our study suggested no significant correlation between narcolepsy, MS and HLA-DQB1*06:02. The HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele alone was not sufficient to cause MS patients to develop narcolepsy.


RESUMO Pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM) portadores do alelo HLA-DQB1*06:02 foram estudados e comparados com pacientes com EM mas que não são portadores do alelo HLA-DQB1*06:02. Os critérios clínicos e neurofisiológicos para narcolepsia foram analisados em pacientes com EM sendo 6 pacientes com o HLA-DQB1*06:02 comparados a 12 pacientes sem o HLA-DQB1*06:02. Somente 2 pacientes com EM e HLA-DQB1*06:02 tiveram escore maior que 10 na escala “Epworth Sleepiness Scale”. Os parâmetros da polissonografia e o teste de múltiplas latências do sono mostraram ausência de narcolepsia no grupo estudo. Nosso estudo não sugere correlações significantes entre narcolepsia, EM e HLA-DQB1*06:02. Somente o HLA-DQB1*06:02 não foi suficiente para desenvolver narcolepsia em pacientes com EM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , HLA-DQ beta-Chains/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/complications , Narcolepsy/etiology , Polysomnography , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/genetics
3.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 19(1): 43-46, mayo 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-661503

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A narcolepsia é um distúrbio primário do sistema nervoso central com uma prevalência ao redor de 0.02%. A narcolepsia é caracterizada por sonolência diurna excessiva, cataplexia, alucinações hipnagógicas, paralisia do sono e fragmentação do sono. Diagnóstico: O diagnóstico da narcolepsia é estabelecido pela clínica e análise de cinco cochilos diurnos durante o teste de múltiplas latências do sono. Fisiopatologia: A fisiopatologia da narcolepsia não é totalmente esclarecida. Existem várias teorias que são discutidas. Há uma maior prevalência do alelo HLA DQB1*0602 e uma diminuição da concentração da hipocretina-1 na forma de narcolepsia associada à cataplexia. Recentemente foram descritos diferentes padrões no loco do receptor de linfócito T alfa e a presença de anticorpos específicos tribbles homolog 2 em pacientes com narcolepsia. Estes achados fortalecem a teoria imunológica. Tratamento: O tratamento da narcolepsia deve garantir a integração social e familiar podendo ser dividido em comportamental e medicamentoso. Conclusão: A narcolepsia é uma fascinante doença que integra a neurologia, a imunologia, a medicina do sono, a psiquiatria e a genética. Pacientes com narcolepsia possuem prejuízo no campo pessoal, profissional e familiar. Embora muitos avanços tenham sido feitos, a melhor ferramenta ainda é a informação para os colegas médicos e para a população em geral.


Subject(s)
Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/physiopathology , Narcolepsy/therapy , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/etiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy
5.
Annals of Laboratory Medicine ; : 57-65, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-43985

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, symptoms of abnormal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and a strong association with HLA-DRB1*1501, -DQA1*0102, and -DQB1*0602. Here, we investigated the clinico-physical characteristics of Korean patients with narcolepsy, their HLA types, and the clinical utility of high-resolution PCR with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) as a simple typing method for identifying DRB1*15/16, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles. METHODS: The study population consisted of 67 consecutively enrolled patients having unexplained daytime sleepiness and diagnosed narcolepsy based on clinical and neurological findings. Clinical data and the results of the multiple sleep latency test and polysomnography were reviewed, and HLA typing was performed using both high-resolution PCR-SSP and sequence-based typing (SBT). RESULTS: The 44 narcolepsy patients with cataplexy displayed significantly higher frequencies of DRB1*1501 (Pc= 0.003), DQA1*0102 (Pc=0.001), and DQB1*0602 (Pc=0.014) than the patients without cataplexy. Among patients carrying DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 or DQA1*0102, the frequencies of a mean REM sleep latency of less than 20 min in nocturnal polysomnography and clinical findings, including sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination were significantly higher. SBT and PCR-SSP showed 100% concordance for high-resolution typing of DRB1*15/16 alleles and DQA1 and DQB1 loci. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical characteristics and somnographic findings of narcolepsy patients were associated with specific HLA alleles, including DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102, and DQB1*0602. Application of high-resolution PCR-SSP, a reliable and simple method, for both allele- and locus-specific HLA typing of DRB1*15/16, DQA1, and DQB1 would be useful for characterizing clinical status among subjects with narcolepsy.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alleles , Cataplexy/genetics , DNA Probes, HLA , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics , HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics , Histocompatibility Testing , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 68(5): 712-715, Oct. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-562795

ABSTRACT

This study was thought to characterized clinical and laboratory findings of a narcoleptic patients in an out patients unit at São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: 28 patients underwent polysomnographic recordings (PSG) and Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) were analyzed according to standard criteria. The analysis of HLADQB1*0602 allele was performed by PCR. The Hypocretin-1 in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was measured using radioimmunoassay. Patients were divided in two groups according Hypocretin-1 level: Normal (N) - Hypocretin-1 higher than 110pg/ml and Lower (L) Hypocretin-1 lower than 110 pg/ml. RESULTS: Only 4 patients of the N group had cataplexy when compared with 14 members of the L group (p=0.0002). DISCUSSION: This results were comparable with other authors, confirming the utility of using specific biomarkers (HLA-DQB1*0602 allele and Hypocretin-1 CSF level) in narcolepsy with cataplexy. However, the HLADQB1*0602 allele and Hypocretin-1 level are insufficient to diagnose of narcolepsy without cataplexy.


Este estudo foi idealizado para avaliar as características clinicas e laboratoriais de uma população de narcolépticos atendidos num centro de referência na cidade de São Paulo (Brasil). MÉTODO: 28 pacientes realizaram polissonografia e teste de múltiplas latências do sono segundo critérios internacionais. O alelo HLADQB1*0602 foi identificado por PCR. A Hipocretina-1 no líquido cefalorradiano (LCR) foi mensurada por radioimunoensaio. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos conforme o nível de Hipocretina-1. Normal (N) - Hypocretin-1 >110pg/ml e baixa (B) - Hypocretina-1 <110pg/ml. RESULTADOS: Somente 4 pacientes do grupo N tinham cataplexia quando comparados com 14 pacientes do grupo B (p=0,0002). DISCUSSÃO: Estes resultados foram comparáveis com outros autores, confirmando a utilidade do uso de biomarcadores específicos (HLA-DQB1*0602 e nível da hipocretina-1 no LCR) em narcolepsia com cataplexia. Porém, o alelo HLADQB1*0602 e a dosagem da Hipocretina-1 são insuficientes para o diagnóstico da narcolepsia sem cataplexia.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Neuropeptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Alleles , Biomarkers , Cataplexy/cerebrospinal fluid , Cataplexy/diagnosis , Cataplexy/genetics , Narcolepsy/cerebrospinal fluid , Narcolepsy/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polysomnography , Radioimmunoassay
8.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 32(3): 294-305, Sept. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-560778

ABSTRACT

Este artigo relata as conclusões da reunião de consenso com médicos especialistas sobre diagnóstico de narcolepsia baseada na revisão dos artigos sobre narcolepsia listados no Medline entre 1980 e 2010. A narcolepsia é uma doença crônica de início entre a primeira e segunda décadas de vida do indivíduo. Os sintomas essenciais são cataplexia e sonolência excessiva. A cataplexia é definida como episódios súbitos, recorrentes e reversíveis de fraqueza da musculatura esquelética desencadeados por situações de conteúdo emocional. Os sintomas acessórios são alucinações hipnagógicas, paralisia do sono e sono fragmentado. Critérios de diagnóstico clínico de acordo com a Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos do Sono são de sonolência excessiva e cataplexia. Recomenda-se a realização de polissonografia seguida do teste de latência múltipla do sono em um laboratório de sono para confirmação e diagnóstico de comorbidades. Quando não houver cataplexia, deve haver duas ou mais sonecas com sono REM no teste de latência múltipla do sono. Tipagem HLA-DQB1*0602 positiva com níveis de hipocretina-1 abaixo de 110pg/mL devem estar presentes para o diagnóstico de narcolepsia sem cataplexia e sem sonecas com sono REM.


This manuscript contains the conclusion of the consensus meeting on the diagnosis of narcolepsy based on the review of Medline publications between 1980-2010. Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder with age at onset between the first and second decade of life. Essential narcolepsy symptoms are cataplexy and excessive sleepiness. Cataplexy is defined as sudden, recurrent and reversible attacks of muscle weakness triggered by emotions. Accessory narcolepsy symptoms are hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis and nocturnal fragmented sleep. The clinical diagnosis according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders is the presence of excessive sleepiness and cataplexy. A full in-lab polysomnography followed by a multiple sleep latency test is recommended for the confirmation of the diagnosis and co-morbidities. The presence of two sleep-onset REM period naps in the multiple sleep latency test is diagnostic for cataplexy-free narcolepsy. A positive HLA-DQB1*0602 with lower than 110pg/mL level of hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid is required for the final diagnosis of cataplexy- and sleep-onset REM period -free narcolepsy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Brazil , Diagnosis, Differential , Narcolepsy/etiology , Narcolepsy/genetics
9.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135443

ABSTRACT

Narcolepsy is a neurologic illness that typically begins in the second and third decades of life. It is chronic in nature and negatively impacts the quality of life of affected patients. The classic presentation is a tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. The exact cause remains unknown, but there is significant evidence that hypocretin deficiency plays an integral role. Some primary conditions that result in secondary narcolepsy include traumatic brain injury, congenital disorders, tumours, and strokes. Some medical and psychiatric disorders share characteristics of narcolepsy, at times leading to diagnostic inaccuracy. Other sleep disorders are commonly co-morbid. Diagnosis relies on patient history and objective data gathered from polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief through medication, education, and behavioural modification. Both classic pharmacological treatments as well as newer options have significant problems, especially because of side effects and abuse potential. Novel modalities are being examined to expand options for treatment.


Subject(s)
Cataplexy/therapy , Comorbidity , Diagnosis, Differential , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/diagnosis , Humans , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Narcolepsy/complications , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/epidemiology , Narcolepsy/therapy , Neuropeptides/metabolism , Polysomnography/methods , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy , Treatment Outcome
11.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 137(9): 1209-1216, sep. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-534025

ABSTRACT

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods. It is now identified as a neurodegenerative disease because there is a massive loss of specific neurons in the brain. These neurons contain the neuropeptides hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, which are also known as orexin-A and orexin-B. Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 measurements are diagnostic for primary narcolepsy. The cause of neural loss could be autoinmune since most patients have the HLA DQB1*0602 alíele that predisposes to the disorders. The discovery of hypocretin deficiency is redefining the clinical entity of narcolepsy and offering novel diagnostic procedures. This article reviews the current understanding of narcolepsy and discusses the implications of hypocretin discovery (Rev Méd Chile 2009; 137:1209-16).


Subject(s)
Humans , Narcolepsy , Neuropeptides , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/physiopathology , Neuropeptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Neuropeptides/deficiency , Neuropeptides/physiology
12.
RELAMPA, Rev. Lat.-Am. Marcapasso Arritm ; 22(2): 85-90, abr.-jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-535079

ABSTRACT

A narcolepsia é uma doença com alta prevalência, frequentemente subdiagnosticada. Suas manifestações mais comuns, a hipersonolência e a cataplexia, muitas vezes podem simular episódios de síncope. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de esclarecer os mecanismos fisiopatológicos dessa patologia, assim como suas manifestações clínicas e seu manejo. Dessa forma, espera-se contribuir para que o médico a reconheça e a diferencie das causas mais frequentes de síncope.


Subject(s)
Humans , Narcolepsy/complications , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/history , Syncope/complications , Syncope/diagnosis
13.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-509181

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Narcolepsy (with and without cataplexy) and idiopathic hypersomnia, are disorders with common features but with different HLA-DQB1*0602 allele prevalence. The present study describes the prevalence of HLA-DQB1*0602 allele in narcoleptics with and without cataplexy and in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia. METHOD: Subjects comprised 68 patients who were diagnosed for narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia and 23 healthy controls according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2. Subjects comprised 43 patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy, 11 patients with narcolepsy but without cataplexy, 14 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia and 23 healthy controls. Genotyping of HLA-DQB1*0602 allele was performed for all subjects. RESULTS: The prevalence of the HLA-DQB1*0602 allele was increased in idiopathic hypersomnia and in narcoleptic patients with and without cataplexy when compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.04; p = 0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This finding is in accordance with those of previous studies. The gold standard exam of narcolepsy with cataplexy is Hypocretin-1 dosage, but in patients without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia, there are no specific diagnostic lab findings. The presence of the HLA-DQB1* 0602 allele may be important for the differential diagnosis of situations that resemble those sleep disorders such as secondary changes in sleep structure due to drugs' consumption.


OBJETIVO: Narcolepsia (com e sem cataplexia) e hipersonolência idiopática são transtornos com características clínicas comuns, mas com prevalências do alelo HLA-DQB1*0602 diferentes. Este estudo descreve a prevalência do alelo HLA-DQB1*0602 em pacientes narcolépticos com e sem cataplexia e em pacientes com hipersonolência idiopática. MÉTODO: A amostra consistiu de 68 pacientes com diagnóstico de narcolepsia ou hipersonolência idiopática e 23 controles saudáveis segundo o International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2. A amostra foi composta de 43 pacientes com narcolepsia e cataplexia, 11 pacientes com narcolepsia e sem cataplexia, 14 pacientes com hipersonolência idiopática e 23 controles saudáveis. A análise da presença do alelo HLA-DQ*0602 foi realizada em todos os sujeitos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do alelo HLA-DQB1*0602 foi maior nos grupos de pacientes com hipersonolência idiopática e em pacientes narcolépticos com e sem cataplexia quando comparada com a dos sujeitos saudáveis (p = 0,04; p = 0,03 e p < 0,0001, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados são compatíveis com o de estudos anteriores. O exame padrão-ouro para a confirmação da narcolepsia em pacientes com cataplexia é a dosagem de hipocretina, mas em pacientes sem cataplexia e hipersonolência idiopática não há testes laboratoriais específicos para o diagnóstico. A presença do alelo HLA-DQB1*0602 pode ser importante no diagnóstico diferencial de situações semelhantes a esses distúrbios do sono, como alterações secundárias na estrutura do sono causadas por consumo de drogas.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Alleles , HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics , Idiopathic Hypersomnia/diagnosis , Idiopathic Hypersomnia/genetics , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/genetics , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Chi-Square Distribution , Diagnosis, Differential , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young Adult
14.
RBM rev. bras. med ; 66(1/2)jan.-fev. 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-540102

ABSTRACT

Os autores ressaltam a importância do clínico em conhecer e diagnosticar os principais transtornos do sono, bem como seu tratamento. É abordado, em linhas gerais, o diagnóstico e tratamento da insônia, das principais parassônias, da apneia obstrutiva do sono, da síndrome das pernas inquietas e da narcolepsia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/therapy , Polysomnography , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/pathology , Sleep Wake Disorders/prevention & control , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/diagnosis , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/therapy
16.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 34(3): 133-138, 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-461100

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: Narcolepsia é uma síndrome neurológica crônica com prevalência entre 0,018 por cento e 0,040 por cento da população, sem diferenciações étnicas importantes. Caracteriza-se por sonolência e cataplexia. A fisiopatologia da doença não é totalmente conhecida, embora possua marcador genético (alelo HLA DQB1 *0602) e anormalidades na neurotransmissão de hipocretina descritos recentemente. OBJETIVOS: Resumir as recentes descobertas na narcolepsia e expor possibilidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas. METODOLOGIA: Revisão bibliográfica. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: O diagnóstico deve seguir os critérios da Classificação Internacional de Sono. A dosagem de hipocretina é o melhor exame para confirmar narcolepsia em pacientes com cataplexia típica. O tratamento deve ser realizado com medidas comportamentais e drogas sintomáticas que promovem a vigília e controlam a cataplexia. Diagnósticos diferenciais como esquizofrenia, epilepsia, depressão e doenças do sono devem ser descartados.


BACKGROUND: Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological syndrome with prevalence between 0.018 percent and 0.040 percent without important ethnic differences. Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. The pathophysiology of the illness is not known; even so it possesses genetic marker (allele HLA DQB1 *0602) and with abnormalities in the neurotransmission of hypocretin has been described in patients with narcolepsy. OBJECTIVES: Resume news discoveries in narcolepsy and show diagnoses and treatment options. METHODS: Bibliographic review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The diagnoses of narcolepsy must be done with The International Classification of Sleep Disorders criteria. The hypocretin dosage is the best exam to confirm diagnose in narcoleptic patients with typical cataplexy. The treatment is carried through with behavior actions and symptomatic drugs that promote the vigil and control the cataplexy. Differential diagnoses as schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression and others sleep disorders need to be eliminated.


Subject(s)
Humans , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/genetics , Diagnosis, Differential , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/immunology , Narcolepsy/therapy , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis
17.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 64(3b): 865-868, set. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-437164

ABSTRACT

Whipple disease (WD) is a rare systemic infection caused by Tropheryma whippelii. Neurological involvement has been recognised in 40 percent of patients, either as initial manifestations or during the course of the disease. We report on a 45 years-old man with WD with initial, persistent and irresistible episodes of daytime somnolence. The patient was HLA-DQB1*0602 positive (genetic marker for narcolepsy). WD diagnosis was suspected on clinical and MRI basis and confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical study of duodenal biopsy. Forty months later all clinical features improved, narcoleptic-like episodes disappeared and cerebral MRI and CSF normalised. Longitudinal neurophysiological studies revealed persistent sleep pattern abnormalities with sleep fragmentation, paucity of slow wave and of REM sleep. The disruption of the hypocretin circuitry in the hypothalamic - diencephalic region triggered by the infection was the probable cause of the hypersomnia and narcopleptic symptoms. WD should be added to the list of causes of secondary hypersomnia.


A doença de Whipple (DW) é infecção sistémica rara causada pelo Tropheryma whippelii. Cerca de 40 por cento dos doentes apresentam envolvimento neurológico, seja como manifestação inicial da doença, seja durante o seu curso. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 45 anos com doença de DW com episódios iniciais, persistentes e irresistíveis de sonolência durante a actividade diurna. O doente era positivo para o HLA-DQB1*0602 (marcador genético de narcolepsia). A suspeita do diagnóstico de DW foi levantada com base na clínica e RM e confirmada por estudo imunocitoquímico do material de biópsia jejunal. Quarenta meses mais tarde, todas as manifestações clínicas melhoraram, os episódios narcolépticos desapareceram, e a RM e o LCR normalizaram. Os estudos neurofisiológicos seriados do sono revelaram alterações persistentes caracterizadas por fragmentação do sono, escassez de ondas lentas e sono REM. A perturbação do circuito da hipocretina na região hipotálamo-diencefálica, causada pela infecção, foi a causa provável da hipersónia num doente geneticamente susceptível. A DW deve ser incluída nas causas de hipersónia secundária.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Narcolepsy/etiology , Whipple Disease/complications , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/drug therapy , Polysomnography , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , Whipple Disease/diagnosis , Whipple Disease/drug therapy
18.
Neurosciences. 2006; 11 (4): 302-307
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-79767

ABSTRACT

To assess the clinical and polysomnographic features of narcolepsy in Saudis. All patients diagnosed to have narcolepsy in the Sleep Disorders Center at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between March 1998 and December 2005 based on the International Classifications of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual criteria were included. A data entry form collecting the demographic, clinical features, medications, referring specialty, prior diagnoses and daytime sleepiness was used. All patients underwent polysomnography followed by multiple sleep latency. Forty-seven patients with a mean age of 28.9 +/- 1.9 years were included. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 20.5 +/- 1.4 years. The interval between symptoms onset and diagnosis was 8.4 +/- 1.2 years. While 22 [46.8%] of the patients were referred to the sleep disorders clinic by different specialties, 25 [53.2%] patients sought an appointment in the sleep disorders clinic directly. Only 3 patients were referred with the correct diagnosis. Nocturnal sleep quality was worse in narcoleptics with cataplexy compared to those without cataplexy. Saudi patients with narcolepsy have the same clinical presentation as reported in the Western literature. Narcoleptics with cataplexy had disturbed quality compared to narcoleptics without cataplexy. A long time was reported between symptoms onset and diagnosis, which may reflect the under- recognition of the problem among physicians


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Demography , Cataplexy , Polysomnography
19.
Ter. psicol ; 22(1): 43-56, 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-390396

ABSTRACT

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad describir los rasgos de personalidad de un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados con narcolepsia siguiendo los criterios de la International Clasification Sleep Disorders (ICSD) y un grupo de control. La narcolepsia es un trastorno del sueño cuyos síntomas principales son excesiva somnolencia diurna, cataplejía, alucinaciones hipnagógicas y parálisis de sueño. El estudio es descriptivo y utiliza una metodología cuantitativa. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron el Inventario Multifásico de Personalidad de Minnesota, el test de los Colores de Luscher y el Test de Rorschach. Los resultados apuntan a que los pacientes serían sujetos con una identidad personal difusa, presentan sensibilidad por lo estético, son personas sugestionables y que reaccionan de manera exagerada frente al estrés. Asimismo manifiestan una acentuada autoexigencia y perfeccionismo tanto frente a la realidad externa e interna y, por último, utilizan mecanismos defensivos preferentemente hipomaníacos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/psychology , Personality Tests , MMPI , Epidemiology, Descriptive
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