Sustancia Cromatofílica: Una Propuesta de Cambio a la Terminologia Histologica y Terminologia Neuroanatomica / Chromatophilic Substance: a Proposal to Change the Terminologia Histologica and Terminologia Neuroanatomica

En Terminologia Histologica y Terminologia Neuroanatomica está registrado el término Substantia chromatophilica de origen grecolatino, con los códigos H2.00.06.1.00009 y 78, respectivamente. Dicho término ha sido empleado para referirse a un conglomerado de estructuras que en unión fungen como maquinaria de síntesis proteica y que son característicos de las células nerviosas. Teniendo en cuenta los lineamientos de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) referentes a la denominación de nombres estructurales con un valor descriptivo e informativo, creemos que el término en cuestión no es el más adecuado. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar y evaluar la concordancia de las raíces grecolatinas que componen el término. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en el Diccionario de la lengua española, Diccionario de Términos Médicos, diccionario VOX Griego-Español y el diccionario VOX Ilustrado Latino-Español Español-Latino. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la palabra chromatophilica no presenta registro en español, sin embargo, sus sinónimos hacen referencia a material biológico afín por los colorantes. En base a lo anterior, proponemos el término Ribocumulus corponeuralis en función de su estructura y ubicación, en reemplazo de Substantia chromatophilica.

SUMMARY: In Terminologia Histologica and Terminologia Neuroanatomica the term Substantia chromatophilica of Greco-Latin origin is registered with the codes H2.00.06.1.00009 and 78, respectively. This term has been used to refer to a conglomerate of structures that together function as protein synthesis machinery and are characteristic of nerve cells. Considering the guidelines of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) regarding the denomination of structural names with a descriptive and informative value, we believe that the term in question is not the most appropriate. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and evaluate the concordance of the Greco-Latin roots that compose the term. For this purpose, a search was conducted in the Diccionario de la Lengua Española, Diccionario de Términos Médicos, Diccionario VOX Griego-Español and the Diccionario VOX Ilustrado Latino-Español Español-Latino. The results obtained indicate that the word chromatophilica is not registered in Spanish, however, its synonyms refer to biological material related to dyes. Based on the aforementioned, we propose the term Ribocumulus corponeuralis based on its structure and location, as a replacement for Substantia chromatophilica.

An experimental study of tangzhouling on morphological changes of nissl bodies in the dorsal root ganglion of DM rats / Un estudio experimental de tangzhouling sobre los cambios morfológicos de los cuerpos de nissl en el ganglio de la raíz dorsal de ratas DM

SUMMARY: This study aims to investigate the effect of Tangzhouling on the morphological changes of Nissl bodies in the dorsal root ganglion of DM Rats. In this study, 69 rats were randomly divided into a control group (n = 10) and a model group (n = 59). The rats in the model group were randomly divided into a diabetic group (n = 11), a vitamin C group (n = 12), a low dose Tangzhouling group (n = 12), a medium dose Tangzhouling group (n = 12) and a high dose Tangzhouling group (n = 12). The dose of Tangzhouling in the low dose group was 5 times that of the adult dose, being 0.44g/kg/d. The dose of Tangzhouling in the medium dose group was 10 times that of the adult dose, being 0.88g/kg/d. The dose of Tangzhouling in the high dose group was 20 times that of the adult dose, being 1.75g/kg/d. All doses above are crude drug dosages. Rats in the vitamin C group were given 10 times the dose of an adult, being, 0.05 g/ kg/d. The diabetic group and the control group were given the same amount of distilled water. Drug delivery time is 16 weeks. The dorsal root ganglion was placed in a freezing tube at the end of the experiment. The morphological changes of Nissl bodies in the dorsal root ganglion were detected by HE and Nissl staining. The study results showed that vitamin C had no significant effect on the quantity, size and nucleolus. Tangzhouling can improvee the morphology, quantity and nucleolus of Nissl bodies to a certain extent, and the high dose is better than the lower dose. Tangzhouling capsules can improve the nerve function of DM rats through Nissl bodies.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de Tangzhouling en los cambios morfológicos de los cuerpos de Nissl en el ganglio de la raíz dorsal de las ratas DM. En este estudio, 69 ratas se dividieron aleatoriamente en un grupo control (n = 10) y un grupo modelo (n = 59). Las ratas del grupo modelo se dividieron aleatoriamente en un grupo diabéticos (n = 11), un grupo vitamina C (n = 12), un grupo de dosis baja de Tangzhouling (n = 12), un grupo de dosis media de Tangzhouling (n = 12) y un grupo de dosis alta de Tangzhouling (n = 12). La dosis de Tangzhouling en el grupo de dosis baja fue 5 veces mayor que la dosis del adulto, siendo 0,44 g/kg/d. La dosis de Tangzhouling en el grupo de dosis media fue 10 veces mayor que la dosis del adulto, siendo 0,88 g/kg/d. La dosis de Tangzhouling en el grupo de dosis alta fue 20 veces mayor que la dosis del adulto, siendo 1,75 g/kg/d. Todas las dosis anteriores son dosis de fármaco crudo. Se les administró 10 veces la dosis de un adulto a las ratas del grupo vitamina C, siendo 0,05 g/kg/d. El grupo de diabéticos y el grupo de control recibieron la misma cantidad de agua destilada. El tiempo de entrega del fármaco fue de 16 semanas. El ganglio de la raíz dorsal se colocó en un tubo de congelación al final del experimento. Los cambios morfológicos de los cuerpos de Nissl en el ganglio de la raíz dorsal se detectaron mediante tinción de HE y Nissl. Los resultados del estudio mostraron que la vitamina C no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la cantidad, el tamaño y el nucléolo. Tangzhouling puede mejorar la morfología, la cantidad y el nucléolo de los cuerpos de Nissl hasta cierto punto, y es mejor la dosis alta que la dosis baja. Las cápsulas de Tangzhouling pueden mejorar la función nerviosa de las ratas DM a través de los cuerpos de Nissl.

Behavioral Abnormality along with NMDAR-related CREB Suppression in Rat Hippocampus after Shortwave Exposure / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To estimate the detrimental effects of shortwave exposure on rat hippocampal structure and function and explore the underlying mechanisms.@*METHODS@#One hundred Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (25 rats per group) and exposed to 27 MHz continuous shortwave at a power density of 5, 10, or 30 mW/cm2 for 6 min once only or underwent sham exposure for the control. The spatial learning and memory, electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal structure and Nissl bodies were analysed. Furthermore, the expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B), cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) in hippocampal tissue were analysed on 1, 7, and 14 days after exposure.@*RESULTS@#The rats in the 10 and 30 mW/cm2 groups had poor learning and memory, disrupted EEG oscillations, and injured hippocampal structures, including hippocampal neurons degeneration, mitochondria cavitation and blood capillaries swelling. The Nissl body content was also reduced in the exposure groups. Moreover, the hippocampal tissue in the 30 mW/cm2 group had increased expressions of NR2A and NR2B and decreased levels of CREB and p-CREB.@*CONCLUSION@#Shortwave exposure (27 MHz, with an average power density of 10 and 30 mW/cm2) impaired rats' spatial learning and memory and caused a series of dose-dependent pathophysiological changes. Moreover, NMDAR-related CREB pathway suppression might be involved in shortwave-induced structural and functional impairments in the rat hippocampus.

Condition medium of cerebrospinal fluid and retinoic acid induces the transdifferentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into neuroglia and neural like cells / 대한해부학회지

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains several molecules which are essential for neurogenesis. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are putatively neural crest cell-derived that can differentiate into neurons and glial cells under appropriate neurotrophic factors. The aim of this study was to induce differentiation of hDPSCs into neuroglial phenotypes using retinoic acid (RA) and CSF. The hDPSCs from an impacted third molar were isolated by mechanical and digestion and cultured. The cells have treated by 10⁻⁷µM RA (RA group) for 8 days, 10% CSF (CSF group) for 8 days and RA with CSF for 8 days (RA/CSF group). Nestin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining were used to examine the differentiated cells. Axonal outgrowth was detected using Bielschowsky's silver impregnation method and Nissl bodies were stained in differentiated cells by Cresyl violet. The morphology of differentiated cells in treated groups was significantly changed after 3–5 days. The results of immunocytochemistry showed the presence of neuroprogenitor marker nestin was seen in all groups. However, the high percentage of nestin positive cells and MAP2, as mature neural markers, were observed at the pre-induction and induction stage, respectively. Nissl bodies were detected as dark-blue particles in the cytoplasm of treated cells. Our findings showed the RA as pre-inducer and CSF as inducer for using in vitro differentiation of neuron-like cells and neuroglial cells from hDPSCs.

Caracterização de um modelo de paralisia cerebral em ratos: cognição e estrutura do hipocampo e amígdala / Characterization of a model of cerebral palsy in rats: cognition and structureof the hippocampus and amygdala

FUNDAMENTO: A paralisia cerebral (PC) é caracterizada por distúrbios do movimento e da postura, que podem estar associados a déficits cognitivos. Tais comprometimentos são atribuídos a lesões não progressivas ao encéfalo em desenvolvimento. No âmbito experimental, modelos animais dessa condição clínica capazes de reproduzir o fenótipo e as alterações estruturais vistas em humanos são escassos. OBJETICO: Investigar as repercussões da indução de um modelo de PC sobre a função cognitiva e estrutura do hipocampo e amígdala em ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Dois grupos experimentais foram utilizados: 1) Controle - filhotes de ratas injetadas com solução salina durante a gestação (n=8) e 2) Paralisia cerebral - filhotes de ratas injetadas com Lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) durante a gestação (n=8), submetidos à anóxia perinatal e restrição sensório-motora durante 30 dias. A memória espacial dos animais foi avaliada pela tarefa de reconhecimento da localização de objetos, enquanto o comportamento do tipo ansioso foi verificado pelo teste de labirinto em cruz elevado. Após a avaliação comportamental, os animais foram eutanasiados e os encéfalos dissecados para posterior processamento histológico. RESULTADOS: O grupo PC apresentou déficits de memória espacial e uma redução do número de neurônios granulares no giro denteado. Entretanto o comportamento do tipo ansioso e a histologia do núcleo central e complexo basolateral da amígdala foram semelhantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Como observado em parte dos pacientes com PC, este modelo experimental prejudica a memória dependente do hipocampo. Entretanto, a combinação de intervenções não alterou a ansiedade e estrutura da amígdala.

BASIS: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of movement and posture, which may be associated with cognitive impairments. Such clinical condition is caused by non progressive injuries ocurred during the brain development. In the experimental context, animal models of this condition that can reproduce the phenotype and the structural changes seen in humans are scarce. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated cognitive function and hippocampus and amygdala structure in rats submitted to a CP model. METHODS: Two experimental groups were used: 1) Control - offspring of rats injected with saline during pregnancy (n = 8) and 2) Cerebral Palsy - offspring of rats injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during pregnancy (n = 8), submitted to perinatal anoxia and sensorimotor restriction for 30 days. The spatial memory was evaluated by the object-placement recog- nition task and anxiety like-behavior by elevated plus maze test. After the behavioral assessment, animals were euthanized and brains dissected for histological processing. RESULTS: The PC group showed spatial memory deficits and a reduction of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus. However, the anxiety like-behavior and the number of neurons in central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala were similar between studied groups. CONCLUSION: This animal model affects the hippocampus dependent memory, a deficit seen in part of CP patients. However, the interventions used did not alter the anxiety like-behavior and amygdala structure.

Differentiation of human gingival mesenchymal stem cells into neuronal lineages in 3D bioconjugated injectable protein hydrogel construct for the management of neuronal disorder

The success of regeneration attempt is based on an ideal combination of stem cells, scaffolding and growth factors. Tissue constructs help to maintain stem cells in a required area for a desired time. There is a need for easily obtainable cells, potentially autologous stem cells and a biologically acceptable scaffold for use in humans in different difficult situations. This study aims to address these issues utilizing a unique combination of stem cells from gingiva and a hydrogel scaffold, based on a natural product for regenerative application. Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (HGMSCs) were, with due induction, differentiated to neuronal lineages to overcome the problems associated with birth tissue-related stem cells. The differentiation potential of neuronal lineages was confirmed with suitable specific markers. The properties of mesenchymal stem cells in encapsulated form were observed to be similar to free cells. The encapsulated cells (3D) were then subjected to differentiation into neuronal lineages with suitable inducers, and the morphology and gene expression of transient cells were analyzed. HGMSCs was differentiated into neuronal lineages as both free and encapsulated forms without any significant differences. The presence of Nissl bodies and the neurite outgrowth confirm the differentiation. The advantages of this new combination appear to make it a promising tissue construct for translational application.

Effect of erythropoietin on activities of antioxidant enzymes in the brain tissue of aged rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the brain tissues of aged rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, aging model, and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treatment groups (n=10). Morris water maze was used to compare the behavioral indexes. The rats were then sacrificed to observe Nissl bodies in the hippocampal neurons with Nissl staining and test the activities of CAT and GSH-Px in the brain tissues.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the aging rats showed significantly deteriorated learning and memory abilities (P<0.05), which were improved obviously by rhEPO treatment (P<0.05). The number of Nissl bodies in the neurons was reduced in the aging rats compared with that in the control group, and rhEPO treatment increased the number of Nissle bodies but failed to restore the control level. The aging rats also showed significantly lowered activities of CAT and GSH-Px in the brain tissue (P<0.05), which were increased significantly after rhEPO treatment (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EPO can enhance the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the brain tissues of aged rats to increase the antioxidant capacity and produces an anti-aging effect.</p>

Neuroprotective effect of exogenous melatonin on dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in ovariectomized rats

Melatonin has receptors in substantia nigra pars compacta [SNc] and regulates development of dopaminergic [DA] neurons. This study was undertaken to determine ability of melatonin to protect SNc dopaminergic neuron loss induced by estrogen deficiency in ovariectomized rats. Female rats were randomized into four groups of seven each: control, ethanol sham, ovariectomy [ovx] and ovx with melatonin [ovx + m]. In ovx, ovaries were removed. Ovx + m group was intraperitoneally injected with melatonin for 10 days, while the ethanol sham group received only ethanol. All rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, midbrains removed, fixed and paraffin embedded, then processed for Nissl and tyrosine hydroxylase staining [IHC]. Ten sections of SNc in Nissl and IHC staining were analyzed in each animal, Nissl stained and tyrosine hydroxylase [TH] immunoreactive cells were counted in five experimental groups randomly. Data was analyzed using SPSS by ANOVA and /-test. Differences were considered significant for P<0.05. There was less cell number in ovx compared to control and ethanol sham groups significantly [P<0.001]. The ovx + m group had more cells than the ovx group in the SNc significantly [P<0.001]. Furthermore, there was significant decrease of TH positive cell number in the ovx group compared to control and ethanol sham groups [P<0.05]. The number of TH immunoreactive cells-was higher in ovx + m compared to the ovx group [P<0.05]. These findings can be compared with human and used in clinical application for prevention of DA neuron death of SNc after ovariectomy

Effects of noise exposure on event-related potential P300 and mechanism in hippocampus of rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effects of noise on event-related potential(ERP) and its mechanism in hippocampus in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats were divided into 2 groups: control group (CG) and noise exposure group(NG). The rats in NG were exposed to white noise 105 dB SPL for 2.5 h/d x 20 d. P300 were recorded at parietal bone in rats. The Nissl body, NMDAR2B and [Ca2+]i of neurons in hippocampus were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The peak latency (PL) of ERP P3a, P3 and P3b in NG were significantly longer than that in CG in the 14th and 20th exposure day. The amount of Nissl body in dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 region and NMDAR2B in DG, CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus of NG were significantly decreased than those of CG as well, while the concentration of Ca2+ in neurons increased markedly in NG.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Decreased Nissl body and NMDAR2B and increased [Ca2+]i in hippocampus in long-term noise exposed rats might cause the change of ERP P300.</p>

Microstructural observations on nissl substances in the cerebellar cortex of adult wistar rats following quinine administration

Purpose: This study assessed some microstructural effects of quinine; commonly used in malaria chemotherapy; especially in chloroquine-resistant and cerebral malaria; on the Nissl substance in the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats using microanatomical studies. Methods: Twenty seven adult male Wistar rats; weighing between 150g and 190g; were randomly separated into groups A; B and C (n=9). The rats in group A served as the control and received intramuscular injection of physiological saline. Group B rats were injected intramuscularly with liquid quinine; 16mg/kg body weight as a start dose; followed by 8mg/kg body weight 8 hourly for seven days. Group C rats received the same treatment as group B but were subjected to a withdrawal period of one week. Groups A and B rats were sacrificed at the end of the treatment while group C rats were sacrificed at the end of one week. The cerebellum of each rat was removed and fixed in 10formol saline for histological analysis. Results: The findings showed that the Nissl substances in the cerebellar cortex in control rats stained more intensely and distinctly compared with the less intense stain and degenerated Nissl substances in the treated rats.Conclusion: The observed degenerative changes in the Nissl substances in the cerebellar cortex of the treated rats may affect the synthesis of proteins in correlation with neuronal functions

Cambios histopatológicos por intoxicación de mercurio en cobayos / Histopathological response to mercury intoxication in Guinea pigs

En el presente trabajo de investigación se observaron cambios histopatológicos de importancia en órganos como el cerebro, corazón, hígado y riñón de los cobayos, como consecuencia de la intoxicación experimental por mercuio. Las lesiones de mayor importancia aparecieron en el sistema nervioso como fue el daño neuronal avanzado con pérdida total de la sustancia de Nissl, acidofilia intensa, retracción del citoplasma y picnosis; en el riñón se observó tumefacción de los citoplasmas y numerosos cilindros intraluminales así como necrosis tubular aguda; en el corazón existió un incremento de la cidofilia del carcoplasma y pérdida focal de las estriaciones. En el hígado se observó alteración de los hepatocitos de la región centro lobulillar, caracterizados por balonización y esteatosis

Electron Microscopic Study on the Development of the Spinal Ganglion of Human Fetus

The development and differentiation of cells in the spinal ganglion were studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 12 mm to 260 mm crown rump length. At 12 mm embryo the primitive neuroblasts which had a single process, contained a large numbers of free ribosome and mitochondria but very little rough endoplasmic reticulum. At 30 mm fetus, the primitive spinal ganglion consisted of bipolar neuroblasts, satellite cells and undifferentiated cells. Spindle-shaped bipolar neuroblasts formed spinal ganglion of loosely grouped cells at 50 mm fetus. Two neuroblast cell types, a small cell contained large clumps of rough endoplasmic reticulum at periphery, could be distinguished. At 80 mm fetus, the spinal ganglion constituted of bipolar neuroblast with apparently random distribution of small and large neurons with processes, together with satellite cells and blood vessels. The presences of a large numbers of neurotubules in the Golgi-central region were one of the first sign of further maturation of the neuroblast. During next prenatal stage from 120 mm on fetus, the ganglion cells were large and contained much rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules and extensive Golgi complex. A large number of neuroblasts became transformed into unipolar cells from 180 mm to 260 mm feuts. Nissl bodies appeared during this stage. The ganglion-satellite cell boundary became complicated with increasing age, then enlarging in parallel with the increase in volume of the nerve cell. During next prenatal stage up to 180 mm fetus, the unipolar ganglion cell increased in number and size, and the cytoplsm contained all intracytoplasmic structures which were also found in mature spinal ganglion except for large pigment granules.

An Ultrastructural Study on the Structural Development of the Cardiac Ganglion in the Human Fetuses

The development of the cardiac ganglion was studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 30mm to 270mm crown rump length. At 40mm fetus, the cardiac ganglia were observed in the adventitia of both the aorta and pulmonary artery, superior aspect of the left and right atrium, and interatrial septum. The cardiac ganglia were comprised of clusters of undifferentiated cells, neuroblasts, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The ganglia were small and uncapsulated until 70mm fetus. At 70mm fetus, the cardic ganglia consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Each ganglion was ensheathed in a connective tissue capsule. The cytoplasm of neuroblast contained Nissl bodies, mitochondria, coated vesicles, extensive Golgicomplex, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Synaptic contacts between the cholinergic preganglionic axon and dendrites of postganglionic neuron were first observed. At 100mm fetus, the cardiac ganglia consisted of small clusters of ganglion cells and dendrites, together with supporting elements and blood vessels. During next prenatal stage from 170mm fetus, the ganglion cells were large and each contained a large nucleus with one or more nucleoli. The cytoplasm of ganglion cells contained much rough endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complex. Cholinergic preganglionic axons were numerous and interposed between the satellite cells. Adrenergic axons were rarely observed. A great number of synaptic junctions between the cholinergic preganglionic axon terminals and the dendrites of postganglinic neuron were found, and a few axosomatic synapses were also observed. Adrenergic nerve terminals did not seem to be involved in the synaptic transmission. The cardiac ganglion cells of the human fetal heart were innervated only by cholinergic nerve.

Circular Chromatin complexes in human lymphocytes: high-resolution autoradiography

Fibras de cromatina ativas em transcriçäo foram observadas em cromossomos humanos. Esses cromossomos mostram configuraçöes do tipo "loops/scaffold". As fibras ativas têm nucleossomos alterados e apresentam aspectos "multi-forked" os quais levam à formaçäo de anéis. Os transcritos de Ribonucleoproteína (RNP) aparecem como emaranhados de 0,1 micronm ou múltiplos dispostos em série ao longo de fibra. Sugere-se que os complexos circulares de cromatina pertencem ao genoma humano. A possibilidade de que os anéis provêm de procariotos é também discutida