Olfactory stimulus as environmental enrichment for shelter dogs: a pilot study / Estímulo olfativo como enriquecimento ambiental para cães de abrigo: um estudo piloto

Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs' reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being.(AU)

As técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental incluem estímulos olfativos para aumentar o bem-estar animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as reações de 41 cães de abrigo expostos a estímulos odoríferos, como o método utilizado em outro estudo com canídeos selvagens. As reações dos cães foram analisadas pelo método animal focal, com todos os comportamentos registrados. As respostas comportamentais foram classificadas como positivas (P+), negativas (N-) ou outras (Ot). As variáveis independentes foram todos os cães e o tamanho das matilhas. Foi analisado o comportamento entre o basal (sem estímulo), exposição e após a retirada do estímulo. Para todos os cães, os estímulos olfativos aumentaram significativamente P+ (P=0,001) e N- (P=0,004), contrastando com a diminuição dos comportamentos Ot (P=0,001) da fase basal para a de exposição. Após a retirada dos estímulos, os comportamentos P+, N- e Ot retornaram aos níveis basais (P>0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) no comportamento de matilhas pequenas ou grandes expostas a estímulos. Os cães são sensíveis a estímulos olfativos, mas a excitação parece ser generalizada para ambos, P+ e N-. É indesejável um aumento de N- para melhoria do bem-estar animal. Ao contrário do que foi observado em um estudo com canídeos selvagens, o método falhou em abrigar cães porque o N- foi aumentado. A introdução de uma novidade repentina (estímulo olfativo) em um ambiente de abrigo empobrecido, pode ter causado excitação exagerada nos cães. Sugere-se alterações no método, como a exposição de estímulos a cada cão em uma sala isolada necessária para aumentar o bem-estar do cão abrigado.(AU)

Evaluación del olfato en pacientes operados por adenoma hipofisario con acceso transesfenoidal en el Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo / Olfactory evaluation in patients operated for pituitary adenoma with transsphenoidal access at the Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo

Introducción: El olfato tiene una gran importancia en la calidad de vida. Los accesos quirúrgicos selares pueden realizarse por vía transcraneal, transeptal y transnasal, y pueden generar hiposmia al incluir resecciones que afectan a la mucosa olfatoria. Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de alteración persistente en el olfato ocasionado por los accesos quirúrgicos transeptal y transnasal en pacientes operados por adenoma hipofisiario en el Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte con comparación de resultados olfatorios ("sniffin' sticks" versión extendida) y encuesta SNOT-22 pre y poscirugía por adenoma hipofisiario por vía transeptal o transnasal. Se utilizaron medidas estadísticas de comparación de pruebas pareadas paramétricas y no paramétricas según las características de las variables evaluadas. Resultados: Se reclutaron 60 pacientes, completando el seguimiento 39. En 21 se realizó acceso transeptal y en 18 transnasal. Al analizar el total de pacientes y por cada técnica quirúrgica, no hubo diferencias significativas en los puntajes del "sniffin' sticks" versión extendida y tampoco en SNOT-22. Conclusión: La literatura describe incidencia de hiposmia posoperatoria muy variable, entre 0% y 88%, con mediciones subjetivas y objetivas. Existe una predilección por la técnica endoscópica a nivel internacional, por lo que cuenta con estudios de mejor calidad. A nivel nacional existen dos estudios previos que han encontrado tasas de hiposmia posoperatoria de 10% y 14%. En este estudio no hubo diferencias significativas en los puntajes obtenidos en la prueba de olfato entre el pre y posoperatorio.

Introduction: Olfaction is of great importance in quality of life. Surgical accesses to the sellar region can be performed by transcranial, transseptal, and transnasal routes, which can generate hyposmia when including resections that affect the olfactory mucosa. Aim: To determine the existence of persistent alteration in olfaction caused by transseptal and transnasal surgical accesses in patients operated for pituitary adenoma at the Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo. Material and Method: Prospective cohort study with comparison of olfactory results ("sniffin' sticks" extended version) and SNOT-22 survey pre and post transseptal or transnasal surgery for pituitary adenoma. Parametric and non-parametric paired test comparison statistics were used according to the characteristics of the variables evaluated. Results: 60 patients were recruited and 39 completed follow-up. 21 patients underwent transseptal access and 18 underwent transnasal access. When analyzing the total number of patients and for each surgical technique, there were no significant differences in the scores obtained in the "sniffin' sticks" extended version and neither for the SNOT-22. Conclusion: The literature describes a highly variable incidence of postoperative hyposmia, between 0% and 88%, with subjective and objective measurements. There is a predilection for the endoscopic technique at an international level, which is why it has better quality studies. At the national level there are two previous studies that have found postoperative hyposmia rates of 10% and 14%. In this study there were no significant differences in the scores obtained between pre and postoperative olfaction test.

Olfactory sensory evaluation in newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy / Avaliação sensorial olfativa em crianças recémnascidas de mulheres infectadas com COVID-19 durante a gravidez

INTRODUCTION: In adults, olfactory loss is one of the earliest and most frequent acute clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively small, perhaps due to the lower expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in children compared to adults. Little is known about foetal impairment in mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. This paper describes an ongoing scientific project on smell perception in infantsOBJECTIVE: The goal of the study is to develop and validate a behavioural evaluative scale of olfactory perception in healthy newborns and to apply this scale to newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy comparing to newborn children of women without COVID-19 infection history, in order to compare these groupsMETHODS: This is a retrospective comparative analytical cohort study of 300 newborns exposed and unexposed to COVID-19 during pregnancy. The data collection will follow the experimental procedure in a previous study that explored odours of the maternal breastmilk, vanilla (sweet) and distilled water (neutral). A coffee smell was implemented as an addition to this previous study in order to include acid/bitterness category to the categories of stimuliDISCUSSION: It is feasible to argue the hypothesis of the involvement of the foetus' olfactory bulb as one of the indelible pathophysiological manifestations to the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with neurosensory olfactory deficit in foetuses and newborns affected by intrauterine infection. This study aims to investigate if newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy have olfactory sensory changes. The clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC- RBR-65qxs2

INTRODUÇÃO: Em adultos, a perda olfativa é uma das manifestações clínicas agudas mais precoces e frequentes da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. O número de crianças infectadas com SARS-CoV-2 é pequeno, talvez devido à menor expressão da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina 2 (ACE2) em crianças em comparação com adultos. Pouco se sabe sobre o comprometimento fetal em mães infectadas com SARS-CoV-2. Este artigo descreve um projeto em andamento sobre a percepção olfativa em bebês recém-nascidosOBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo é desenvolver e validar uma escala de avaliação comportamental da percepção olfativa em recém-nascidos saudáveis e aplicá-la a recém-nascidos de mulheres infectadas com COVID-19 durante a gravidez e comparar a recém-nascidos de mulheres sem histórico de infecção por COVID-19MÉTODO: Este é um estudo de coorte analítico comparativo retrospectivo de 300 recém-nascidos expostos e não expostos ao COVID-19 durante a gravidez. A coleta de dados seguirá o procedimento experimental de estudo anterior que explorou odores do leite materno, baunilha (doce) e água destilada (neutro). Um cheiro de café foi implementado como um complemento a este estudo anterior, a fim de incluir a categoria ácido / amargo nas categorias de estímulosDISCUSSÃO: É possível argumentar a hipótese do envolvimento do bulbo olfatório do feto durante a vida intrauterina como uma das manifestações fisiopatológicas indeléveis para o diagnóstico clínico de COVID-19 com déficit olfatório neurossensorial em fetos e recém-nascidos afetados por infecção intrauterina. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar se filhos recém-nascidos de mulheres infectadas com COVID-19 durante a gravidez apresentam alterações sensoriais olfativas. O ensaio clínico foi registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC- RBR-65qxs2

Percepção olfativa e gustativa na doença de Parkinson / Olfative and taste perception in Parkinson's disease

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a percepção e discriminação olfativa e gustativa e a autopercepção do olfato e paladar em pessoas com Doença de Parkinson, comparando-as com indivíduos hígidos. Método Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e quantitativo. Verificou-se a percepção e a discriminação olfativa e gustativa em indivíduos com Doença de Parkinson, comparados a um grupo controle, pareado por sexo e idade, por meio dos Testes de Percepção Olfativa e de Tiras Gustativas, respectivamente, após limpeza nasal e escovação oral. A autopercepção foi avaliada pela Escala Visual Analógica antes e após os testes específicos de percepção e discriminação. Resultados Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos, sendo 35 com Doença de Parkinson e 20 designados ao grupo controle, pareados pela média de idade. A autopercepção olfativa do grupo com Doença de Parkinson melhorou após o teste olfativo. Não houve diferença na autopercepção gustativa no grupo Doença de Parkinson antes e após o teste gustativo. No teste de avaliação da percepção olfativa, o grupo Doença de Parkinson discriminou menos essências que o grupo controle. Ambos os grupos apresentaram semelhante percepção e discriminação gustativa. Conclusão A percepção olfativa das pessoas com Doença de Parkinson foi menor, comparativamente ao grupo de indivíduos hígidos e a autopercepção da eficácia olfativa melhorou após o teste, em ambos os grupos. Quanto ao paladar, não houve diferença na percepção e discriminação entre os grupos, o sabor azedo foi o mais identificado e houve melhora na autopercepção da eficácia gustativa somente no grupo sem a doença de Parkinson, após o teste.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the olfactory and gustatory perception and discrimination and self-perception of smell and taste in people with Parkinson's disease, comparing them with healthy nodes. Methods Observational, analytical, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. Olfactory and gustatory perception and discrimination were verified following Parkinson's disease, compared to a control group, matched by sex and age, using the Olfactory Perception and Taste Strips Tests, respectively, after nasal cleaning and oral brushing. Self-perception was assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale before and after specific tests of perception and discrimination. Results We included individuals of both sexes, 35 with Parkinson's Disease and 20 assigned to the control group, matched for mean age. The olfactory self-perception of the group with Parkinson's disease improved after the olfactory test. There was no difference in taste self-perception in the Parkinson's disease group before and after the taste test. In the olfactory perception assessment test, the Parkinson's disease group discriminated fewer essences than the control group. Both groups have similar generation and taste discrimination. Conclusion The olfactory perception of people with Parkinson's disease was lower, compared to the group of healthy desires, and the self-perception of olfactory efficacy improved after the test, in both groups. As for taste, there was no difference in perception and discrimination between groups, the sour taste was the most identified and there was an improvement in self-perception of taste efficiency in the group without Parkinson's disease after the test.

El COVID-19 también Afecta el Sistema Nervioso por una de sus Compuertas: El Órgano Vascular de la Lámina Terminal y el Nervio Olfatorio. Alerta Neurológica, Prueba de Disosmia o Anosmia Puede Ayudar a Un Diagnóstico Rápido / COVID-19 also Affects the Nervous System by One of its Gates: The Vascular Organ of Lamina Terminalis and the Olfactory Nerve. Neurological Alert, Dysosmia or Anosmia Test Can Help to A Quick Diagnosis

Se presenta una breve revisión de órgano vascular de la lámina terminal (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis) y el nervio olfatorio, el primero un elemento neuroanatómico hipotalámico relacionado con la producción de hormona antidiurética y su asociación como una vía potencial de invasión del COVID-19 al sistema nervioso central, afectando la regulación fisiológica de liberación de hormonas relacionadas con la homeostásis del sodio. También se vincula el neurotropismo de este virus al asociarse con el nervio olfatorio, una evaginación del cerebro en la que se altera su funcionalidad por generación de disosmia entre otras características neurosemiológicas. Se plantea la necesidad de advertir a los profesionales de la salud en general y a los neurólogos en especial, sobre las potenciales alteraciones neurológicas relacionadas con esta pandemia antes y después del contagio de este virus e implementar una prueba olfatoria rápida con ácido acético, incluso antes de otras valoraciones como hipertérmia, tos y cefalalgia.

Caracterização sensorial de queijo colonial por perfil flash e analise descritiva quantitativa / Sensory characterization of colonial cheese by flash profile and quantitative descriptive analysis

O queijo colonial é tradicional da região sul, pouco estudado, e com escassez de dados descritivos a seu respeito. Dentro do mercado atual, métodos simples e rápidos para descrição de produtos, como o perfil flash, tem sido demandados, surgindo como alternativa para métodos tradicionais, como a analise descritiva quantitativa. Dessa forma, o presente estudo visou correlacionar o método usual de analise com o de perfil flash para caracterizar sensorialmente queijos coloniais do sudoeste paranaense. Três marcas comerciais de queijo colonial foram avaliadas. O queijo foi caracterizado por cor amarela, características ácidas e sabor salgado principalmente. O método perfil flash mostrou ser eficiente na avaliação do produto, com coeficiente de correlação multivariado RV de 0,989, apresentando simplicidade e rapidez na avaliação.

Percepção sensorial do off-odor em carnes bovinas irradiadas em embalagens á vácuo contendo carvão ativado / Off-odor perception in irradiated beef vacuum packaged with charcoal

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de carvão ativo na redução de compostos voláteis responsáveis pelo off-odor de carnes bovinas irradiadas. Para tal, contrafilés bovinos, embalados a vácuo, com e sem carvão ativo, e irradiados (1, 2 e 3 kGy), foram analisados quanto a formação de compostos de enxofre e quanto a percepção sensorial de off-odor. O único composto de enxofre identificado nas amostras foi o dimetil sulfeto (DMS), sendo encontrado em menor concentração nas amostras irradiadas com carvão ativo na embalagem. Independentemente da utilização do carvão, os painelistas perceberam o off-odor das carnes irradiadas em qualquer dose quando comparado à carne não-irradiada. Quando foi comparado as carnes irradiadas com carvão em relação àquelas irradiadas sem carvão, os painelistas foram capazes de identificar o off-odor apenas nas amostras irradiadas com 1 kGy. Conclui-se que o carvão ativo reduziu a concentração de DMS na embalagem de carnes irradiadas.

Interferência das variáveis sexo e idade no olfato e no paladar em crianças com e sem rinite alérgica / Interference of variables sex and age in olfaction and taste of children with and without allergic rhinitis

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar associação de olfato e paladar com a idade e o sexo, em crianças com e sem rinite alérgica. Métodos Estudo observacional, comparativo, analítico e transversal. Amostra composta por 127 crianças, sendo 85 sem rinite alérgica e 42 com rinite alérgica, entre 7 e 12 anos de idade, atendidas no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foi realizada revisão de prontuário, entrevista com os responsáveis, limpeza nasal, avaliação do olfato por meio de teste embasado na literatura - desenvolvido para esta pesquisa -, higienização bucal e avaliação do paladar, mediante teste das tiras gustativas. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no programa estatístico SPSS 17.0 e considerou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Utilizou-se o Teste Qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, além da frequência absoluta e relativa dos dados. Resultados O estudo evidenciou semelhanças entre os níveis de discriminação olfatória e gustatória em sexos e faixas etárias diferentes, nas crianças com e sem rinite alérgica, observada ausência de associações estatisticamente significativas nestas condições. Conclusão Os resultados do estudo se contrapõem à literatura pesquisada, porém contribuem no estabelecimento de escores da quantificação olfatória e gustativa para sexos e idades diferentes, em crianças com e sem rinite alérgica.

ABSTRACT Purpose To associate smell and taste with age and sex of children with and without allergic rhinitis. Methods This is an observational, comparative, analytical and cross-sectional study with a sample of 127 children, 85 without allergic rhinitis and 42 with allergic rhinitis aged 7-12 years attended at the Clinics Hospital of Pernambuco. The research started on January 2012 and was approved by the Ethics Research Committee. The Free and Informed Consent Form was applied, then, medical report review, interview with parents / caregivers, nasal cleaning, evaluation of smell using a test based on literature developed for this study, oral hygiene and taste evaluation using the taste strip test were performed. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 17.0 software, considering 0.05 significance level using the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, in addition to absolute and relative frequency data. Results The study highlights similarities between levels of olfactory and gustatory discrimination between different sexes and age groups of children (with and without allergic rhinitis), as there is lack of statistically significant associations under these conditions. Conclusion The study results contradict literature findings, but contribute in establishing olfactory and gustatory quantification scores for different ages and sexes of children with and without allergic rhinitis.

Quantitative sensory testing in elderly: longitudinal study / Teste sensitivo quantitativo em idosos: estudo longitudinal

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate elderly patients in a geriatric service, along with their sensory characteristics and their association with clinical aspects. Methods: This was a descriptive longitudinal study. We enrolled 36 healthy participants of both sexes in this study. The following instruments were used and evaluations performed: clinical evaluation, Mini-Mental State Exam, and quantitative sensory testing. Results: During the follow-up, there was reduction of mean corpuscular volume at each evaluation (p < 0.001) and significant increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.001). There was an increase of the olfactory (p < 0.001), salty (p = 0.024), sour (p = 0.020), bitter (p = 0.001), facial cold (p = 0.019), hand cold (p = 0.004), facial tactile (p < 0.001), hand tactile (p = 0.012) and facial vibration (p = 0.018) thresholds. Previous existing morbidities were associated with sensitivity changes in the individuals in this sample. Conclusion: This longitudinal study suggests that the loss of sensitivity with aging may be associated with the presence of morbidities in elders.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar pacientes idosos em um serviço de geriatria, juntamente com as características sensitivas e sua associação com aspectos clínicos. Métodos: Este é um estudo longitudinal descritivo. Foram avaliados 36 sujeitos saudáveis de ambos os sexos. Os seguintes instrumentos e avaliações foram realizados: Avaliação clínica, Mini Exame de Estado Mental (Mini-Mental) e testes sensitivos quantitativos. Resultados: Durante o acompanhamento houve redução do volume corpuscular médio (VCM) em cada avaliação (P < 0,001) e aumento significativo das concentrações de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) (P < 0,001). Houve aumento dos limiares olfativos (p < 0,001), salgado (p = 0,024), azedo (p = 0,020), amargo (p = 0,001), frio face (p = 0,019), frio mão (p = 0,004), tato face (p < 0,001), tato mão (p = 0.012) e vibração face (p = 0,018). Morbidades prévias foram associadas às alterações de sensibilidade nos indivíduos desta amostra. Conclusão: Este estudo longitudinal sugere que a perda de sensibilidade no envelhecimento pode estar associada à presença de morbidades em idosos.

Comparison between olfactory function of pregnant women and non-pregnant women in reproductive age group in Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: Pregnant women require normal olfactory function in order to develop good appetite for healthy living and normal fetal development. This study was carried out to investigate and compare olfactory function of pregnant women with non-pregnant women. Methods: This was a case control study of women in reproductive age group at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria from July 2014 to February 2015. Consecutive 70 pregnant women and 70 non-pregnant women (controls) without rhinologic symptoms were studied. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain participants' information on socio-demographics, pregnancy history, and ability to perceive smell. They subjectively rated their olfactory function on a visual analogue scale of 0 ­ 100. Olfactory threshold (OT), discrimination (OD), identification (OI) scores and TDI of both groups were determined with"Sniffin' sticks"kits and compared. The level of significance was P<0.05. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 30.5±3.9years and control was 28.5±6.6years. There were more pregnant women (7.1%) with hyposmia than the non-pregnant women (2.9%). The subjective rating of olfactory function was 68.2±24.9 (median 70) and 72.3±21.6 (median 69) in pregnant women and controls respectively. The mean OT, OD, OI, TDI scores were higher in pregnant women than the controls. However, it was only in OI (P=0.000) and TDI (P=0.012) that the differences were significant. Conclusions: Pregnant women have olfactory dysfunction more than the non-pregnant women of reproductive age group. Also, they have tendency to develop loss of cognitive olfactory information more than the non-pregnant women

Impacto de la estimulación olfativa con leche materna, en el crecimiento y desarrollo de los recién nacidos prematuros

Introducción: El sentido del olfato, juntamente con el gusto, es uno de los sentidos más primitivos, no siendo considerado esencial para la vida y supervivencia en los humanos adultos, pero cumple un rol importante en los recién nacidos como componentes principal de la relación madre-hijo (apego), facilitando el crecimiento y desarrollo, el cual no sólo depende del aporte calórico e hídrico que se ofrece con la alimentación, sino también del factor psicoafectivo que genera dicha relación.

Summary: Introduction: The sense of smell, together with the taste, is one of the most primitive senses. It is not considered essential for life and survival in adult humans, but it plays an important role in the newborns as a main component of mother-child relationship (attachment), facilitating growth and development, which depends not only on the caloric and water contribution offered with the feeding, but also on the psychoaffective factor generated from mother-baby relationship.

Representações sociais de mulheres sobre o cheiro do leite materno / Women's social representations of the smell of breast milk

Objetivo: Analisar as representações sociais de mulheres acerca do cheiro do leite materno. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, realizado em 2015, com 33 mulheres/puérperas em um hospital universitário de Pernambuco, por meio de entrevista individual semiestruturada. Os dados coletados, submetidos ao software IRAMUTEQ, foram interpretados à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Dentre as representações sociais, a aceitação foi predominante, mesmo quando a percepção olfatória do cheiro do leite era desagradável, prevalecendo a importância desse alimento para a saúde da criança. Outras representações foram o incômodo causado pelo cheiro e os cuidados para amenizá-lo, o apoio do companheiro, o desprendimento no relacionamento interpessoal e a caracterização do olfato/sabor do leite. Conclusão: A aceitação foi a mais expressiva entre as representações sociais sobre o cheiro do leite, porém constataram-se percepções desagradáveis, evidenciando que estas particularidades do leite humano devem ser incluídas nas orientações à mulher e à família desde o pré-natal.

Influence of gustatory and olfactory perception in the oral phase of swallowing in smokers / Influência da percepção olfativa e gustativa na fase oral da deglutição de indivíduos tabagistas

Purpose: To analyze the difference between nonsmokers and smokers on the changes in the perceptions of smell and taste and to verify the influence of these aspects in the emergence of compensatory movements during swallowing. Methods: To evaluate these aspects, capabilities of olfactory and gustatory recognition were observed, as well as the compensation swallowing. Twenty-four patients were evaluated in each study group aged from 18 years, grouped in a stratified way. The olfactory evaluation consisted in presenting seven essences and one of three options should be chosen. For the taste test, 16 flavors were offered in a non-sequential and decreasing way in amount of solute. Swallowing solid and liquid was evaluated, in which aspects of compensation perioral muscles were observed. Results: Worst performance in olfactory and gustatory tests among smokers (p≤0.01) was found. Through the results of χ2 and Fisher's exact tests, it was found that the contraction of the mentalis muscle is less observed in non-smokers, and smokers have an average degree of statistically significant change compared to nonsmokers. Furthermore, through the Spearman correlation coefficient, it was found that the worsening in the sensory tests implies increased compensation during swallowing in smokers. Conclusion: These data allowed us to verify that the sensory changes have influence on swallowing pattern, indicating that these changes are aspects that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of changes in swallowing. .

Objetivo: Analisar a diferença entre indivíduos não fumantes e fumantes quanto às modificações nas percepções de olfato e paladar e verificar a influência desses aspectos no aparecimento de movimentos compensatórios durante a deglutição. Métodos: Para avaliação desses aspectos, foram verificadas as capacidades de reconhecimento olfativo e gustativo, bem como as compensações de deglutição. Foram avaliados 24 indivíduos em cada grupo de estudo com idade a partir de 18 anos, agrupados de forma estratificada. A avaliação olfativa consistiu na apresentação de sete essências, devendo ser escolhida uma entre três opções. Para o teste de paladar, foram oferecidos 16 sabores de forma não sequencial e decrescente em quantidade de soluto. Foi avaliada a deglutição de sólido e líquido na qual se observaram aspectos de compensação da musculatura perioral. Resultados: Foi verificado pior desempenho nos testes olfativo e gustativo entre indivíduos tabagistas (p≤0,01). Por meio dos resultados dos testes do χ2 e exato de Fisher, foi verificado que a contração da musculatura mentual é menos observada em não fumantes, sendo que fumantes apresentam grau médio de alteração estatisticamente significativo em relação a não fumantes. Além disso, por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, verificou-se que a piora no desempenho dos testes sensoriais implica aumento de compensações durante a deglutição em indivíduos fumantes. Conclusão: Estes dados permitiram verificar que as modificações sensoriais apresentam influência no padrão de deglutição, evidenciando que essas alterações são aspectos que devem ser considerados ...

Prenatal lipopolysaccharide increases maternal behavior, decreases maternal odor preference, and induces lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness

The present study investigated whether late maternal inflammation disrupts the mother/pup interaction, resulting in long-lasting effects on pup behavior and alterations in biological pathways, thereby programming prepubertal behavior and the pups' inflammatory responses after bacterial endotoxin treatment. Female rats received 100 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or .9% saline solution on gestation day 18. Reproductive performance was observed at birth. On lactation days (LD) 5 and LD 6, respectively, maternal behavior and maternal aggressive behavior were assessed. In pups, maternal odor preference on LD 7, open field behavior on LD 21, and serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels after LPS challenge on LD 21 were investigated. The results showed that prenatal LPS exposure improved maternal care and reduced maternal aggressive behavior but did not alter maternal reproductive performance. Male offspring exhibited increased body weights at birth and reduced maternal odor preference. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased the duration of immobility in the open field and induced a slight increase in serum TNF-α levels. Prenatal exposure to LPS during late pregnancy improved maternal care, reduced maternal olfactory preference, and induced TNF-α hyporesponsiveness to a single dose of LPS in pups.

A new cultural adaptation of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test

OBJECTIVES: The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, a test of olfactory function that is widely used by otolaryngologists, geriatricians, and neurologists, has been translated into more than a dozen languages. In some instances, cultural and socioeconomic factors have necessitated changes in the odorant items or the response alternatives to make the test scores congruent with North American norms. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of Brazilian subjects on a new Portuguese language version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test with their performance on an earlier Portuguese language version of the test, as well as to assess the influences of gender, age, ethnicity, and economic status on the test scores. METHODS: Based on pilot data, several response alternatives of the earlier Portuguese language version of the test were altered in an effort to improve test performance. Forty-nine healthy Brazilian volunteers, who represented several economic classes, were tested. The test scores of the study cohort who received the newer version of the test were compared with those of a group of 25 subjects who received the earlier version of the test. RESULTS: The mean score for the new version [35 (2.1)] was significantly (p = 0.002) higher than that for the earlier version [32.5 (3.5)]. Although no apparent influence of socioeconomic status was observed, the female participants outperformed the male participants in the current subject cohort. CONCLUSION: The changes made in the new cultural adaptation of the Portuguese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test were effective in increasing the average test scores of the participants. Overall, the female subjects outperformed the male subjects on the test.

Upwind responses of Anopheles stephensi to carbon dioxide and L-lactic acid: an olfactometer study

Excretion of carbon dioxide and L-lactic acid through exhalation and perspiration provides olfactory signals to mosquitoes which allow them to find and bite humans; however, mosquito species differ in this regard. This study investigated upwind responses of Anopheles stephensi, mysorensis form, an important malaria vector in Asia, to carbon dioxide and L-lactic acid under laboratory conditions. While a minimal dose of carbon dioxide [90 ppm] activated the mosquitoes, 10 times this amount suppressed them. L-lactic acid alone did not produce a significant effect by itself, but addition of 6 microg/min of L-lactic acid to a range of 90 to 410 ppm carbon dioxide resulted in attraction. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that CO2 plays an important role in the host-seeking behaviour of zoophilic mosquitoes, and suggests that L-lactic acid might play a more critical role than CO2 in the attraction of An. stephensi

Comparative morphometry of the olfactory bulb, tract and stria in the human, dog and goat / Morfometría comparada del bulbo, tracto y estría olfatoria en el humano, perro y cabra

Morphometric parameters of olfactory brain components show species-dependent variations. However, the association of these parameters with olfactory function vis-à-vis ecological and evolutionary behaviors is poorly understood. In this study, a morphometric analysis of the olfactory bulb, tract and stria was carried out in three ecologically diverse animals comprising humans (primate), dogs (carnivore) and goats (herbivore) to elucidate differences in morphometry in relation to olfactory function. Using formalin-fixed brains, volumes and linear measurements of the olfactory structures were determined and correlated with those of cerebrum and the whole brain. The volume of the olfactory bulb was greatest in dogs, followed by goats and humans and constituted 0.31 percent, 0.18 percent and 0.01 percent, respectively, of the brain volume. Similarly, the ratio of volume of the bulb, tract and stria to that of brain was 1.95 percent in the dog, 0.77 percent in the goat and 0.03 percent in the human. The width of the bulb was greatest (p< 0.05) in dogs (10.80 +/- 1.64mm) compared to goats (8.25 +/- 0.96mm) and humans (5.50 +/- 0.71mm), and accounted for a hemisphere breadth of 42.91 percent, 29.73 percent and 8.94 percent respectively. Interestingly though, the total length of the olfactory bulb, tract and striae increased in the order of goat (34.5 +/- 1.30mm), human (36.25 +/- 1.70mm) and dog (48.20 +/- 1.92mm), and constituted 21.47 percent, 51.87 percent and 72.30 percent, respectively, of the hemisphere length. These results suggest that the morphometric adaptations of the olfactory components to olfactory function decline from the dog, to goat, to human, and this may be indicative of the varied olfactory functional needs in regard to the ecological diversity of these species.

Los parámetros morfométricos de los componentes del cerebro olfativo presentan variaciones que dependen de las especies. Sin embargo, la asociación de estos parámetros con la función olfativa vis-à-vis los comportamientos ecológicos y evolutivos es poco conocida. En este estudio se llevó a cabo un análisis morfométrico del bulbo, tracto y estría olfatoria en tres animales de diversidad ecológica que abarcan los seres humanos (primates), perros (carnívoros) y cabras (herbívoros) para dilucidar las diferencias en la morfometría en relación con la función olfatoria. El uso de cerebros fijados en formalina, los volúmenes y las medidas lineales de las estructuras olfativas se determinaron y se correlacionaron con el cerebro. El volumen del bulbo olfatorio fue mayor en los perros, seguidos por cabras y seres humanos y constituyeron un 0,31 por ciento, 0,18 por ciento y 0,01 por ciento, respectivamente, del volumen del cerebro. Del mismo modo, la relación entre el volumen del bulbo, vías y estrías al del cerebro fue de 1,95 por ciento en el perro, un 0,77 por ciento en la cabra y 0,03 por ciento en el ser humano. El ancho del bulbo fue mayor (p <0,05) en los perros (10,80 +/- 1.64mm) en comparación con cabras (8,25 +/- 0.96mm) y humanos (5,50 +/- 0.71mm), y representó una total hemisférico de 42,91 por ciento, 29,73 por ciento y 8,94 por ciento respectivamente. Sin embargo, curiosamente la longitud total del bulbo olfatorio, del tracto y estrías aumentaron en la cabra (34,5 +/- 1,30 mm), en humanos (36,25 +/- 1.70mm) y en el perro (48,20 +/- 1,92mm), y constituyeron 21,47 por ciento, 51,87 por ciento y 72,30 por ciento, respectivamente, del largo del hemisferio. Estos resultados sugieren que las adaptaciones morfométricas de los componentes olfativos de la función olfativa se van reduciendo de perro a cabra y al hombre y esto puede ser indicativo de las variadas necesidades funcionales olfativas en lo que respecta a la diversidad ecológica de estas especies.

Sensopercepción olfatoria: una revisión / Olfactory sensory perception

The five senses have had a fundamental importance for survival and socialization of human beings. From an evolutionary point of view the sense of smell is the oldest. This sense has a strong representation within the genome, allowing the existence of many types of receptors that allow us to capture multiple volatile odor producing molecules, sending electrical signals to higher centers to report the outside world. Several cortical areas are activated in the brain, which are interconnected to form an extensive and complex neural network, linking for example, areas involved with memory and emotions, thus giving this sense of perceptual richness. While the concept of fl avor is largely related to the sense of taste, smell provides the necessary integration with the rest of the senses and higher functions. Fully understanding the sense of smell is relevant to health professionals. Knowing the characteristics of the receptors, the transduction processes and convergence of information in the higher centers involved, we can properly detect olfactory disorders in our patients.

Effect of Geranium Essential Oil on Food Intake via Olfactory Stimulus / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recently, obesity has become one of the major health problems in our society. To overcome this problem, keeping a balance between food intake and energy expenditure is very important. Many natural substances including essential oils have been suggested for their potential effect on reducing weight. This study was performed to evaluate whether aroma inhalation of essential oil has a role in appetite regulation and works on the central nervous system through the olfactory stimulus. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Food intake was measured after 30 minutes of treatment with essential oil in overnight fasted Sprague-Dawley rats. In the control group, saline was used instead of essential oil. Changes in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression levels in the hypothalamus were measured following 30 minutes of treatment with geranium essential oil using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of the seven essential oils, geranium significantly decreased the amount of food intake compared to the control group. Geranium essential oil significantly increased POMC mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, but did not change the NPY mRNA expression. The increased POMC mRNA expression was reversed by treatment with xylocaine, which blocks the olfactory perception. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that geranium essential oil has anorexic effect through the activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus via olfactory stimulus.