Asociación del índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal en escolares / Association of body mass index with body dissatisfaction in schoolchildren

Introducción: La malnutrición por exceso causa sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo un problema de salud pública, que se ha presentado en los primeros años de vida. Investigaciones realizadas han informado la existencia de insatisfacción corporal relacionada con el peso, debido a los estándares de belleza establecidos en la sociedad. Objetivo: asociar el índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal de los escolares. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal con 610 escolares. El estado nutricional se clasificó según el puntaje z del IMC. Para determinar la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal, se aplicó una escala de imagen corporal infantil de siete fotografías, con un valor del 1 al 7 de acuerdo con el tamaño creciente, y el rango final del IMC. Se calculó la diferencia entre la figura que los participantes consideraron ideal y la forma corporal percibida. Resultados: el 47,3% presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad. La insatisfacción corporal fue mayor en las niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad (p = 0,013). El IMC correlacionó con la insatisfacción corporal (rho(608) = 0,480; p < 0,001) y la percepción de la imagen corporal (rho(608) = 0,433; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El IMC se relacionó positivamente con la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal; esto podría elevar el riesgo de presentar trastornos alimentarios, contribuir al mantenimiento del exceso de peso corporal, al no percibirse con exceso de peso, es menos probable que realicen acciones para controlarlo(AU)

Introduction: Excessive malnutrition causes overweight and obesity, being a public health problem, which has occurred in the first years of life. Research has reported the existence of body dissatisfaction related to weight, due to beauty standards established in society. Objective: to associate the BMI with body dissatisfaction and body image perception of schoolchildren. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study of 610 schoolchildren. Nutritional status was classified according to the BMI z score. To determine body dissatisfaction and body image perception, a child body image scale of seven photographs was applied, with a value of 1 to 7 according to the increasing size, and the final range of the BMI. The difference between the figure that participants considered ideal, and the perceived body shape was calculated. Results: 47.3% were overweight and obese. Body dissatisfaction was higher in overweight and obese girls (p = 0.013). BMI correlated with body dissatisfaction (rho(608) = 0.480; p < 0.001) and body image perception (rho(608) = 0.433; p < 0.001). Conclusions: BMI was positively related to body dissatisfaction and body image perception; this could increase the risk of developing eating disorders, contribute to the maintenance of excess body weight, as it is not perceived with excess weight, are less likely to take actions to control it(AU)

Effects of school-based interventions on blood pressure in obese children: metanalysis / Efeitos de intervenções de base escolar na pressão arterial de crianças com obesidade: metanálise

Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA), a systematic review with metanalysis was conducted to identify and summarize the effects of school-based physical activity interventions that sought to control and / or reduce blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) in children and / or adolescents with overweight and / or obesity. In September 2022, potential studies were searched in five electronic databases (Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Sportdiscus, and Web of Science) and in reference lists. Randomized controlled trials conducted in schools with interventions involving physical activity and assessment of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years with overweight and / or obesity were con-sidered for synthesis. The risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool (EPHPP). Metanalysis was developed from the random model. Four studies were included. For systolic blood pressure, a summary effect of -0.10 (95% CI: -0.39; 0.19; I2 = 0%) was observed. For diastolic pressure, the metanalysis indicated -0.33 (95% CI: -0.62; -0.04; I2 = 11%). Considering the promising effects on diastolic blood pressure, we suggest the develop-ment of more school-based interventions based on physical activity practice for overweight and / or obese populations, which may also add environmental elements, longer duration, multicomponent approaches, and parent / guardian involvement to their strategies.

Com base na declaração Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com metanálise para identificar e sumarizar os efeitos de intervenções escolar baseadas na atividade física que buscaram o controle e / ou redução da pressão arterial (sistólica e diastólica) em crianças e / ou adolescentes com excesso de peso e / ou obesidade. Em setembro de 2022, estudos potenciais foram pesquisados em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Sportdiscus, e Web of Science) e em listas de referências. Foram considerados para a síntese ensaios controlados randomizados realizados em escolas, com intervenções que envolviam a atividade física e avaliação da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica em crianças e adolescentes dos 6 aos 19 anos com excesso de peso e/ ou obesidade. O risco de viés foi avaliado utilizando uma versão adaptada do instrumento Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP). A metanálise foi elaborada a partir do modelo randômico. Foram incluídos quatro estudos. Para a pressão arterial sistólica, observou-se um efeito sumarizado de -0,10 (IC 95%: -0,39; 0,19; I2 = 0%). Para a pressão diastólica, a metanálise indicou -0,33 (IC 95%: -0,62; -0,04; I2 = 11%). Considerando os efeitos promissores na pressão arterial diastólica, sugerimos o desenvolvimento de mais intervenções escola-res fundamentadas na prática de atividade física às populações com sobrepeso e / ou obesidade, que possam agregar também, em suas estratégias, elementos ambientais, maior duração, abordagens multicomponentes e envolvimento dos pais / responsáveis.

Impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en el índice de masa corporal de niños asistidos en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the body mass index of children seen in the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil constituyen un problema de salud pública. El inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 pudo haber favorecido esta patología. El puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal (Z-IMC) es un indicador aceptado para su diagnóstico y seguimiento. Objetivo. Evaluar si la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y el Z-IMC en niños de 2 a 5 años aumentó durante la pandemia. Población y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes asistidos en efectores públicos de salud del Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (GCABA), de 2 a 5 años de edad, con registro de peso y talla en dos consultas, antes y después de haber comenzado el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio (ASPO). Se registró estado nutricional (Z-IMC) y variación del Z-IMC entre ambas consultas. Resultados. Se evaluaron 3866 sujetos, edad promedio 3,4 ± 0,8 años; el 48,1 % fueron mujeres. El intervalo promedio entre consultas fue 14,3 ± 2,5 meses. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad aumentó del 12,6 % (IC95% 11,6-13,6) al 20,9 % (IC95% 19,6-22-2); p <0,001, al igual que el Z-IMC (0,4 ± 1,1 vs. 0,8 ± 1,3; p <0,001). Conclusión. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y el Z-IMC en niños de 2 a 5 años aumentó significativamente durante la pandemia.

Introduction. Childhood overweight and obesity are a public health problem. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to this condition. The body mass index (BMI) Z-score has been accepted as an indicator for overweight and obesity diagnosis and follow-up. Objective. To assess whether the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the BMI Z-score in children aged 2 to 5 years increased during the pandemic. Population and methods. Retrospective, cohort study. Patients included were those seen at public health care facilities in the City of Buenos Aires (CABA), who were aged 2 to 5 years, had weight and height values recorded at 2 different visits, before and after the establishment of the preventive and mandatory social isolation policy. Patients' nutritional status (BMI Z-score) and the variation in this indicator between both visits were recorded. Results. A total of 3866 subjects were assessed; their average age was 3.4 ± 0.8 years; 48.1% were girls. The average interval between both visits was 14.3 ± 2.5 months. The prevalence of overweight/ obesity increased from 12.6% (95% CI: 11.6­13.6) to 20.9% (95% CI: 19.6­22.2), p < 0.001, and so did the BMI Z-score (0.4 ± 1.1 versus 0.8 ± 1.3, p < 0.001). Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity and the BMI Z-score in children aged 2 to 5 years increased significantly during the pandemic.

Datos de composición de alimentos en Costa Rica: Fuentes, usos e impacto en políticas públicas / Food Composition Data in Costa Rica: Sources, Uses, and impact on public policies

Introducción: Las bases de datos y las tablas de composición de alimentos (BDCA y TCA, respectivamente) contienen información sobre la composición química-nutricional de los alimentos. Objetivo: Definir las fuentes de los datos de composición de alimentos que se usan en Costa Rica y que impacto tienen a nivel de políticas públicas. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron las TCA y BDCA disponibles en Costa Rica desde 1960 hasta el 2020. Se encuestaron usuarios de datos de composición de alimentos. Se analizaron los usos de estos datos y algunos alcances a nivel de política pública. Resultados: Se identifica la utilización predominante de datos de la BDCA de Estados Unidos, los datos nacionales son desactualizados en su mayoría y hay pocos datos de análisis directo (químico) de alimentos. Se evidencia la importancia de contar con datos propios, actualizados y representativos de composición de alimentos para la toma de decisiones en salud pública. Conclusiones: Se deben vincular las instituciones generadoras y compiladoras para maximizar los recursos para fortalecer la disponibilidad de datos de composición de alimentos en el país. Se evidencia la necesidad de generar un Sistema Nacional de Datos de Composición de Alimentos que se ajuste a las necesidades identificadas en cuanto a la calidad y presentación de la información(AU)

Introduction: Databases and food composition tables (FCDB and FCT, respectively) provide information about the chemical-nutritional composition of foods. Objective: of this work was to define the sources of food composition data used in Costa Rica and their impact on public policies. Materials and methods: It was analyzed which TCA and FCDB have been available in Costa Rica from 1960 to 2020. Users were surveyed about food composition data. It was analyzed the uses of these data and some of their impacts on public policy. Results: The predominant use of data from the U.S. FCDB is identified, the national data are mostly outdated, and there is little data from direct (chemical) analysis of food. The importance of having our own, up- to-date, and representative data on food composition for public health decision-making is evident. Conclusions: Generating and compiling institutions should be linked to maximize resources to strengthen the availability of food composition data in the country. The need to generate a National Food Composition Data System that meets the identified needs in terms of quality and presentation of information is evident(AU)

Ingesta de calcio y vitamina D: relación con exceso de peso en población costarricense / Calcium and vitamin D intake, its relationship with weight excess in Costa Rican population

Introducción: La presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad aumentan la morbimortalidad de la población latinoamericana. La deficiencia de micronutrientes como el calcio y la vitamina D se han relacionado con un aumento del riesgo de obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la ingesta de vitamina D y de calcio con los factores de riesgo para obesidad en la población urbana costarricense incluidas en el Estudio ELANS. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 798 participantes costarricenses del Estudio ELANS. Se determinó la distribución del consumo de calcio y vitamina D según las características socioeconómicas, la actividad física y los datos antropométricos. Se compararon los grupos con las pruebas U de Mann ­ Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. Se realizaron modelos de regresión lineal y logística. Resultados: El consumo de calcio y vitamina D fue inadecuado en más del 98% de los participantes. Las mujeres, las personas con menor nivel socioeconómico, baja actividad física, de menor edad, con exceso de peso y obesidad abdominal presentaron un consumo menor de calcio y de vitamina D. El consumo de calcio y vitamina D es mayor en los grupos que tienen un menor IMC (p= 0,023 para calcio y p= 0,252 para vitamina D). Las personas con menor circunferencia de la cintura tuvieron más consumo de calcio y vitamina D (p= 0,002 para calcio y p= 0,008 para vitamina D). No hubo asociación del consumo en los modelos de regresión. Conclusiones: El consumo de calcio y vitamina D es deficiente en la población urbana costarricense y, presentó una relación inversa con el IMC(AU)

ntroduction: The presence of overweight and obesity increase the morbimortality of people in Latin America. Micronutrient deficiencies, such as calcium and vitamin D, are associated with an increased risk of obesity. Objective: To determine the relationship between vitamin D and calcium intake with risk factors for obesity in the Costa Rican urban population included in the ELANS Study. Materials and methods: For this analysis we used the 798 Costa Rican participants of the study (ELANS). The distribution of calcium and vitamin D intake was determined according to socioeconomic status, physical activity, and anthropometric measures. The Mann ­ Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis U tests were used, as well as linear and logistic regression models were performed. Results: Calcium and vitamin D intake was inadequate in more than 98% of the participants. Women, individuals with a lower socioeconomic level, low physical activity, younger age and those with excess weight and abdominal obesity presented lower consumptionofcalciumandvitamin D. Theconsumption of calcium and vitamin D was greater in the groups that have a lower BMI (p= 0.023 for calcium and p= 0.252 for vitamin D). The smaller the waist circumference, the greater the consumption of calcium and vitamin D (p= 0.002 for calcium and p= 0.008 for vitamin D). No association of the consumption of calcium and vitamin D was found in the regression models. Conclusions: Consumption of calcium and vitamin D is deficient in the Costa Rican urban population, and more prevalent among those with higher BMI. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2024(AU)

Estado conyugal asociado a perímetro abdominal en adultos peruanos, 2022 / Marital status associated with abdominal circumference in Peruvian adults, 2022

Introducción. La convivencia o matrimonio puede conllevar a cambios en los patrones alimenticios y actividad física, afectando parámetros antropométricos como el perímetro abdominal. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre el estado conyugal y el perímetro abdominal en adultos peruanos. Metodología. Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal a partir de datos de la encuesta nacional de salud familiar. La población fue de 29206 adultos desde los 18 años. Las variables fueron: estado conyugal, sexo y perímetro abdominal. Se usó las pruebas Ji-cuadrado, V de Cramer, Odds Ratio y razón de prevalencias crudo y ajustado mediante regresión logística binaria, y regresión de Poisson, respectivamente, siendo las variables de ajuste: consumo de alcohol, etnia, lengua materna, nivel educativo, índice de masa corporal, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y edad. Resultados. El promedio de perímetro abdominal fue mayor en adultos con estado conyugal casado/conviviente en ambos sexos, llegando en el rango de riesgo. Las mujeres con estado conyugal casado/conviviente tuvieron altos porcentajes de perímetro abdominal de riesgo (85,30%) mientras que en hombres del grupo casado/conviviente fue más frecuente (57,70%)el perímetro normal. En el análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística binaria, las mujeres con el estado conyugal casado/conviviente tuvieron 2,39 veces mayor de perímetro abdominal de riesgo que las solteras con una prevalencia 1,42 veces mayor. En hombres casados/convivientes, la probabilidad de perímetro abdominal elevado fue 1,40 veces mayor que en solteros, con una prevalencia 1,31 veces mayor. Conclusión. El estado conyugal casado/conviviente está asociado a una mayor probabilidad de perímetro abdominal elevado en esta población. Palabras clave: estado civil; circunferencia de la cintura; sobrepeso; obesidad; persona soltera

Introduction. Cohabitation or marriage can lead to changes in eating patterns and physical activity, affecting anthropometric parameters such as abdominal perimeter. Objective.To determine the relationship between marital status and abdominal circumference in Peruvianadults. Methodology. Observational, analytical, retrospective and cross-sectional study based on data from the national family health survey. The population was 29,206 adults aged 18 and older. The variables were: marital status, sex, abdominal circumference. The Chi-square test, Cramer's V, Odds Ratio and crude and adjusted prevalence ratio were used through binary logistic regression and Poisson regression, respectively, where the adjustment variables were: alcohol consumption, ethnic group, mother tongue, educational level, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and age. Results.The average abdominal circumference was higher in married/cohabiting adults in both sexes, reaching the risk range. Married/cohabiting women had highpercentages of at-risk abdominal circumference (85.30%) while in men in the married/cohabiting group the normal circumference was more frequent (57.70%). In the multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression, women whose marital status was married/cohabiting had a 2.39 times greater probability of abdominal circumference at risk than single women a prevalence of 1.42 times higher. In married/cohabiting men, the probability of a high abdominal circumference was 1.40 times higher than in single men, with a prevalence 1.31 times higher. Conclusion.Married/cohabiting marital status is associated with a greater probability of high abdominal circumference in thispopulation. Key words: marital status; waist circumference; overweight; obesity; single person

Lo clásico y lo nuevo en el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad / The classic and the new in the treatment of overweight and obesity

Así como planteamos en la primera entrega de esta serie de artículos de actualización sobre la obesidad, resulta urgente revisar el abordaje tradicional que la comunidad médica le ofrece a las personas con cuerpos gordos. En este segundo artículo desarrollaremos en profundidad diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para los pacientes que desean bajar de peso:plan alimentario, actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico y cirugía metabólica. (AU)

As we proposed in the first issue of this series of articles, it is urgent to review the traditional approach that the medical community offers to people with fat bodies. This second article will develop different therapeutic alternatives for patients who want to lose weight: eating plans, physical activity, pharmacological treatment, and metabolic surgery. (AU)

Enfrentamento do estigma relacionado ao peso corporal no cuidado em saúde: impactos de um curso educativo em profissionais de saúde / Tackling weight stigma in healthcare: impacts of an educational course on health care professionals

Introdução:O estigma relacionado ao peso corporal, presente entre profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde, prejudica a saúde e o cuidado de pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade, e deve ser combatido. Objetivo:Este artigo visa relatar os resultados obtidos por meio da aplicação de um curso educativo sobre estigma relacionado ao peso corporal e o cuidado em saúde. Métodos:A aplicação ocorreu com 11 profissionais de saúde e teve desenho misto. No componente quantitativo, foi realizada análise estatística dos resultados iniciais e finais obtidos por meio da Escala de Atitudes Antiobesidade (AFAT), com realização de teste t pareado (nível de significância de p ≤ 0,05). No componente qualitativo, foi realizada análise de conteúdo temática de uma atividade final dissertativa sobre ideias que ficaram marcadas a partir do curso. Feedbacksestruturados a respeito da qualidade do material foram preenchidos. Resultados:As análises estatísticas não identificaram alterações entre os valores iniciais e finais da AFAT (p >0,05), com escore geral médio inicial de 0,418 e final de 0,419. Cinco temas emergiram da análise de conteúdo, os quais demonstram aprendizagem quanto à multifatorialidade da obesidade; reconhecimento de implicações interseccionais; compreensão dos impactos do estigma no cuidado em saúde; estímulo ao pensamento crítico; e considerações sobre o curso, no geral, bem avaliado de forma consistente. Conclusão:O instrumento quantitativo não indicou mudança; contudo, as análises qualitativas demonstram que o curso promoveu compreensão ampliada sobre os temas discutidos, bem como a reflexão e a autocrítica das/os profissionais.

Introduction:Weight stigma, present among health professionals and students, harms the health and healthcare of people with overweight and obesity and must be combated. Objective:This article aims to report the results obtained through a test application of an educational course on weight stigma and healthcare. Methods:The test was carried out with 11 healthcare professionals and had a mixed design. In the quantitative component, statistical analysis was carried out on the initial and final results obtained using theAntifat Attitudes Scale (AFAT), with a paired t test (significance level of p ≤ 0.05). In the qualitative component, a thematic content analysis was carried out with data produced in a final dissertation activity about ideas that were highlighted from thecourse. Structured feedback regarding the quality of the material was completed. Results:Statistical analyzes did not identify changes between initial and final AFAT values (p >0.05), with an initial overall average score of 0.418 and final of 0.419. Five themes emerged from the content analysis, which demonstrate learning regarding the multifactorial nature of obesity; recognition of intersectional implications; understanding of impacts of stigma on health care; stimulation of critical thinking; and considerations about the course, overall, consistently well evaluated. Conclusion: The quantitative instrument did not indicate change, however, qualitative analysis indicated that the course promoted expanded understanding of the topics discussed, as well as reflection and self-criticism by professionals.

Repercussões da Covid-19 na percepção de mudanças de peso e satisfação corporal: comparação entre mulheres com e sem transtornos alimentares / Impacts of Covid-19 on weight change perception and body satisfaction: a comparison between women with and without eating disorders

Introdução: A pandemia da Covid-19 trouxe consequências diversas para a saúde mental e física das pessoas. O contexto de isolamento social potencializou problemas relacionados à imagem corporal, principalmente em pessoas com transtornos alimentares. Objetivo: Analisar as repercussões da Covid-19 em variáveis antropométricas em relação a percepção de peso e satisfação corporal, comparando mulheres com transtornos alimentares e aquelas sem essa condição. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, comparativo e transversal. Mulheres com transtornos alimentares em tratamento (GTA) foram recrutadas de cinco serviços nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. A contrapartida, o grupo controle (GCO) foi composto por mulheres sem TA, recrutadas on-line e com o escore negativo no teste EAT-26. Questionários on-line foram aplicados entre junho de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. Análises estatísticas incluíram Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher e regressões logísticas pelo SPSS 23.0. Resultados: Participaram 174 mulheres jovens (31,94±9,35 anos), com formação superior (71,3%) e companheiro (61,5%), que estavam em isolamento social. O GTA foi composto por 58 mulheres e GCO, 116. A maioria (55,2%) do GTA notou aumento do peso corporal, enquanto se mostrou pouco satisfeita com a imagem corporal (81%), resultado diferente estatisticamente do GCO. A associação entre mulheres com TA e pouca satisfação corporal foi significativa (p=0,0010). Aquelas em isolamento social e com sobrepeso ou obesidade tiveram maior probabilidade de percepção de aumento de peso. Conclusão: A pandemia da Covid-19 intensificou a insatisfação corporal, principalmente entre mulheres com transtornos alimentares. Aquelas em isolamento com sobrepeso ou obesidade perceberam mais aumento de peso, apontando a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção para esses grupos.

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic led to various consequences for people's mental and physical health. The context of social isolation exacerbated problems related to body image, especially in individuals with eating disorders. Objective: To analyze the repercussions of Covid-19 on anthropometric variables regarding weight perception and body satisfaction, comparing women with eating disorders to those without this condition. Methods: Observational, descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional study. Women with eating disorders in treatment (EDG) were recruited from five services in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. The counterpart, the control group (CG), consisted of women without eating disorders recruited online and with a negative score on the EAT-26 test. Online questionnaires were applied between June 2020 and January 2021. Statistical analyses included Pearson's Chi-square or Fisher's Exact test and logistic regressions, performed using the SPSS 23.0 program. Results: Participants were 174 young women (31.94±9.35 years of age), with higher education (71.3%) and with a partner (61.5%), who were in social isolation. The EDG consisted of 58 women, with116 in the CG. The majority (55.2%) of the EDG noticed an increase in body weight while being dissatisfied with body image (81.0%), a statistically different result from the CG. The association between women with eating disorders and low body satisfaction was significant (p=.0010). Those in social isolation and overweight or obese were more likely to perceive weight gain. Conclusion: The Covid-19 pandemic intensified body dissatisfaction, especially among women with eating disorders. Those in isolation who were overweight or obese perceived more weight gain, indicating the need for intervention strategies for these groups.

Índice de massa corporal e desfechos clínicos: um estudo retrospectivo durante a pandemia de Covid-19 / Body mass index and clinical outcomes: a retrospective study in Covid-19 / Índice de masa corporal y resultado clínico: un estudio retrospectivo durante la pandemia de Covid-19

A COVID-19 é uma doença respiratória aguda provocada pela infecção do vírus SARS-CoV-2, que pode causar uma grave insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica, complicações e mortes, principalmente na população com condições crônicas de saúde. Os mecanismos pelos quais a obesidade pode aumentar a gravidade da COVID-19 incluem mecanismos físicos, inflamação crônica e uma função imunológica prejudicada. Além disso, o índice de massa corporal elevado é um fator de risco para várias condições médicas que têm sido sugeridas para aumentar o risco de gravidade da COVID-19. Objetivo: analisar a associação entre o índice de massa corporal e desfechos clínicos dos casos confirmados de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com coleta de dados de prontuários, conduzido de março de 2020 a dezembro 2021. Foram analisados os registros de prontuários, exames bioquímicos e de imagem de pacientes internados com COVID-19 em três hospitais da cidade de Francisco Beltrão (PR). As variáveis analisadas foram o diagnóstico nutricional, idade, sexo, necessidade de internação em UTI, comorbidades, dias de hospitalização, complicações, exames laboratoriais e desfecho. Os critérios para inclusão no estudo foram, pacientes hospitalizados com diagnóstico para COVID-19, com presença de diagnóstico nutricional relatado. Resultados: No ano de 2020 foram analisados 292 prontuários e no ano de 2021 foram 860 prontuários. Destes, somente 413 possuíam diagnóstico nutricional, sendo assim incluídos no presente estudo. Foram classificados como peso normal 78 (18,9%), com sobrepeso 153 (37%)e como obeso 182 (44,1%) participantes. A maior prevalência de obesidade foi encontrada no sexo feminino (52,5%), portadores de diabetes (27,6%), pacientes com estado geral comprometido (67,9%), que apresentaram complicações pulmonares (54,5%) e arritmias (23%). A média de idade encontrada em pacientes com obesidade foi mais jovem (55,54) em comparação com os classificados com sobrepeso (59,08) e normal (62,51). Observou-se que quanto maior o IMC menor foram os valores encontrados para idade (rho = -0,190), leucócitos (rho = -0,109), ureia (rho = -0,145) e D-dímero (rho = -0,155). Conclusão: Este estudo fornece evidências de que o sobrepeso e/ou obesidade então associadas a um pior quadro clínico durante a internação dos pacientes com COVID-19. Em relação a frequência de óbito, não houve diferença estatística em relação ao diagnóstico nutricional.

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, which can cause severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, complications, and deaths, especially in the population with chronic health conditions. The mechanisms by which obesity may increase the severity of COVID-19 include physical mechanisms, chronic inflammation, and impaired immune function. In addition, high body mass index is a risk factor for several medical conditions that have been suggested to increase the risk of COVID-19 severity. Objective: to analyze the association between body mass index and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of COVID-19. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, with data collection from medical records, conducted from March 2020 to December 2021. The records of medical records, biochemical and imaging tests of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in three hospitals in the city of Francisco Beltrão (PR) were analyzed. The variables analyzed were nutritional diagnosis, age, gender, need for ICU admission, comorbidities, days of hospitalization, complications, laboratory tests and outcome. The inclusion criteria for the study were, hospitalized patients with diagnosis for COVID-19, with presence of nutritional diagnosis reported. Results: In the year 2020, 292 medical records were analyzed and in the year 2021 there were 860 medical records. Of these, only 413 had nutritional diagnosis, thus being included in this study. Were classified as normal weight 78 (18.9%), overweight 153 (37%), and obese 182 (44.1%) participants. The highest prevalence of obesity was found in females (52.5%), patients with diabetes (27.6%), patients with impaired general condition (67.9%), who presented pulmonary complications (54.5%) and arrhythmias (23%). The mean age found in obese patients was younger (55.54) compared to those classified as overweight (59.08) and normal (62.51). It was observed that the higher the BMI the lower were the values found for age (rho = -0.190), leukocytes (rho = -0.109), urea (rho = -0.145) and D-dimer (rho = -0.155). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that overweight and/or obesity then associated with a worse clinical picture during hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. Regarding the frequency of death, there was no statistical difference in relation to nutritional diagnosis.

COVID-19 es una enfermedad respiratoria aguda causada por la infección por el virus SARS-CoV-2, que puede provocar insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica grave, complicaciones y muertes, especialmente en poblaciones con enfermedades crónicas. Los mecanismos por los cuales la obesidad puede aumentar la gravedad de la COVID-19 incluyen mecanismos físicos, inflamación crónica y función inmune deteriorada. Además, un índice de masa corporal alto es un factor de riesgo para varias afecciones médicas que, según se ha sugerido, aumentan el riesgo de gravedad del COVID-19. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre el índice de masa corporal y los resultados clínicos de casos confirmados de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio transversal, con recolección de datos de historias clínicas, realizado de marzo de 2020 a diciembre de 2021. Se analizaron historias clínicas, exámenes bioquímicos y de imagen de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en tres hospitales de la ciudad de Francisco Beltrão (PR). Las variables analizadas fueron diagnóstico nutricional, edad, sexo, necesidad de ingreso a UCI, comorbilidades, días de internación, complicaciones, exámenes de laboratorio y evolución. Los criterios de inclusión en el estudio fueron pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de COVID-19, con presencia de diagnóstico nutricional informado. Resultados: En 2020 se analizaron 292 historias clínicas y en 2021 se analizaron 860 historias clínicas. De ellos, sólo 413 tenían diagnóstico nutricional, por lo que fueron incluidos en el presente estudio. 78 (18,9%) participantes fueron clasificados como normopeso, 153 (37%) como sobrepeso y 182 (44,1%) como obesidad. La mayor prevalencia de obesidad se encontró en el sexo femenino (52,5%), pacientes con diabetes (27,6%), pacientes con estado general comprometido (67,9%), quienes presentaron complicaciones pulmonares (54,5%) y arritmias (23%). La edad promedio encontrada en los pacientes con obesidad fue menor (55,54) en comparación con los clasificados como con sobrepeso (59,08) y normales (62,51). Se observó que a mayor IMC, menores son los valores encontrados para edad (rho = -0,190), leucocitos (rho = -0,109), urea (rho = -0,145) y dímero D (rho = -0,155). Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona evidencia de que el sobrepeso y/u obesidad se asocia con una peor condición clínica durante la hospitalización de pacientes con COVID-19. En cuanto a la frecuencia de muerte, no hubo diferencia estadística en relación al diagnóstico nutricional.

Maternal overweight and obesity before pregnancy as predictors of childhood asthma in children under five years: a retrospective cohort in Peru / Sobrepeso y obesidad materna antes del embarazo como predictores de asma infantil en menores de cinco años: una cohorte retrospectiva en Perú

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the role of maternal overweight and obesity before pregnancy as predictors of childhood asthma in a population of Peruvian children under five years. Methods: we carried out a retrospective cohort study of children aged five years or less and their mothers from the Regional Hospital of Ayacucho and the María Auxiliadora Hospital in Lima, Peru. We included children who were born between 2013 and 2014 and follow them up until 2018 and 2019, respectively. The diagnosis of overweight and obesity of the mother before pregnancy and asthma in the child were registered in their clinical histories. Crude (cRR) and adjusted relative risks (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) were obtained using a generalized lineal model of the Poisson family with link log and robust variances. Results: we evaluated 431 medical records and found that 20.9% of the children had asthma, 26.7% of the mothers were overweight, and 20.2% were obese before pregnancy. In the adjusted regression model, overweight (aRR=2.94; CI95%= 1.54-5.60) and maternal obesity (aRR=5.10; CI95%= 2.73-9.51) were predictors of an increased risk of childhood asthma. Conclusions: maternal overweight and maternal obesity increased the risk of her children developing asthma threeand five-fold, respectively.

Resumen Objetivos: estimar el papel del sobrepeso y la obesidad materna antes del embarazo como predictores de asma infantil en una población de niños peruanos menores de cinco años. Métodos: realizamos un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de niños de cinco años o menos y sus madres del Hospital Regional de Ayacucho y del Hospital María Auxiliadora de Lima, Perú. Se incluyeron niños nacidos entre 2013 y 2014 y se les dio seguimiento hasta 2018 y 2019, respectivamente. El diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad de la madre antes del embarazo y asma en el niño fueron registrados en sus historias clínicas. Los riesgos relativos crudos (cRR) y ajustados (RRa) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) se obtuvieron mediante un modelo lineal generalizado de la familia de Poisson con log de enlace y varianzas robustas. Resultados: se evaluaron 431 historias clínicas y se encontró que el 20,9% de los niños tenían asma, el 26,7% de las madres tenían sobrepeso y el 20,2% eran obesas antes del embarazo. En el modelo de regresión ajustada, el sobrepeso (aRR=2,94; IC95%= 1,54-5,60) y obesidad materna (RRa=5,10; IC95%= 2,73-9,51) fueron predictores de un mayor riesgo de asma infantil. Conclusiones: el sobrepeso materno y la obesidad materna aumentaron tres y cinco veces el riesgo de que sus hijos desarrollaran asma, respectivamente.

Tabagismo e estado nutricional da criança no primeiro ano de vida / Smoking and nutritional status of children in the first year of life

Introdução - A gestação é o fator decisório para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança ao longo da vida, a qual pode haver problemas ocasionados, sobretudo, pelo tabagismo materno. O ato de fumar envolve a absorção de centenas de substâncias tóxicas que influencia desde o ventre até a fase adulta, no risco de desenvolver patologias como sobrepeso e obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional de filhos de mulheres fumantes na gestação e comparar com os filhos de mulheres não fumantes durante o primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal incluído em estudo epidemiológico do tipo coorte (projeto FAPESP 2015/03333-6), realizado na cidade de Araraquara e região, envolvendo gestantes atendidas em 34 Unidades Básicas de Saúde e na Maternidade Municipal "Gota de Leite". As mulheres foram acompanhadas durante a gestação e posteriormente, os respectivos filhos também foram avaliados até 12 meses de idade (binômio mãe fumante-filho: 55 e binômio mãe não fumante-filho: 960). O estado nutricional das crianças foi avaliado pelo z-escore de IMC/idade. Todas as crianças foram avaliadas imediatamente após o nascimento, e no 1º, 3º, 6º 9º e 12 º mês. O teste qui- quadrado de Pearson e t de Student foram utilizados para comparar amostras as variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas com a variável de interesse. Para avaliar a diferença do tempo segundo o z-escore do IMC/idade aos meses 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12 e a diferença intragrupos (fumou e não fumou) foi realizada análise de variância (ANOVA) com medidas repetidas, seguida de pós-teste de Sidak. Resultados: Verificou-se: 7,7% das mulheres fumaram na gestação; em relação à idade houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos, apresentando-se em sua maioria entre 20 a 34 anos; quanto à escolaridade, os grupos apresentaram significância estatística, e boa parte tinham escolaridade entre 9 e 11 anos de estudo; a média de renda per capita no grupo de mães fumantes foi R$ 506,45 e no grupo de mães não fumantes foi R$ 770,22 (p<0,005). Quanto as características das crianças, a média de peso e comprimento ao nascer dos filhos de mães fumantes foi de 3096,70g e 48,12cm, respectivamente, e no grupo de filhos de mães não fumantes foi de 3285,63g e 49,30cm, respectivamente (p<0,005). Verificou-se que as médias de IMC/I z-escore entre os meses 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12 no grupo filhos de mães fumantes não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,143) e no grupo de filhos de mães não fumantes houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,005); e na comparação intergrupos de médias de IMC/I z-escore não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,293). Conclusão: Dessa forma conclui-se que não houve associação entre o tabagismo materno na gestação e as médias de de IMC/I entre os meses 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12, nesta população.

Introduction - Pregnancy is a decisive factor for the child's growth and development throughout life, and there can be problems caused, above all, by maternal smoking. Smoking involves the absorption of hundreds of toxic substances that influence the risk of developing pathologies such as overweight and obesity, from the womb to adulthood. Objective: To assess the nutritional status of the children of women who smoke during pregnancy and compare this with the children of women who don't smoke during the first year of life. Methods: Cross-sectional study included in a cohort epidemiological study (FAPESP project 2015/03333-6), carried out in the city of Araraquara and region, involving pregnant women treated in 34 Basic Health Units and in the Municipal Maternity "Gota de Leite". The women were monitored during pregnancy and subsequently, their children were also evaluated up to 12 months of age (smoking mother-child binomial: 55 and non-smoking mother-child binomial: 960). The children's nutritional status was assessed using the BMI/age z-score. All children were evaluated immediately after birth, and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th month. Pearson's chi-square test and Student's t test were used to compare socioeconomic and demographic variables with the variable of interest. To evaluate the time difference according to the BMI/age z-score at months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and the intragroup difference (smoked and did not smoke), analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was performed, followed by Sidak post-test. Results: It was found that 7.7% of the women had smoked during pregnancy; with regard to age, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups, most of whom were between 20 and 34 years old; with regard to schooling, the groups were statistically significant and most had between 9 and 11 years of schooling; the average per capita income in the group of mothers who smoked was R$ 506.45 and in the group of mothers who did not smoke was R$ 770.22 (p<0.005). As for the children's characteristics, the average birth weight and length of the children of smoking mothers was 3096.70g and 48.12cm, respectively, and in the group of children of non-smoking mothers it was 3285.63g and 49.30cm, respectively (p<0.005). The mean BMI/A z-score between months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 in the group of children of smoking mothers showed no statistically significant difference (p<0.143) and in the group of children of non-smoking mothers there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.005); and in the inter-group comparison of mean BMI/A z-score there was no statistically significant difference (p<0.293). Conclusion: It follows that there was no association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the mean BMI/A between months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 in this population.

Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

Cardiovascular Fitness in Normal Weight and Obese Children and Adolescents - A Systematic Review of Studies Published After 2000s / Condición Cardiovascular en Niños y Adolescentes con Peso Normal y Obesos: Una Revisión Sistemática de Estudios Publicados Después de la Década del 2000

SUMMARY: The primary aim was to gather available data published after the 2000s, on cardiovascular fitness in normal weight and obese children and adolescents. Based on the data, the secondary aims were to identify the most used outcomes and to determine the differences in cardiovascular fitness in the mentioned populations. Following PRISMA recommendations, multiple databases were searched: Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Research Gate, with additional inclusion criteria: original study published in English, normal weight and obese children and adolescents as participant sample, studies that have assessed cardiovascular fitness parameters, and studies with participant's nutrition state. A total of 19 studies, with a total of 4,988 included participants (both obese and normal weight) were identified, with the most common participants have presented better results in terms of BMI, BF%, VO2max, VO2peak and METs, while the HR values are inconsistently presented. Despite deficiencies the study deficiency in the last two decades, there are differences in the mentioned populations. Further studies should focus on including the technology that reaches teens and families for overweight and obesity prevention and advancements in standard measurements for juvenile overweight and obesity, as well as for the creation, adaption, and validation of measuring instruments. As good framework for future directions, there is a need for more concise and unified measurements of cardiovascular fitness parameters in normally weight and obese children and adolescents.

El objetivo principal fue recopilar datos disponibles publicados después de la década del 2000 sobre la condición cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes con peso normal y obesos. En base a estos datos, los objetivos secundarios fueron identificar los resultados más utilizados y determinar las diferencias en la condición cardiovascular en las poblaciones mencionadas. Siguiendo las recomendaciones de PRISMA, se realizaron búsquedas en múltiples bases de datos: Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest y Research Gate, con criterios de inclusión adicionales: estudio original publicado en inglés, niños y adolescentes con peso normal y obesidad como muestra participante, estudios que hayan evaluado enfermedades cardiovasculares, parámetros de condición física y estudios con el estado nutricional de los participantes. Se identificaron un total de 19 estudios, con un total de 4.988 participantes incluidos (tanto obesos como con peso normal), siendo las variables más comunes: IMC, %BF, VO2máx, VO2pico, FC, PAD, PAS y MET. Generalmente, los participantes con peso normal han presentado mejores resultados en términos de IMC, %BF, VO2máx, VO2peak y MET, mientras que los valores de FC se presentan de manera inconsistente. Independientemente de la deficiencia de estudios en las últimas dos décadas, existen diferencias en las poblaciones mencionadas. Estudios futuros deberían centrarse en incluir tecnología que llegue a adolescentes y familias para la prevención del sobrepeso y la obesidad y avances en las mediciones estándar del sobrepeso y la obesidad juvenil, así como para la creación, adaptación y validación de instrumentos de medición. Como buen marco para direcciones futuras, se necesitan mediciones más concisas y unificadas de los parámetros de la condición cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes con peso normal y obesos.

Un estudio de la obesidad y la enfermedad periodontal: una revisión de la literatura / A study of obesity and periodontal disease: a review of the literature

Las enfermedades periodontales son enfermedades inflamatorias causadas por bacterias patógenas en el biofilm subgingival, que afectan los tejidos circundantes y de soporte de los dientes, el periodonto. Estas conexiones inexplicables pasan a primer plano a medida que las enfermedades orales, como la enfermedad periodontal, echan raíces. El desafío bacteriano exacerba la producción de citoquinas por el epitelio gingival, lo que resulta en una inflamación incontrolada que conduce a la pérdida de dientes en adultos de diferentes poblaciones. La prevalencia de estas enfermedades aumenta con el envejecimiento, la retención más prolongada de los dientes y el aumento de la incidencia entre la población. Se realiza una búsqueda en los motores bibliográficos de Medline, PubMed y Cochrane encontrándose 33 artículos de valiosa necesidad, de los últimos cinco años. Esta revisión presenta los puntos que resaltan el poder desarrollar nuevos métodos capaces de detectar a las enfermedades periodontales en las primeras etapas (AU)

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory diseases, caused by pathogenic bacteria in the subgingival biofilm, which affect the surrounding and supporting tissues of the teeth, the periodontium. These inexplicable connections come to the fore as oral diseases, such as periodontal disease, take root. Bacterial challenge exacerbates cytokine production by the gingival epithelium, resulting in uncontrolled inflammation leading to tooth loss in adults from different populations. The prevalence of these diseases increases with aging, longer retention of teeth, and increasing incidence among the population. A search was carried out in the bibliographic engines of Medline, PubMed and Cochrane, finding 33 articles of valuable need, 5 years old. This review of the article presents the points that stand out to be able to develop new methods capable of detecting these diseases in the early stages (AU)

Anthropometric Similarities and Differences in Children of Aymara and Non-Aymara Descent in Northern Chile: Implications for Health and Development / Similitudes y Diferencias Antropométricas en Niños de Etnia Aymara y Ascendencia No-Aymara en el Norte de Chile: Implicaciones para la Salud y el Desarrollo

SUMMARY: This study aims to assess the nutritional status of Aymara and non-Aymara children in Arica, comparing anthropometric measurements of boys and girls aged 4-10 to inform interventions for child health and development. We conducted a non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional study in Arica, Chile. The sample included 458 children, with equal representation of Aymara and non-Aymara children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Trained research assistants collected anthropometric data using standardized techniques. IBM SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis, including Student's t-test and the Levene test. Both Aymara and non-Aymara children showed high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Boys had a meso-endomorph somatotype, while girls had an endomorph somatotype. Among 8-year-olds, non-Aymara children had a slightly higher mean body weight (35.87, SD 4.50) compared to Aymara children (32.27, SD 4.31), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, 10-year-old Aymara girls had a significantly higher mean body mass index (22.34, SD 4.21) than non-Aymara girls (20.10, SD 3.58) (p=0.05). Regarding body fat percentage, 10-year- old non-Aymara girls had a slightly higher mean (31.01, SD 5.64) than Aymara girls (26.12, SD 5.63), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study found high levels of overweight and obesity in children from northern Chile, increasing with age for both Aymara and non-Aymara groups. The somatotype patterns were consistent across both groups. Although the differences between Aymara and non-Aymara children were not statistically significant, the Aymara group showed slightly higher levels of overweight and obesity. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these results and identify potential trends. Efforts should focus on promoting healthy nutrition and physical activity to address the growing problem of overweight and obesity in this region.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el estado nutricional de los niños Aymaras y no Aymaras en Arica, comparando las medidas antropométricas de niños y niñas de 4 a 10 años para informar las intervenciones para la salud y el desarrollo infantil. Realizamos un estudio no experimental, cuantitativo, de corte transversal en Arica, Chile. La muestra incluyó a 458 niños, con igual representación de niños Aymaras y no Aymaras de diversos estratos socioeconómicos. Asistentes de investigación capacitados recolectaron datos antropométricos utilizando técnicas estandarizadas. Se utilizó el software estadístico IBM SPSS para el análisis de datos, incluyendo la prueba t de Student y la prueba de Levene. Tanto los niños Aymaras como los no Aymaras presentaron una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Los niños tenían un somatotipo meso-endomorfo, mientras que las niñas tenían un somatotipo endomorfo. Entre los niños de 8 años, los niños no Aymaras tenían un peso corporal medio ligeramente superior (35,87, DE 4,50) en comparación con los niños Aymaras (32,27, DE 4,31), pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p>0,05). Sin embargo, las niñas Aymaras de 10 años tenían un índice de masa corporal medio significativamente mayor (22,34, SD 4,21) que las niñas no Aymaras (20,10, SD 3,58) (p=0,05). En cuanto al porcentaje de grasa corporal, las niñas no Aymaras de 10 años tuvieron una media ligeramente superior (31,01, DE 5,64) que las niñas Aymaras (26,12, DE 5,63), pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p>0,05). El estudio encontró altos niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños del norte de Chile, aumentando con la edad tanto para los grupos Aymaras como para los no Aymaras. Los patrones de somatotipo fueron consistentes en ambos grupos. Aunque las diferencias entre los niños Aymaras y no Aymaras no fueron estadísticamente significativas, el grupo Aymara mostró niveles ligeramente más altos de sobrepeso y obesidad. Se necesita más investigación con un tamaño de muestra más grande para confirmar estos resultados e identificar tendencias potenciales. Los esfuerzos deben centrarse en promover una nutrición saludable y la actividad física para abordar el creciente problema del sobrepeso y la obesidad en esta región.

Sobrepeso y obesidad en infancias de Bariloche, Argentina: más allá de la alimentación y la actividad física / Childhood overweight and obesity in Bariloche, Argentina: Beyond eating habits and physical activity

La incidencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es alarmante en el mundo. En Argentina son escasos los estudios multifactoriales a pesar de los altos índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infantil (SOI). En este estudio evaluamos la prevalencia de SOI y sus factores de riesgo asociados desde una perspectiva multicausal: analizamos hábitos de sueño, uso de pantallas, estrés crónico en niños y sus cuidadores, problemas de relación social, alimentación y actividad física. De los 397 niños de primer y séptimo grado que completaron los cuestionarios, el 41 % presentó SOI. Los niños con obesidad mostraron realizar menos actividad física, tener un menor consumo de alimentos protectores, más riesgos de trastornos del sueño, mayores niveles de estrés crónico (tanto en los niños como en sus cuidadores) y mayor índice de rechazo entre pares. En la mayoría de los niños se encontró un uso generalizado de pantallas antes de acostarse. El presente estudio evidencia la diversidad de factores asociados a esta problemática y destaca la conveniencia de utilizar un enfoque multidimensional para abordar la obesidad en la infancia. Asimismo, los resultados de este trabajo sugieren la necesidad de considerar los hábitos de vida como estrategia preventiva y terapéutica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad desde etapas tempranas.

The incidence of overweight and obesity is alarming worldwide. In Argentina, multifactorial studies are scarce despite the high rates of childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB). In this study we assessed the prevalence of childhood OW/OB and the associated risk factors from a multicausal perspective: we analyzed sleep habits, screen use, chronic stress in children and their caregivers, social relationship problems, eating habits, and physical activity. Of the 397 first and seventh graders who completed the questionnaires, 41% had childhood OW/OB. In children with obesity, a lower level of physical activity, a lower consumption of protective foods, a higher risk for sleep disorders, higher levels of chronic stress (in both children and their caregivers), and higher rates of peer rejection were observed. Widespread use of screens before bedtime was noted in most children. This study evidences the diversity of factors associated with childhood OW/OB and highlights the convenience of a multidimensional approach to address it. In addition, the results of this study suggest the need to consider lifestyle habits as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for the management of OW/OB from early stages.

Asociación entre calidad y cantidad de sueño con índice de masa corporal en adolescentes universitarios: Estudio transversal / Association between sleep quality and quantity and body mass index in college adolescents: A cross-sectional study

Introducción: La modificación en los patrones de sueño incrementa la susceptibilidad para la ganancia de peso. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la calidad y la cantidad de horas de sueño por noche con el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en adolescentes universitarios mexicanos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal en estudiantes de nuevo ingreso de Enfermería en una Universidad Pública de México. Muestreo por conveniencia de n=134 estudiantes (18­19 años), voluntarios y matriculados en la facultad. La calidad y cantidad de sueño se midió con el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh. El IMC se calculó con la fórmula estándar. El protocolo fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la facultad, los participantes firmaron el Consentimiento Informado. Resultados: Edad promedio de 18,21 años (DE= ,42 años), 82,84% mujeres, 45,52% (IC 95%= 35,46 ­ 52,86%) con sobrepeso u obesidad. El 44,02% de los participantes reportó dormir ≤ 6 horas por noche, 50,00% refirió una mala calidad de sueño en las últimas cuatro semanas. Después de ajustar por edad, sexo y ocupación, la calidad del sueño no se asoció con el IMC (OR= 1,01; IC 95%= ,94 ­ 1,08; z= ,31; p= ,75); el incremento en el IMC se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de dormir 6 horas o menos (OR= 1,08; IC 95%= 1,01 ­ 1,16; z= 2,25; p= ,02). Discusión: Las alteraciones hormonales, los factores conductuales y el entorno pudieran explicar la asociación. Conclusiones: Es recomendable implementar estrategias educativas para mejorar la higiene del sueño en esta población.

Introduction: Changes in sleep patterns increase susceptibility to weight gain. Objective: To estimate the association between the quality and quantity of sleep hours per night and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Mexican college adolescents. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among incoming nursing students in a public university in Mexico. Convenience sampling was used, involving n=134 students (18-19 years old), volunteers, and enrolled in the nursing program. Sleep quality and quantity were measured through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). BMI was calculated using the standard formula. The protocol was approved by the School of Nursing Ethics Committee, and the participants signed informed consent. Results: Mean age 18.21 years (SD= .42 years), 82.84% female, 45.52% overweight or obese (95% CI= 35.46 - 52.86%). 44.02% of participants reported sleeping ≤ 6 hours per night, and 50.00% reported poor sleep quality in the past four weeks. After adjustment for age, sex, and occupation, sleep quality was not associated with BMI (OR= 1.01; 95% CI= .94 - 1.08; z= .31; p= .75); increased BMI was associated with a greater likelihood of sleeping 6 hours or less (OR= 1.08; 95% CI= 1.01 - 1.16; z= 2.25; p= .02). Discussion: Hormonal changes, behavioral factors, and the environment may explain the association. Conclusions: It is advisable to implement educational strategies to improve sleep hygiene among this population.

Introdução: A modificação nos padrões de sono aumenta a suscetibilidade ao ganho de peso. Objetivo: Estimar a associação entre a qualidade e a quantidade de sono por noite e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) em adolescentes universitários mexicanos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal de estudantes de enfermagem ingressantes em uma universidade pública no México. Amostragem por conveniência de n=134 estudantes (18-19 anos de idade), voluntários e matriculados na faculdade. A qualidade e a quantidade do sono foram medidas com o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. O IMC foi calculado com a fórmula padrão. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da faculdade e os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Idade média de 18,21 anos (DP= ,42 anos), 82,84% do sexo feminino, 45,52% (IC 95%= 35,46 - 52,86%) com sobrepeso ou obesidade. 44,02% dos participantes relataram dormir ≤ 6 horas por noite, 50,00% relataram qualidade de sono ruim nas últimas quatro semanas. Após o ajuste para idade, sexo e ocupação, a qualidade do sono não foi associada ao IMC (OR= 1,01; IC 95%= ,94 - 1,08; z= ,31; p= ,75); o aumento do IMC foi associado a uma maior probabilidade de dormir 6 horas ou menos (OR= 1,08; IC 95%= 1,01 - 1,16; z= 2,25; p= ,02). Discussão: Alterações hormonais, fatores comportamentais e o ambiente podem explicar a associação. Conclusões: É aconselhável implementar estratégias educacionais para melhorar a higiene do sono nessa população.

Sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de la Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Chile, (2009 ­ 2019), y comparación de dos metodologías para el diagnóstico / Overweight and obesity in schoolchildren in the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region, Chile, (2009 - 2019), and comparison of two methodologies for diagnosis

Introducción. En Chile la prevalencia de obesidad total en población escolar alcanza al 31% y la obesidad severa al 10,8%. La Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, es una de las más afectadas por esta epidemia. El diagnóstico nutricional confiable y una intervención oportuna pueden evitar que los niños enfermen y deterioren su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia del estado nutricional de escolares de la Región de Magallanes, según datos reportados por la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas, JUNAEB, entre 2009-2019 y comparar resultados del año 2010 con un estudio propio. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó el estado nutricional de 71.334 escolares de la Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena por nivel educacional y variables demográficas, según información de JUNAEB. Luego se compararon los resultados de escolares de 1º básico del año 2010, obtenidos a través de dos metodologías: fuente secundaria, Encuesta JUNAEB, y fuente primaria, estudio antropométrico realizado en la misma región y año. Resultados. Según datos de JUNAEB el exceso ponderal se incrementó en escolares de la región en 4,4 % entre 2009 y 2019, el grupo más afectado fue 1º básico. En el año 2010 la prevalencia de obesidad para escolares de 1º básico según JUNAEB fue 21,8% y según estudio regional propio fue 25,7%. Conclusiones. La malnutrición por exceso afecta al 53,8% de los escolares de la Región de Magallanes y podría ser mayor, considerando que la información censal podría estar subestimando el sobrepeso y obesidad. Es urgente intervenir para evitar perpetuar esta epidemia(AU)

Introduction. In Chile the prevalence of total obesity in school population reaches 31% and severe obesity 10.8%. The Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region is one of the most affected by this epidemic. Reliable nutritional diagnosis and timely intervention can prevent children from getting sick and deteriorating their quality of life. Objective. To analyze the trend of nutritional status of schoolchildren in the Magallanes Region, according to data reported by the National Board of School Aid and Scholarships, JUNAEB between 2009-2019 and compare results from 2010 with our own study. Materials and methods. The nutritional status of 71,334 schoolchildren in the Magallanes Region and Chilean Antarctica was analyzed by educational level and demographic variables, according to information from JUNAEB. Then, the results of schoolchildren in 1st grade in 2010 were compared, obtained through two methods: secondary source, JUNAEB survey, and primary source, anthropometric study carried out in the same region and year. Results. According to JUNAEB data, overweight increased in school children in the region by 4.4% between 2009 and 2019, the most affected group was 1st grade. In 2010 the prevalence of obesity for 1st grade schoolchildren according to JUNAEB was 21.8% and according to our own regional study it was 25.7%. Conclusions. Excess malnutrition affects 53.8% of school children in the Magallanes Region and could be higher, considering that census information could be underestimating overweight and obesity. It is urgent to intervene to avoid perpetuating this epidemic(AU)