Zn metabolism of monogastric species and consequences for the definition of feeding requirements and the estimation of feed Zn bioavailability / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

A major goal of mineral nutrition research is to provide information of feed zinc (Zn) utilization efficiency and gross Zn requirements as affected by changing rearing conditions. This can be achieved only by applying precise experimental models that acknowledge the basic principles of Zn metabolism. This review article summarizes the most important aspects of Zn homeostasis in monogastric species, including molecular aspects of Zn acquisition and excretion. Special emphasis is given to the role of the skeleton as well as the exocrine pancreas for animal Zn metabolism. Finally, we discuss consequences arising from these physiological principles for the experimental design of trials which aim to address questions of Zn requirements and bioavailability.

Pancreatogenic Diabetes / 임상당뇨병

Diabetes can develop as a direct consequence of diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas is described as pancreatogenic diabetes or type 3c diabetes. Pancreatogenic diabetes is not commonly recognized by clinicians and is frequently misclassified as type 1 diabetes or, more commonly, type 2 diabetes. The prevalence and clinical importance of pancreatogenic diabetes have been underestimated and underappreciated. Pancreatogenic diabetes has a unique pattern of hormonal and metabolic characteristics. The failure to correctly diagnose pancreatogenic diabetes leads to failure to implement an appropriate medical therapy in these patients. We will review the clinical implications and relevance of pancreatogenic diabetes.

Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Patients with Unresectable or Metastatic Pancreatic Acinar Cell Carcinoma: Potentially Improved Efficacy with Oxaliplatin-Containing Regimen / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer of the exocrine pancreas. Because of its rare incidence, the efficacy of chemotherapy in this patient population has been largely unknown. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of patients with advanced pancreatic ACC who received chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and March 2015, 15 patients with unresectable or metastatic pancreatic ACC who received systemic chemotherapy were identified in Asan Medical Center, Korea. RESULTS: The median age was 58 years. Eleven and four patients had recurrent/metastatic and locally advanced unresectable disease. The median overall survival in all patients was 20.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.7 to 26.1). As first-line therapy, intravenous 5-fluorouracil were administered in four patients (27%), gemcitabine in five (33%), gemcitabine plus capecitabine in two (13%), oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX) in two (13%), and concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by capecitabine maintenance therapy in two (13%). The objective response rate (ORR) to chemotherapy alone was 23% and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.6 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 8.4). After progression, second-line chemotherapy was administered in eight patients, while four patients received FOLFOX and the other four patients received gemcitabine. The ORR was 38%, and patients administered FOLFOX had significantly better PFS than those administered gemcitabine (median, 6.5 months vs. 1.4 months; p=0.007). The ratio of time to tumor progression (TTP) during first-line chemotherapy to TTP at second-line chemotherapy was significantly higher in patients administered FOLFOX (4.07; range, 0.87 to 8.30) than in those administered gemcitabine (0.12; range, 0.08 to 0.25; p=0.029). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that oxaliplatin-containing regimens may have improved activity against pancreatic ACC.

Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Patients with Unresectable or Metastatic Pancreatic Acinar Cell Carcinoma: Potentially Improved Efficacy with Oxaliplatin-Containing Regimen / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer of the exocrine pancreas. Because of its rare incidence, the efficacy of chemotherapy in this patient population has been largely unknown. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of patients with advanced pancreatic ACC who received chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and March 2015, 15 patients with unresectable or metastatic pancreatic ACC who received systemic chemotherapy were identified in Asan Medical Center, Korea. RESULTS: The median age was 58 years. Eleven and four patients had recurrent/metastatic and locally advanced unresectable disease. The median overall survival in all patients was 20.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.7 to 26.1). As first-line therapy, intravenous 5-fluorouracil were administered in four patients (27%), gemcitabine in five (33%), gemcitabine plus capecitabine in two (13%), oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX) in two (13%), and concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by capecitabine maintenance therapy in two (13%). The objective response rate (ORR) to chemotherapy alone was 23% and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.6 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 8.4). After progression, second-line chemotherapy was administered in eight patients, while four patients received FOLFOX and the other four patients received gemcitabine. The ORR was 38%, and patients administered FOLFOX had significantly better PFS than those administered gemcitabine (median, 6.5 months vs. 1.4 months; p=0.007). The ratio of time to tumor progression (TTP) during first-line chemotherapy to TTP at second-line chemotherapy was significantly higher in patients administered FOLFOX (4.07; range, 0.87 to 8.30) than in those administered gemcitabine (0.12; range, 0.08 to 0.25; p=0.029). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that oxaliplatin-containing regimens may have improved activity against pancreatic ACC.

Derivación exocrina al duodeno en trasplante simultáneo de riñón y páncreas, experiencia en la Fundación Valle de Lili, Cali, Colombia / Exocrine bypass to the duodenum in simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant, experience at Fundación Valle de Lili, Cali, Colombia

Introducción: El trasplante simultáneo de riñón y páncreas es reconocido como un tratamiento eficaz para el manejo de pacientes con diabetes mellitus, principalmente de tipo I, e insuficiencia renal crónica. Sin embargo, hoy en día aún existe dificultad para el seguimiento del injerto pancreático, ya que no existe un marcador serológico definitivo que lo permita y persiste la dificultad para la toma de biopsias. Se ha descrito una modificación en la técnica quirúrgica que permitiría el acceso endoscópico mediante una duodeno-duodenostomía. Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron los pacientes que recibieron un trasplante simultáneo de riñón y páncreas con derivación exocrina al duodeno, evaluando la seguridad del procedimiento, la evolución y las complicaciones médico-quirúrgicas. Resultados. Nueve pacientes fueron sometidos a trasplante simultáneo de riñón y páncreas con derivación exocrina al duodeno. La mediana de la edad fue de 36 años y la mayoría era del sexo masculino. El tiempo de isquemia en frío fue de 10 horas para el injerto pancreático y de 11 horas para el renal. El tiempo total de hospitalización fue de 21 días. Se presentó una pérdida del injerto pancreático y una pérdida del injerto renal. Hubo una sola muerte, causada por aspergilosis pulmonar. Conclusiones. La derivación exocrina duodenal permite y facilita la evaluación y el seguimiento endoscópico del injerto pancreático. No supone una mayor exigencia técnica en el trasplante simultáneo de riñón y páncreas, ni un incremento en el número de complicaciones en relación directa con la modificación del procedimiento quirúrgico.

Introduction: Despite its recognition as an effective therapy for the management of patients with Type I diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure, simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant encounters difficulties in monitoring the pancreatic graft, and there is no strong serologic marker coupled with the difficulties in taking biopsies. We describe a modification of a surgical technique that allows endoscopic access through a duodenostomy. Material and methods. Patients who received simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation with exocrine bypass to the duodenum were selected to evaluate the safety of the procedure, the clinical postoperative course, and the medical and surgical complications. Results: Nine patients were submitted to simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation with exocrine bypass to the duodenum. Median age was 36, most patients where male. Cold ischemia time was 10 hours for the pancreatic graft and 11 hours for the kidney graft. Total hospital stay was 21 days. There was one death caused by pulmonary aspergillosis. Conclusion: The duodenal exocrine derivation permits and facilitates the evaluation and endoscopy follow-up of the pancreatic graft. It neither imposes greater technical demands in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation, nor an increase in the number of complications directly related to the modification of the surgical procedure.

Avances en la cirugía de tumores del páncreas exocrino en niños / Advances in the surgical management of pancreatic exocrine tumors in children

Introducción: Los tumores pancreáticos en la infancia son infrecuentes y diversos. Dentro de ellos, el pan-creatoblastoma es el más frecuente en niños pequeños, seguido por el tumor sólido pseudopapilar (TSP), que es una neoplasia de bajo grado de malignidad que predomina en niñas y mujeres jóvenes. La resección quirúrgica completa, es su tratamiento de elección. En la medida del progreso de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva , la pancreatectomía laparoscópica parece ser factible y segura en niños. Objetivo: Comunicar el caso clínico de un niño con TSP para alertar sobre esta patología y actualizar acerca de su manejo quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Niño de 10 años portador de un tumor pancreático diagnosticado por presentar dolor abdominal luego de un traumatismo menor. La ultrasonografía y TAC de abdomen mostraron un tumor de 8 cm en el cuerpo y cola del páncreas, sin metástasis. La a-feto proteína fue normal. Se realizó pancreatectomía córporo caudal laparoscópica y esplenectomía, siendo dado de alta al sexto día postoperatorio, sin incidentes. La biopsia confirmó TSP. Discusión: Se expone acerca de las características y clasificación de los tumores del páncreas en la infancia. En particular de discute acerca del TSP, su enfrentamiento diagnóstico y las ventajas de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva en su tratamiento.

Introduction: Pancreatic tumors in childhood are rare and diverse. Among them, pancreatoblastoma is the most common pancreatic tumor in young children, followed by the solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT), which is an uncommon neoplasm characterized by low potential for malignancy that mainly occurs in young women. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Following the advances in minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy appears to be feasible and safe in children. Objective: To report a case of a child with SPT to create awareness on this topic and update its surgical management. Case report: The case of a 10 year old boy carrying a pancreatic tumor, who sought medical attention due to abdominal pain after minor trauma, is reported. Ultrasonography and CT scan of the abdomen showed an 8 cm tumor in the body and tail of the pancreas, no metastases. The alpha-fetoprotein was normal. Laparoscopic corporocaudal pan-createctomy and splenectomy were performed, and the patient was discharged on the sixth postoperative day without incident. Biopsy confirmed SPT. Discussion: This study exposes the characteristics and classification of pancreatic tumors in childhood. In particular, SPT is discussed regarding diagnosis and the advantages of minimally invasive surgery as part of the treatment.

A Case of a Calcitonin-Secreting Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor in a Pateint with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 / 대한내과학회지

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors of the parathyroid gland, exocrine pancreas, and anterior pituitary gland. Calcitonin-secreting pancreatic endocrine tumors are rare, and calcitonin-secreting pancreatic endocrine tumors with MEN1 have not been reported in Korea. A 46-year-old woman was admitted for a right breast cancer operation. Abnormal blood chemistry findings were hypercalcemia and elevated calcitonin. The patient was diagnosed with a calcitonin-secreting pancreatic endocrine tumor, left thyroid papillary carcinoma, right breast invasive ductal carcinoma, a thymic carcinoid tumor, left adrenal adenoma, uterine myoma, and adenomyosis by computed tomography scan, and with pituitary macroadenoma by brain magnetic resonance imaging. We present this case with a review of the literature, because it is the first reported calcitonin-secreting pancreatic endocrine tumor with MEN 1 in Korea.

Pancreatitis y pancreatopatía crónica: evaluación fisiopatogénica, clínica y funcional: (basada en 1.300 casos en más de tres décadas en el Hospital de Clínicas de Bs. As.) / Chronic pancreatitis and chronic pancreatopathy: physiopathogenic, clinical and funcitonal evaluation. experience with 1,300 cases during three decades

Siguiendo a una experiencia de 33 años, de orden clínico y funcional (test de secretina), se intenta, por una parte, precisar los conceptos de pancreatitis crónica (PC) y de pancretopatía crónica (Pt.p.Cr.). Por otra, de consignar los índices de incidencia y de sus peculiaridades clínicas de expresión. El término de PC se propone cuando: "Las alteraciones estructurales del páncreas, con las eventuales modificaciones de los órganos y elementos anatómicos que con él se vinculan, y/o el déficit funcional de su componente exocrino ("pancreón") constituyen la fuente de la expresión clínica que predomina, de manera ostensible, en el complejo sindromático que exhibe el paciente en evaluación". Se estima como no ajustada a la realidad la noción clásica que considera a la PC como una afección de curso progresivo inexorable. Se enfatiza, por el contrario, la noción de que la PC cuando es adecuadamente tratada puede detener su evolución e, incluso, mostrar evidencias clínico-funcionales de su capacidad regenerativa. La denominación de pancreatopatía crónica (Pt.p.Cr.) es propuesta para aquellas condiciones en las que: "Los signos y/o síntomas originados por eventuales alteraciones anátomos-estructurales del páncreas y/o por modificaciones funcionales de su componenete secretorio exocrino se hallan disimuladamente inmersos dentro de un complejo sindromático que tiene génesis extra-pancreonal". De los 1.300 tests de secretina efectuados, 100 fueron dedicados a perfilar la respuesta secretoria exocrina normal. Y ello tanto en el hombre como en la mujer, discriminando, además, en ambos sexos, los resultados obtenidos por encima y por debajo de una edad crítica límite trazada a los 45 años. En 368 casos, la evaluación conjunta clínica-funcional permitió incluir a los pacientes dentro de la categoría de las PC. Dentro de esta entidad nosológica, se hizo el distingo entre la PC calcificante (alcohólica e idiopática), la autoinmune y la obstructiva. Como PC alchólica fueron.

Following a clinical evaluation and an exocrine pancreatic secretion exploration with the secretin test for more than three decades, we have tried to delineate the concepts of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and chronic pancreatopathy (Chr. Ptp). Besides, the rate of incidence of these two clinical entities in the Clinicas Hospital of Bs. As. was analyzed and discussed. The term CP was accepted when: "The anatomo-structural changes of the pancreatic gland and/or the exocrine functional component impairment constitute the patient's dominant clinical expresion". It is considered as erroneous and misleading the assumption that considers CP as a disease of an inexorable progressive course. On the contrary, the authors empehasize their conviction, based on experimental and clinical experiences, that CP is susceptible, when appropriately treated, of stopping its evolution and even disclose clinical-functional imporovements testifyng the inherent regenerative capacity of the gland. In contrast to the above, the denomination of Chr.Ptp. should be restricted when: "The signs and/or symptoms induced by the anatomo-structural changes of the pancretic gland and/or the functional derangement of the exocrine component remain disguised in the clinical syndrome of other diseases". Out of the 1,300 secretin tests performed, 100 were done on healthy controls. This study allowed establishing the normal statistical values of the different parameters. Besides, of showing the differences between men and women, especially above the critical age of 45. This clinical-functional evaluation allowed classifying 368 cases as CP. The folowing sub-groups were delineated: Calcifyiung "CP" (alcoholic, 240 cases and idiopathic, 119 cases); autoimmune CP (n=7) and Obstructive "CP" (n=11). In the Chr.Ptp. entity were classified 171 cases. As it is implied in the definition, this type of chronic inflammation of the pancreatic gland remained immersed in other disease entities.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells / 대한외과학회지

Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells is a rare neoplasm of the exocrine pancreas. Some similar cases have been reported, but the histogenesis of these tumors varies and is controversial. We report here on a case of undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells. A 77-year old woman presented with abdominal pain and anorexia. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed an approximately 10 x 5 cm highly attenuated mass arising from the tail of the pancreas and invading the spleen and adjacent bowel loop. The initial impression was a malignant endocrine tumor or solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. The patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and left hemicolectomy. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry helped make the diagnosis that of an undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells of the pancreas.

Effect of sodium cyclamate on the rat fetal exocrine pancreas: a karyometric and stereological study / Efectos del ciclamato de sodio en el pancreas exocrino fetal de ratas: estudio cariométrico y estereológico

The cyclamate, a sweetner substance derived from N-cyclo-hexyl-sulfamic acid, is largely utilized as a non-caloric artificial edulcorant in foods and beverages as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate karyometric and stereological alterations in the rat fetal pancreas resulting from the intraperitoneal administration of sodium cyclamate. The exocrine pancreas of ten fetuses of rats were evaluated, five treated and five controls chosen at random, in which five rats that received from the 10th to 14th days of pregnancy an intraperitoneal daily injection of sodium cyclamate at 60 mg/Kg of body weight during 5 days. At the 20th day of gestation, the animals were removed and weighed, as were their placentas; the length of the umbilical cords also were measured. After the laboratory processing, semi-seriated 6mm cuts stained with haematoxyline and eosine were performed. In seven karyometric parameters (major, minor, and medium diameters, volume, area, perimeter, and volume-area ratio), the increase was statistically significant in the treated group when compared with control group. Stereological parameters showed in the treated group a significant increase in the cellular volume and a significant reduction in the numerical cellular density. These results showed that the sodium cyclamate in pregnant rats led to retardation of fetal development and hypertrophy in the exocrine pancreas of the rat fetuses.

El ciclamato, es una substancia derivada del ácido N-ciclo-hexil-sulfámico, bastante usada como edulcorante no calórico en los alimentos y bebidas, así como en la industria farmacéutica. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las alteraciones cariométricas y estereológicos en páncreas fetal de rata tras la administración intraperitoneal de ciclamato de sodio. El páncreas exocrino de diez de los fetos de rata fueron evaluados, cinco tratados y cinco controles seleccionados al azar, en el que cinco ratas recibieron del día 10 al día 14 de preñez una inyección intraperitoneal diaria de ciclamato de sodio a 60 mg/Kg de peso corporal durante 5 días. En el día 20 de gestación, los animales fueron retirados y pesados, al igual que sus placentas. Asimismo, se midió la longitud de los cordones umbilicales. Después del procesamiento de laboratorio, cortes semi-seriados de 6µm, se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina. En siete parámetros cariométricos (diámetros mayor, menor y medio, volumen, área, perímetro y relación área/volumen). El aumento fue estadísticamente significativo en el grupo tratado comparado con el grupo control. Los parámetros estereológicos mostraron en el grupo tratado un aumento significativo del volumen celular y una reducción significativa en la densidad numérica celular. Estos resultados mostraron que el uso del ciclamato de sodio en las ratas preñadas causa retardo en el desarrollo fetal e hipertrofia en el páncreas exocrino de los fetos de rata.

Terapia enzimática en alteraciones del páncreas exocrino / Enzyme therapy in exocrine pancreatic disorders

La insuficiencia pancreática (IP) exocrina se manifiesta cuando el páncreas ha perdido alrededor del 98% de sus glándulas. La fibrosis quística (FQ) es la causa más común de IP en los niños, entre el 85% y 90% de ellos requerirá tratamiento con enzimas pancreáticas. La monitorización de la eficacia debe realizarse fundamentalmente observando la respuesta nutricional del paciente y la consistencia de la deposiciones. Se debe reconocer que la respuesta inadecuada al tratamiento en la mayoría de los casos está relacionada con la baja adherencia o la inadecuada toma de las enzimas.

Pancreatic insufficiency (PI) occurs when the exocrine páncreas has lost about 98% of their glands. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common cause of PI in children, between 85% and 90% of them require treatment with pancreatic enzymes. The monitoring of efficacy should primarily be looking at the patient's nutritional response and consistency of stools. If should be recognized tha the inadequate response to treatment in most cases is related to poor adherence or inadequate making enzymes.

Ca2+ signaling in pancreatic acinar cells: physiology and pathophysiology

The pancreatic acinar cell is a classical model for studies of secretion and signal transduction mechanisms. Because of the extensive endoplasmic reticulum and the large granular compartment, it has been possible - by direct measurements - to obtain considerable insights into intracellular Ca2+ handling under both normal and pathological conditions. Recent studies have also revealed important characteristics of stimulus-secretion coupling mechanisms in isolated human pancreatic acinar cells. The acinar cells are potentially dangerous because of the high intra-granular concentration of proteases, which become inappropriately activated in the human disease acute pancreatitis. This disease is due to toxic Ca2+ signals generated by excessive liberation of Ca2+ from both the endoplasmic reticulum and the secretory granules.

Effect of resveratrol-induced FasL up-regulation on the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells in rats with severe acute pancreatitis / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of resveratrol on the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and explore the mechanism of such effect.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>SD rats with 3.5% sodium taurocholate-induced SAP were treated with resveratrol, and the serum amylase was detected with automatic biochemistry analyzer. The apoptosis of the pancreatic acinar cells in the rats was detected by TUNEL assay, and the expression of Fas and FasL genes was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The pathological changes of the pancreas were observed under optical microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with SAP group, the resveratrol-treated rats showed obviously decreased serum amylase and scores for pancreatic histopathological lesions. Resveratrol treatment significantly increased the apoptotic indices of pancreatic acinar cells and the levels of FasL mRNA and protein in rats with SAP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Resveratrol produces important therapeutic effect on SAP in rats by inducing pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis possibly as a result of up-regulated FasL gene expression.</p>

Effect of simvastatin on the exocrine part of the pancreas in adult albino rat and the possible protective role of coenzyme Q10: a light and electron microscopic study

The statins represent the drugs of choice for treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Because of the common use of statins [including simvastatin], both physicians and patients have demonstrated valid concerns about the safety associated with the use of such medications. This work was performed to study the effect of simvastatin on the exocrine part of the pancreas and to evaluate the possible protective role of Coenzyme Q10 [CoQ10]. The present study was carried out on 35 adult male albino rats which were divided into; group I [control group], group II [given 1.44 mg of simvastatin once daily for 12 weeks] and group III [given simvastatin in the same dose concomitantly with 3.6 mg of CoQ10 once daily for the same period]. The specimens were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. Sections of simvastatin-treated rats showed morphological changes in acinar cells in the form of pyknotic nuclei, cytoplasmic vacuolation, abnormal shape of acini, congestion of blood vessels and widening of interstitial tissue. By Verhoeff's Van Gieson's stain, dissolution of elastic laminae was detected in some blood vessels. Ultrastructurally, there were variation of electron density of zymogen granules, dilation of both RER and perinuclear space, large vacuoles and damaged mitochondria in some acinar cells. The above findings were less prominent in animals treated with both simvastatin and CoQ10. Simvastatin has a harmful effect on the exocrine part of the pancreas and it is advisable that patients receiving simvastatin could use CoQ10 to minimize its side effects

A Case of Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas

Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy of the exocrine pancreas. Because of a higher recurrence rate and frequent metastases, this tumor, generally, has a poor prognosis. We report a case of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma in a 60-year-old man. His chief complaint was jaundice. Abdominal CT revealed a heterogeneous enhancing mass in the pancreatic head measuring 8.2x7.5cm. After receiving the Whipple procedure, acinar cell carcinoma was diagnosed by pathological examination. Liver metastasis was found at one year after the curative resection.

Hypoglycemic and other related effects of Boswellia glabra in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

The hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves and roots of Boswellia glabra was examined using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. A single oral administration of Boswellia glabra leaf and root extract decreased the blood glucose level. The continued use of leaf and root extract for 28 days produced significant hypoglycemic effects; also there was a decrease in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine levels and enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase). Ultra structural studies of beta cell of alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with root extract showed numerous granulated sacs in comparison to rats treated with leaf extract. Thus, rats treated with root extract showed less degranulated sacs and more number of filled secretory granules in comparison to diabetic rats. Thus the use of aqueous extract of Boswellia glabra increased the synthesis of secretory granules in the beta-cell.

comparative study of the ultrastructure of submandibular, parotid and exocrine pancreas in diabetes and fasting

To comparatively analyze the ultrastructural changes in the submandibular and parotid glands and in the exocrine pancreas following diabetes induced by Streptozotocin exposure and the effects of fasting and insulin treatment on these alterations. For experimental procedure, we included 48 Sprague-Dawley type rats in July 2001-March 2002 at Gazi University, Turkey. We divided the rats into 8 groups following the infusion of Streptozotocin. While the degeneration manifested itself as accumulation of secretions within the mucous cells in the submandibular gland, lipid droplets were absent, being replaced by vacuolar structures. The parotid gland and exocrine pancreas, having similar properties, were affected similarly. Diabetes-induced loss of granules was observed in the serous cells in both glands. There was diffuse lipid accumulation within these cells. Regarding granule content, we observed the most prominent degenerative changes in the parotid gland. While cellular loss was observed in neither the submandibular, nor the parotid gland, we noted presence of apoptotic cells was noted in the pancreas. State of fasting was found to cause alterations within the glands indicating increased activity. While insulin treatment was seen to restore the structure to normal in general in both of the 3 glands. This study demonstrated that both of the 3 glands are affected by diabetes and concomitant fasting, and this effect manifests itself via the granule content

Hepatocellular adenoma in a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)

A 7-year-old female Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) at the Seoul Grand Park, Korea, died after displaying depression, anorexia, weight loss and rough skin for several days. At necropsy, a solitary friable round mass, which was approximately 12 x 9 x 5 cm and mottled dark red and yellow, was found bulging from the right hepatic lobe. Microscopically, the nonencapsulated, poorly circumscribed mass was composed of solid sheets of neoplastic hepatocytes. In addition, numerous small tan foci, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 cm in diameter, were evenly scattered throughout the pancreatic tissue. These foci were found to be nonencapsulated, well-demarcated hyperplastic nodules of the exocrine pancreatic gland. We observed neither intrahepatic nor extrahepatic metastases. Based on the gross and microscopic changes, we diagnosed the animal as having a hepatocellular adenoma accompanied by exocrine pancreatic nodular hyperplasia.

Effects of Aspartame on the Exocrine Pancreas of Rat Fetuses / Efectos del Aspartame en el Páncreas Exocrino de Fetos de Ratas

The present study evaluated the effects of the sweetener aspartame on the fetal pancreas, through a morphometric study, with the objective of studying the exocrine pancreas at the end of gestational development. For this we utilized two treated groups, one with a solution of aspartame at ambient temperature and the other with an aspartame solution heated to 40C, and two groups treated with water ad libitum, at ambient temperature and heated to 40C, respectively. On the final day of gestation the fetuses were removed and the pancreas was collected for microscopic analysis. The morphometric study demonstrated alteration in eight out of the eleven parameters studied in the group treated with the heated solution and one parameter altered in the group treated with solution at ambient temperature.

El presente estudio evalúa los efectos del endulzante aspartame en el páncreas fetal de rata, a través del estudio morfométrico, con el objetivo de conocer el páncreas exocrino al final del desarrollo gestacional. Fueron utilizados dos grupos tratados, uno con una solución de aspartame a temperatura ambiente y otro con una solución de aspartame calentada a 40C, y dos grupos tratados con agua ad libitum, a temperatura ambiente y calentada a 40 C, respectivamente. En el último día de gestación los fetos fueron removidos y el páncreas fue extraído para el análisis microscópico. El estudio morfométrico demostró alteraciones en ocho de los once parámetros estudiados en el grupo tratado con solución de aspartame calentada y un parámetro alterado en el grupo tratado con solución a temperatura ambiente.

A Case of Pancreatic Endocrine and Exocrine Tumor with MEN Type I / 대한소화기내시경학회지

An acinar cell carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas is a rare tumor with reported a incidence of 1% to 2% of pancreatic carcinomas. Cases of acinar cell carcinomas with amphicrine features have been reported in recent decades. However, there are no reports of two simultaneous pancreatic masses: an endocrine tumor and, an exocrine tumor. We encountered a 59-year-old female patient presenting with abdominal pain and melena. The acinar cell carcinoma was a 1x1 cm-sized round solid mass in the head of the pancreas. The islet tumor was a 2.5x1.5 cm-sized round mass in the body of the pancreas. The endocrine tumor was nonfunctioning. Melena resulted from the hemosuccus pancreaticus due to a ductal invasion of the acinar cell carcinoma. The patient had a parathyroid adenoma with hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, both the islet tumor and parathyroid adenoma with hyperparathyroidism were strongly suggestive of a MEN I.