ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibilities and macrolide resistance mechanisms of beta-hemolytic viridans group streptococci (VGS) in a tertiary Korean hospital. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven antimicrobials were determined for 103 beta-hemolytic VGS isolated from various specimens. The macrolide resistance mechanisms of erythromycin-resistant isolates were studied by the double disk test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall resistance rates of beta-hemolytic VGS were found to be 47.5% to tetracycline, 3.9% to chloramphenicol, 9.7% to erythromycin, and 6.8% to clindamycin, whereas all isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin. Among ten erythromycin-resistant isolates, six isolates expressed a constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) phenotype, and each of the two isolates expressed the M phenotype, and the inducible MLSB (iMLSB) phenotype. The resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin of beta-hemolytic VGS seemed to be lower than those of non-beta-hemolytic VGS in our hospital, although cMLSB phenotype carrying erm(B) was dominant in beta-hemolytic VGS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ceftriaxone/pharmacology , Chloramphenicol/pharmacology , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Cross Infection/genetics , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Erythromycin/pharmacology , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Korea , Macrolides/pharmacology , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tetracycline/pharmacology , Vancomycin/pharmacology , Viridans Streptococci/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Aspirative pleuropulmonary infections are usually caused by anaerobic flora of the mouth, mainly Prevotella, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus spp. Penicillin in high doses is the traditional treatment for this type of infections but the rising resistance developed in recent years has induced the empiric use of clindamycin, increasing treatment costs. Aim: To study antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from pleuropulmonary infections. Material and methods: Thirty two strains obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage and 15 strains isolated from pleural effusions between 2000 and 2002, were studied. The phenotype of strains was identified using the semiautomated API 20 A method and their susceptibility to penicillin (PNC), clindamycin (CM) and chloramphenicol (CAF) was tested using the E test methods. Results: All the strains were susceptible to CAF, 95% to CM and 74.4% to PNC. The predominant genus was Prevotella, which also exhibited the higher resistance. Conclusions: As CM and CAF are active "in vitro", high rates of clinical response should be expected. In contrast, PNC is less effective, especially against pigmented Prevotella.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology , Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification , Bacteroidaceae Infections/microbiology , Chloramphenicol Resistance , Chloramphenicol/pharmacology , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Fusobacterium/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Porphyromonas/drug effects , Prevotella/drug effectsABSTRACT
A bacteriological study of external ear canal was performed in 52 hospitalized cancer patients and 42 non hospitalized cancer patients at Shafa hospital, Ahwaz. Study was under taken to find out the normal flora changes in the external ear canals and to observe the prevalence of external otitis among these cancer patients. The control group consisted of 40 non-cancer patients. We observed the following bacteria among hospitalized cancer patients. Staphylococcus Coagulase negative (51.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.7%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (11.9%). Similarly, among non hospitalized cancer patients, Staphylococcus Coagulase negative (45.2%), S. aureus (9.5%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (4.7%). Incidence of Staphylococcus Coagulase negative and Streptococci pneumoniae is higher in control group than that in cancer patients. We have concluded that cancer patients probably suffer from external otitis more frequently because of enhanced colonization by S. aureus (P < 0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility of these organisms to various antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method using Muller Hinton agar. In hospitalized cancer patients Staphylococcus Coagulase negative was 25% and 85% resistant to Vancomycin and Penicillin G and in non hospitalized cancer patients, Staphylococcus Coagulase negative were 45% and 80% resistant to Vancomycin and Penicillin G. S. aureus of both the groups (hospitalized & non hospitalized) were resistant to Penicillin G. Similarly, both the groups were 55% and 50% resistance to Vancomycin.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Ear Canal/microbiology , Humans , Iran , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/complications , Otitis Externa/epidemiology , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Vancomycin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Este trabajo de investigación se basó en los efectos de la penicilina cristalina en pediatría Hospital "Dr. Samuel Darío Maldonado" San Antonio Táchira, tiene como finalidad demostrar que a pesar de tener más de 50 años de haber sido descubierta la penicilina, aún existe susceptibilidad de los agentes etiológicos de las neumonías en niños.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Chest Pain/diagnosis , Chills/diagnosis , Fever/diagnosis , Pneumonia/diagnosis , Pneumonia/pathology , Pneumonia/therapy , Penicillins/administration & dosage , Penicillins/classification , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Pediatrics , Cell Wall/parasitology , Penicillin G/pharmacology , RespirationABSTRACT
Os autores consideram a erradicaçäo da estreptococcia com penicilina benzatina essencial para extinguir a enfermidade. O risco de morte deve-se às formas graves de cardite. Em tais casos, a pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona, em altas doses, é o tratamento de escolha. Focalizam os detalhes da terapêutica, incluindo a prednisona e o ácido acetilsalicílico. Discutem, também, a terapêutica da artrite e da coréia. Realçam a necessidade da cirurgia acoplada com a pulsoterapia na atividade reumática com graves lesöes hemodinâmicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Rheumatic Fever/drug therapy , Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage , Penicillin G/administration & dosage , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Penicillin G/therapeutic use , Pulse Therapy, Drug , Rheumatic Heart Disease , Streptococcus/drug effects , Rheumatic Heart Disease/etiology , Rheumatic Fever/complications , Rheumatic Fever/diagnosis , Rheumatic Fever/drug therapy , Rheumatic Fever/therapy , Myocarditis/pathologyABSTRACT
Envenomation caused by snakes of the Bothrops genus produces a lesion in the bite site and can result in extensive necrosis. The dead tissue can be secondarily infected by bacteria that come from the snake, and the bacteria can be inoculated at the moment of the bite. The bacteria that most commonly cause infection are the enterobacteria, mainly Morganella morganii, Proteus rettgeri, Enterobacter sp., and Escherichia coli. Group D streptococci including here Enterococcus sp. and the Bacteroides sp. are also involved. Based on a study of the sensibility of these bacteria, it has been suggested that this infection must be treated with chloramphenicol, as a sole antimicrobial agent, or with the combinations of benzylpenicillin or ampicillin with aminoglycoside or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Although Governmental Health Services do not recommend the prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs, it is not yet clear that such a procedure would not be useful in cases with a high probability of infection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Aminoglycosides/pharmacology , Ampicillin/pharmacology , Bothrops , Chloramphenicol/pharmacology , Crotalid Venoms , Bacteroides Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Proteus Infections/drug therapy , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Snake Bites/physiopathology , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/pharmacology , Snake Bites/microbiologyABSTRACT
A endoftalmite bacteriana pode ser considerada como uma complicaçäo frequente da ceratoplastia penetrante, se comparada com a incidência da mesma encontrada nas cirurgias de catarata, 0,8 e 0,09 por cento, respectivamente. A segurança do transplante de córnea pode ser aumentada adicionando outros agentes bactericidas à gentamicina, capazes de atingir o espectro näo alcançado pela mesma. Para comparar a eficácia antimicrobiana, foram empregados 52 anéis córneo-esclerais provenientes de córneas humanas, distribuidos em 3 diferentes meios de preservaçäo de córnea, o primeiro contendo gentamicina (optsol), o segundo gentamicina e estreptomicina (optsol GS) e o terceiro gentamicina, estreptomicina e penicilina G (likorol). As culturas dos anéis córneo-esclerais apresentaram-se positivas em 6 amostras (11,5 por cento), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os diferentes grupos (p>0,05). Foram identificados os seguintes microrganismos: Candida albicans (no Optsol GS e Likorol), Staphylococcus epidermidis (no Optsol) e Streptococcus faecali (no Likorol)
Subject(s)
Humans , Cornea/microbiology , Endophthalmitis/drug therapy , Gentamicins/pharmacology , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Streptomycin/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, MicrobialABSTRACT
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus isolates from children in eleven developing nations
Subject(s)
Ampicillin/pharmacology , Developing Countries , Haemophilus/isolation & purification , Haemophilus , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standardsABSTRACT
Os efeitos de concentraçöes submínimas inibitórias de penicilina na morfologia de estreptococos beta-hemolíticos dos grupos sorológicos A, B e C crescidos in vitro, foram estudados. O antibiótico betalactâmico induziu modificaçöes na morfologia e nas propriedades de coloraçäo (Gram) das células, como também na formaçäo de cadeias estreptocócicas maiores do que as da cultura controle. Com o auxílio de análise estatísticas (teste U de Mann-Whitney e "probits") foi constatado que os estreptococos dos grupos A, B e C crescidos nas concentraçöes correspondentes a 1/5, 1/2 e 1/4 da concentraçäo submínima inibitória, respectivamente, constituíam as maiores cadeias (p < 0,0001)
Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Streptococcus/drug effectsABSTRACT
Forty one consecutive gonococcal isolates were tested by disc method for their sensitivity to penicillin and seven other antimicrobials. Nineteen (46.34%) strains of N. gonorrhoeae were found to be relatively resistant to penicillin (MIC over 0.25 IU/ml) including 2 (4.88%) strains with complete resistance to penicillin (MIC over 1 IU/ml). None of the gonococcal strains tested was penicillinase-producing (PPNG). A decline in the proportion of sensitive strains of gonococci with a non-significant rise in median value of MIC for penicillin from 2.16 IU/ml in 1980-81 to 2.52 IU/ml in 1986-87 and other antimicrobials was observed.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , India , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/drug effects , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Penicillin Resistance , Penicillinase/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Um total de 25 amostras de bactérias anaeróbias, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens e Clostridium difficile foram avaliadas quanto a sensibilidade a vários antimicrobi anos pelo método de eluiçäo do disco em caldo BHI pré-reduzido esterilizado em anaerobiose (PRAS) e os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por uma metodologia de BHI näo-PRAS. Uma grande correlaçäo entre os dois métodos justifica a indicaçäo desta alternativa como procedimento satisfatório em rotina bacteriológica
Subject(s)
Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Bacteroides fragilis/drug effects , Cefoxitin/pharmacology , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Clostridium perfringens/drug effects , Clostridium/drug effects , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Prevotella melaninogenica/drug effects , Tetracycline/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Em divulgaçäo de pesquisas no campo da terapêutica da gonococcia, realizadas na Disciplina de Dermatologia Sanitária do Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP, os autores relatam os resultados clínicos e laboratoriais observados em 31 pacientes do sexo masculino, portadores de uretrite gonocócica aguda sem complicaçöes, por açäo do cefotiam, nova cefalosporina semi-sintética. Ao cabo de dois controles clínicos e laboratoriais pós-medicaçäo, foram observados 96,970% de sucesso (erradicaçäo da Neisseria gonorrhoeae), com apenas 9,091% de permanência de secreçäo residual. Foram analisadas também as associaçöes da Neisseria gonorrhoeae com outros germes no momento do diagnóstico, assim como a sensibilidade em discos ao cefotiam, à penicilina G e ao tianfenicol. O alto índice de cura, associado à näo referência de efeitos colaterais, permitiu aos autores concluírem ser o fármaco excelente opçäo medicamentosa no tratamento da gonococcia aguda masculina