Análise da composição do óleo essencial de Croton tricolor como um modelo na criação de acordes em fragrâncias na indústria da perfumaria / Analysis of the Croton tricolor essential oil composition as a model in the creation of fragrance accords for the perfumery industry

O uso de óleos essenciais na indústria de fragrância tem crescido a cada ano. A indústria de cosméticos, em geral, tem buscado este tipo de ingrediente com o objetivo de agregar atributos únicos e melhores aos seus produtos e assim entregar, ao consumidor final, diferenciais que poderão valorizar suas formulações, além de simplesmente perfumar. O benefício de usar óleos naturais ou acordes de seus principais componentes em formulações de fragrâncias é que estes se tornam composições mais ricas, e em muitos casos, capazes de proporcionar perfumação prolongada ao produto, quando comparados àqueles sintetizados. A presença de compostos variados nos óleos, como terpenos e resinas, ajudam a promover singularidades à fragrância e até mesmo servem como inspiração às criações de produtos com descrições olfativas de produtos naturais. Croton tricolor (Euphorbiaceae), segundo avaliação inicial de um perfumista, apresentou excelentes características olfativas, o que facilitou seu uso nos estudos. A análise do óleo essencial de C. tricolor por cromatografia à gás com detector de ionização de chamas (CG/DIC) e cromatografia à gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) permitiu quantificar e identificar seus principais marcadores, bem como utilizar estas informações para construção de acorde olfativo, reproduzindo o odor do produto natural. O óleo essencial de C. tricolor apresentou como principais componentes o biciclogermacreno (15,4%), espatulenol (10,5%) e o alfa-pineno (6,8%). A partir destes dados foi construído um acorde aromático que reproduziu o odor original, contendo alfa-pineno (7%), álcool fenetílico (5%), óleo de cedro (5%), óleo de laranja (0,5%), limoneno (1%), eucaliptol (0,5%) e nerolidol (0,3%). Os compostos majoritários, biciclogermacreno e espatulenol, não foram adicionados por não serem disponíveis comercialmente, por isso, usaram-se outras matérias-primas semelhantes em perfil olfativo e ofertadas no mercado, como foi o caso do uso de álcool fenetílico, óleo de cedro e óleo de laranja na criação do acorde. Os resultados evidenciaram que a criação de acordes é um método economicamente viável para a reprodução de odores naturais que podem ser utilizados em formulações de fragrâncias, além de ajudar a resolver problemas na produção e comercialização de óleos essenciais como, sazonalidade e reprodutibilidade

The use of essential oils in the fragrance industry has grown every year. The cosmetics industry has generally sought this type of ingredient, with the aim of providing its products with differentiated benefits (unique and better attributes), and thus delivering to the final consumer a differential that can enhance their formulations, besides simply perfuming their products (theirs). The benefit of using natural oils or accords of their major components in fragrance formulations makes them richer, and in many cases capable of providing prolonged perfuming to the final product when compared to synthesized products. The presence of varied compounds in the oils, such as terpenes or (and) resins, helps to promote differentiated fragrance characteristics (singularities/peculiarities to the fragrance), or (and) even to serve as inspiration for product creations with olfactory descriptions of natural products. Croton tricolor (Euphorbiaceae), accordingly to an initial evaluation of a perfumer, presented excellent olfactory characteristics, which facilitated its use in the studies. The analysis of the C. tricolor essential oil by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) allowed to quantify and identify their main markers, as well as to use this information to construct an olfactory accord that reproduces the odor of natural products. The C. tricolor essential oil had as main components bicyclogermacrene (15.4%), spathulenol (10.5%) and alpha pinene (6.8%). From these data, an aromatic accord was created reproducing the original odor containing alpha pinene (7%), phenethyl alcohol (5%), cedar oil (5%), orange oil (0.5%), limonene (1%), eucalyptol (0.5%) and nerolidol (0.3%). Some of the major compounds, bicyclogermacrene and spatulenol, could not be added because they were not commercially available. In these cases (therefore), other products (raw materials) with similar olfactory characteristics (olfactory profile) and commercially viable (offered on the market) were used, such as the use of phenethyl alcohol, cedar oil and orange oil in the accord creation. The results showed that accord creation is an economically viable method for the reproduction of natural odors that can be used in fragrance formulations and may help to solve problems that exist in the production and commercialization of essential oils such as production seasonality and reproducibility

Positive results of patch tests with fragrance markers: analysis of a 15-year period at a Brazilian dermatology center

Abstract: Fragrances may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Data on patients who were patch tested, between 2000 and 2015, with fragrance allergens included in the Brazilian baseline series (balsam of Peru, colophony and fragrance mix I), were collected and analyzed. Of these patients, 258 (13.8%) were positive for fragrance markers, 9.8% being positive for fragrance mix I. Among these 258 there was a predominance of women in their 40s, with hand eczema. The frequency of sensitization to fragrances, as well as the epidemiological profile, was supported by the literature. Fragrance mix I was the main marker. It is important to expand the fragrance markers used in the Brazilian baseline series of patch tests.

Principais sensibilizantes em pacientes idosos e não idosos com dermatite de contato / Main allergens in elderly and non-elderly patients with contact dermatitis

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência dos principais sensibilizantes da dermatite de contato alérgica em pacientes idosos e não idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com revisão dos prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de dermatite de contato, atendidos no período de agosto de 2000 a janeiro de 2012 no Ambulatório de Alergia da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília e em clínica particular de Alergia e Dermatologia na cidade de Marília, estado de São Paulo. Os critérios de inclusão foram diagnóstico clínico de dermatite de contato, realização de teste cutâneo de contato (patch test) no período do estudo e não uso de corticosteroide sistêmico ou outra medicação imunossupressora. Foram analisados idade, sexo, história de outros tipos de alergia e sensibilizantes utilizados. Os resultados do patch test foram lidos 48 horas e 72 horas após a colocação dos contensores. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 362 pacientes, entre o quais 60 idosos (idade maior ou igual a 60 anos) e 302 não idosos. Além da dermatite de contato foram observados outros tipos de alergias em 20 (33,3%) dos idosos e em 113 (37,4%) dos não idosos (p=0,54). Houve um total de 162 reações positivas ao patch test entre os idosos e 738 reações positivas entre os não idosos (p=0,24). Quanto às reações positivas fortes ocorreram 41 (68,3%) entre os idosos e 156 (51,6%) entre os não idosos (p=0,02). Somando-se reações positivas fortes e muito fortes, foram 44 (73,3%) em idosos e 214 (70,8%) em não idosos (p=0,69). As substâncias mais sensibilizantes foram o sulfato de níquel (em 33,3% dos idosos e 38 % dos não idosos) e o perfume mix (em 25% dos idosos e 27,8% dos não idosos), sem diferença estatística entre os dois grupos etários. CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de positividade do patch test entre os pacientes com dermatite de contato foi alta, não havendo diferença entre idosos e não idosos, sendo o sulfato de níquel e o perfume mix as substâncias mais sensibilizantes. Na investigação etiológica da dermatite de contato deve-se pensar principalmente na possibilidade de sensibilização aos perfumes e ao níquel, independentemente da faixa etária.

AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of the main allergens found in allergic contact dermatitis among elderly and non-elderly patients. METHODS: Retrospective study of the medical records of patients clinically diagnosed with contact dermatitis treated from August 2000 to January 2012 at the Allergy Outpatient Clinic of Marília Medical School and at an Allergy and Dermatology private clinic in Marília, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis, patch test performed during the study period, and no treatment with systemic corticosteroids or any other immunosuppressants. Age, sex, history of other types of allergy and allergens used were assessed. The patch test results were read 48 hours and 72 hours after application of the test chambers. RESULTS: A total of 362 patients were included in the study: 60 elderly patients (aged 60 years or older) and 302 non-elderly patients. In addition to contact dermatitis, other types of allergies were observed in 20 (33.3%) of elderly patients and in 113 (37.4%) of non-elderly patients (p=0.54). There were 162 positive reactions on the patch test among elderly patients and 738 positive reactions among non-elderly patients (p=0.24). Strong positive reactions were present in 41 (68.3%) elderly patients and in 156 (51.6%) non-elderly patients (p=0.02). Strong and very strong positive reactions, when assessed together, were detected in 44 (73.3%) elderly patients and in 214 (70.8%) non-elderly patients (p=0.69). The most common allergens were nickel sulfate (in 33.3% of elderly and 38% of non-elderly patients) and fragrance mix (in 25% of elderly and 27.8% of non-elderly patients), with no statistical difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high rate of positive reactions on the patch test among patients with contact dermatitis, with no difference between elderly and non-elderly individuals, and the most common allergens were nickel sulfate and fragrance mix. Therefore, it is important that allergy to nickel and fragrances be included in the etiologic investigation of contact dermatitis, regardless of age.

Genetic variability in G2 and F2 region between biological clones of human respiratory syncytial virus with or without host immune selection pressure

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an important respiratory pathogens among children between zero-five years old. Host immunity and viral genetic variability are important factors that can make vaccine production difficult. In this work, differences between biological clones of HRSV were detected in clinical samples in the absence and presence of serum collected from children in the convalescent phase of the illness and from their biological mothers. Viral clones were selected by plaque assay in the absence and presence of serum and nucleotide sequences of the G2 and F2 genes of HRSV biological clones were compared. One non-synonymous mutation was found in the F gene (Ile5Asn) in one clone of an HRSV-B sample and one non-synonymous mutation was found in the G gene (Ser291Pro) in four clones of the same HRSV-B sample. Only one of these clones was obtained after treatment with the child's serum. In addition, some synonymous mutations were determined in two clones of the HRSV-A samples. In conclusion, it is possible that minor sequences could be selected by host antibodies contributing to the HRSV evolutionary process, hampering the development of an effective vaccine, since we verify the same codon alteration in absence and presence of human sera in individual clones of BR-85 sample.

Estudo da correlação instrumental e sensorial de uma composição aromática aplicada na pele em função do ciclo menstrual / Study of instrumental and sensory correlation of a aromatic composition on the skin in function of mentrual cycle

A área de perfumaria no mundo vem se desenvolvendo a cada dia buscando maior conhecimento das matérias-primas aromáticas, desde suas reações, estabilidade até suas interações com o substrato onde é aplicado, sempre em busca do conhecimento de todas as variáveis que possam influenciar a relação perfume-substrato e a aceitação dos consumidores, medida por meio da avaliação sensorial. Apesar de muitos estudos sobre a relação perfume-pele, poucos envolveram a relação com ciclo menstrual. Neste estudo o objetivo foi correlacionar às análises sensorial e instrumental (medidas biomecânicas e cromatográficas), estudar as matérias-primas aromáticas em função do ciclo menstrual. O estudo envolveu indivíduos com idade entre 18-40 anos: 29 mulheres e 3 homens, estes usados como grupo controle. Cada voluntária teve 40 µl da composição aromática Ciclo 1910 aplicado no antebraço, onde foram feitas as medidas biomecânicas (corneometria, sebumetria e TEWL) nos tempos inicial e 6h. Nos tempos inicial, 1.5h, 3h, 4,5h e 6h se auto-avaliaram sensorialmente a intensidade de perfume por meio de escala sensorial de magnitude rotulada (LMS) e foram coletados os compostos aromáticos liberados pela técnica de headspace e analisados por espectrometria com cromatografia a gás e detetor de massa (CGMS). Realizou-se também medidas biomecânicas de corneometria, sebumetria e TEWL interescapulares em 5 voluntárias nos tempos inicial e 6h para comparação. Os resultados obtidos foram que as fases do ciclo não interferiram nas variáveis biomecânicas (p>0,05) quando analisadas isoladamente. Para as medidas realizadas no antebraço, os índices de Corneometria (p<0,001) e TEWL (p: 0,011) na região tratada apresentou média maior que a do controle. A média dos índices de Corneometria e Sebumetria da região do antebraço tratada foi menor (p<0,001) que da região interescapular. Na análise cromatográfica não houve um padrão de resposta em diferentes fases do ciclo. As correlações entre a avaliação sensorial e instrumental (cromatografia e propriedades biomecânicas) não observaram nenhum nível de correlação (p>0,05). A Cromatografia (dados cromatográficos) foi maior na fase Folicular que nas fases Menstrual e Ovulatória (p=0,003), ao considerar como variável resposta em função do ciclo menstrual e da avaliação sensorial. Houve uma forte correlação positiva entre a análise sensorial e a avaliação na pele do homem (p<0,001). No entanto, o fator intrínseco do indivíduo Mulher influenciou na resposta, ocasionando grande variabilidade, porém percebeu-se claramente que os hormônios sexuais interferiram na resposta sensorial, cromatográfica e biomecânica da pele

The perfumery in the world has been developed everyday bringing more knowledge about aromatic raw-materials, as from chemistry reactions, stability until their interactions with substrate where is applied, always looking for variables could influence in the relation perfume-substrate and consumer acceptability, measured by sensory evaluation. Despite a lot of studies were done on this subject, few involved effects as function of menstrual cycle. The aim of this study was to correlate sensory and instrumental analysis (biomechanical and chromatographic measurements), to study the olfactory profile of raw materials in function of menstrual cycle. The study involved people with 18-40 years old: 29 volunteers, three men, who were used as control group. Each volunteer had 40 µl of perfume applied on forearm, where were done Biomechanical measurements (Corneometer, Sebumeter and TEWL) at initial and 6h, At time initial, 1.5h, 3h, 4.5h and 6h; they did self-sensory assessment in perfume intensity in own forearm using labeled magnitude scale (LMS) and also where aromatic compounds released were collected by headspace technique spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass detector (CGMS). In addition, it was done biomechanical measurements (Corneometer, Sebumeter and TEWL) on interscapular region at initial and 6h for comparing. Resulting that the phases of the cycle did not affect the biomechanical variables (p > 0.05) when analyzed individually. For measurements in the forearm, Corneometry index (p < 0.001) and TEWL (p=0.011) in the treated area were higher than the control. The average of the Sebumetry, Corneometry indexes of the forearm treated was lower (p <0.001) than the interscapular region. In the analysis of chromatographic, there was a standard response at different stages of the menstrual cycle, however the analysis by individual had no a pattern response to the release of aromatic compounds. The correlations between sensory and instrumental (chromatography and biomechanical properties) did not observe any correlation (p> 0.05). But when considering chromatography as the response variable as a function of the menstrual cycle and the sensory evaluation, the follicular phase was higher than the Menstrual and Ovulatory phase (p=0.003). There was a strong positive correlation between sensory analysis and evaluation on men skin (p<0.001). However, the intrinsic factor of the individual woman influenced the response, leading to large response variability; however, see clearly that sex hormones interfere in the sensory response, chromatographic and biomechanics of the skin

Perfumes e colônias no comércio ilegal / Perfumes and colognes in the illegal trade

Perfumes e colônias são elaborados a partir de uma criteriosa seleção de matérias-primas que, combinadas,conferem características únicas e de alto valor agregado ao produto. Em virtude da enorme lucratividadeque o setor da indústria cosmética proporciona, a comercialização de produtos falsificados crescecontinuamente. Este estudo analisou a autenticidade e a segurança de perfumes e colônias de marcasnacionais encontrados no comércio clandestino de São Paulo, avaliando-se os parâmetros microbiológico,citotóxico, perfil cromatográfico e de autenticidade. Houve divergências entre as características dasamostras analisadas e dos padrões de referência, as quais indicam que estes produtos não eram procedentesdas empresas detentoras das marcas. Este dado serve de alerta para intensificar a fiscalização e adoção demedidas contra a prática da falsificação, como as campanhas educativas, para esclarecer os riscos que estesprodutos podem causar à saúde e à segurança dos consumidores.

All in the name of flavour, fragrance & freshness: Commonly used smokeless tobacco preparations in & around a tertiary hospital in India.

Background & objectives: There is a general misconception that smokeless tobacco particularly sweetened and flavoured paan masala and gutkas are safe to use. The present study was undertaken with the objective of highlighting the deceptive and aggressive marketing techniques adopted by the manufacturers of smokeless tobacco preparations exploiting cultural, social and religious values. Another object was to highlight the lack of transparency in terms of content, weight, quality control and warning. Methods: All empty pouches of the used paan masalas, gutka, khaini or surti in and around a tertiary care hospital at east Delhi were collected. Their constituents were studied as per written declaration by the manufacturers on each packet. Information on net weight, cost, presence and type of warning, and quality assurance on each brand provided on side of the packets was noted. Results: A total of 1136 pouches of 33 brands/varieties were collected. Most of the gutka preparations contained tobacco, betel nut, unknown flavouring agents, undeclared spices and heavy metals. Warning regarding the harmful effect of tobacco was written in 90.9 per cent of brands with 81.8 per cent in English language only in minute font. Contents of the products were mentioned in 84.8 per cent of brands and only 27.3 per cent of those mentioned the net weight of the ingredients. Interpretation & conclusions: Seemingly ‘innocuous’ tobacco preparations in the form of paan masalas, gutka, khaini, surti or mouth fresheners contain various harmful substance like tobacco, betel nut, sugar coated fennel, saccharine, heavy metals like silver, unknown flavouring agents and undeclared spices in unknown quantities. Lack of transparency in terms of content, weight, quality control and warning is duping unsuspecting consumers.

[Identification of essential oil components of Satureja sahendica Bornm in cultivated condition in Qazvin]

Satureja sahandica is a perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae and an aromatic plant of Iran flora with its essential oil components used in culinary, medicinal, and perfume industries. To identify components of S. sahandica planted in Qazvin condition. Aerial parts of S. sahandica were collected from a research farm [Qazvin Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center] at flowering stage in 2007. The plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h to produce essential oil and followed by GC and GC/MS for determination of chemical compositions. S. sahandica in cultivated condition gave oils with a yield of 2.12% on dry weight basis. Thirteen components were identified. The main constituents of the essential oil were thymol [38.3%], gamma gamma-terpinene [30.9%], and p-cymene [21.3%]. Essential oil of this plant in cultivated condition produced trace amounts of carvacrol. The results of this study indicated that the essential oil is rich in monoterpene phenols. Thymol, gamma- Terpinene, and p-Cymene were found to be the main components of the essential oil

Comparison of Effects Lavender Abdominal Massage and Inhalation on Dysmenorrhea, Pain, Anxiety and Depression / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate differences between lavender abdominal massage and inhalation on dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, anxiety, and depression. METHODS: This study used a non equivalent quasiexperimental design. Lavender essential oil and almond oil were used in massage and a lavender necklace and artificial perfume necklace in inhalation for female college students. Frequencies, percentages, Chi-square, Fisher' s exact test and t-test with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Dysmenorrhea was significantly higher inhalation for placebo treatment compared to lavender inhalation (p< .001). There was not significant difference between lavender abdominal massage and inhalation. CONCLUSION: Lavender abdominal massage and inhalation could be effective methods to reduce dysmenorrhea. However, before lavender abdominal massage and inhalation can be considered as intervention, it is more needed to study of menstrual pain, anxiety and depression.

Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from Borneo.

Mechanisms that improve prey richness in carnivorous plants may involve three crucial phases of trapping:attraction, capture and retention.Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica is an insectivorous pitcher plant that is widespread in northern Borneo.It exhibits ontogenetic pitcher dimorphism with the upper pitchers trapping more flying prey than the lower pitchers.While this difference in prey composition has been ascribed to differences in attraction,the contribution of capture and retention has been overlooked.This study focused on distinguishing between the prey trapping mechanisms, and assessing their relative contribution to prey diversity.Arthropod richness and diversity of both visitors and prey in the two types of pitchers were analysed to quantify the relative contribution of attraction to prey trapping.Rate of insect visits to the different pitcher parts and the presence or absence of a sweet fragrance was recorded to clarify the origin and mechanism of attraction.The mechanism of retention was studied by insect bioassays and measurements of fluid viscosity. Nepenthes rafflesiana was found to trap a broader prey spectrum than that previously described for any Nepenthes species,with the upper pitchers attracting and trapping a greater quantity and diversity of prey items than the lower pitchers.Capture efficiency was low compared with attraction or retention efficiency.Fragrance of the peristome,or nectar rim,accounted mainly for the observed non-specific, better prey attraction by the upper pitchers, while the retentive properties of the viscous fluid in these upper pitchers arguably explains the species richness of their flying prey.The pitchers of N. rafflesiana are therefore more than simple pitfall traps and the digestive fluid plays an important yet unsuspected role in the ecological success of the species.

Horário de atividade de machos de Euglossina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) e preferência por fragrâncias artificiais em mata e dunas na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, Rio Tinto, PB / Activity time of male Euglossina and preference for artificial fragrances in forest and dunes in the Environmental Protection Area of the Mamanguape River Bar, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil

As abelhas Euglossina formam um grupo com cerca de 200 espécies conhecidas, distribuídas na Região Neotropical. Os machos coletam compostos aromáticos em flores e com a utilização de análogos artificiais é possível realizar levantamentos faunísticos e estudar diversos aspectos ecológicos dessas abelhas. Neste trabalho foram estudados o horário de atividade dos machos de Euglossina e sua preferência por fragrâncias artificiais em áreas de mata e restinga na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, Rio Tinto, PB, de agosto de 2002 a julho de 2004. Seis fragrâncias artificiais foram utilizadas como atrativos: acetato de benzila, beta ionona, escatol, eucaliptol, eugenol e vanilina. Foram amostradas nove espécies, sendo duas exclusivas da mata. Euglossa cordata (L.) e Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier foram as mais abundantes tanto na mata quanto na restinga. Os machos foram mais ativos entre 8:00h e 10:00h nas duas áreas, sem variação ao longo do ano. Eucaliptol e eugenol foram as fragrâncias que atraíram o maior número de espécies. E cordata demonstrou preferência pela beta ionona e eucaliptol e E. nigrita pelo escatol e eucaliptol.

Euglossina bees form a group with about 200 species known, widespread in Neotropical Region. Males collect aromatic compounds on flowers and by using synthesized analogs it is possible to accomplish faunistic inventories and study several ecological aspects of these bees. In this work we studied the activity hours and the preference of aromatic compounds by Euglossina males in forest and dunes at Environmental Protection Area of the Mamanguape River Bar, Rio Tinto, Paraíba State, between August 2002 and July 2004. Six artificial compounds were used as attractive: benzyl acetate, ionone beta, skatole, eucalyptol, eugenol and vanillin. Nine species were sampled, being two of them exclusive of the forest. Euglossa cordata (L.) and Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier were the most abundant species as in the forest as on dunes. Males were more active between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. in both areas, with no variation throughout the year. Eucalyptol and eugenol attracted most number of species. E. cordata demonstrated preference by ionone beta and eucalyptol and E. nigrita by skatole and eucalyptol.

Result of standard patch test in patients suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis.

Contact dermatitis is a common skin disease. Disease was diagnosed by a history of contact substance together with geographic distribution of lesion. Up till now, standard patch test is one of the most reliable test to identify and confirm causative agent of allergic contact dermatitis. To determine the rate of positive standard patch test and to identify the common allergen of contact dermatitis in Thailand, we performed the standard patch test in 129 patients, suspected having allergic contact dermatitis at Department of Dermatology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand from June 1, 2003 to September 1, 2004. The rate of positive standard patch test is 59.7% (n = 77/129). The most 3 common positive allergens were nickel sulfate (18.60%), cobalt chloride (17.05%) and fragrance mix (14.73%), respectively. The chance of positive standard patch test significantly correlated with sex (woman), initial diagnosis as contact dermatitis and history of house-worker (p = 0.017, p = 0.005 and p = 0.023, respectively). Whereas, there were no significant correlation between the chance of positive standard patch test and age of patient, location of lesion, history of recurrence, history of atopy, history of drug and food allergy. In addition, history of metal allergy significantly correlated with the chance of positive nickel sulfate or cobalt chloride in standard patch test (p = 0.017). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the prevalence of causative allergen of contact dermatitis in Thai patients using that standard patch test. Moreover, our data shown that the chance positive standard patch test was greater in patient, who were women or initial diagnosed as contact dermatitis or had history of houseworker or history of metal allergy.

Results of Photopatch and Patch Tests in 35 Korean Patients with Chronic Actinic Dermatitis and Clinical Importance of These Findings / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is a rare disease worldwide. It has been defined on the basis of three criteria: 1) clinical - a persistent eczematous eruption on sun- exposed area with possible extension into non-exposed areas, 2) photobiological - a reduction in the minimal erythema dose to UVB irradiation, and possibly longer wavelengths, and 3) histologic - an appearance consistent with chronic eczema, with or without the presence of lymphoma-like changes. However, only a few clinicohistopathologic and photobiological analyses of CAD have been undertaken in Korea. OBJECTIVE: To explore photoallergens and/or allergens causing or thought to be associated with CAD in Korean patients, and to compare the photopatch or patch test results in Korea with those from other countries. METHODS: Thirty-five Korean patients with CAD were enrolled for this study. Photopatch tests were carried out by applying two sets of the Scandinavian photopatch series to each patient. Two days after application, the photopatch tests were analysed, and one set of the photoallergens was irradiated with 50% of the MED-UVA. Both sets of photoallergens were examined 2 days later. A European standard series was used to assess the patch tests. At two and four days after application, patch tests were analysed. RESULT: Twenty-seven of the 35 patients (77.1%) who had photopatch tests showed positive responses; balsam of Peru, promethazine HCl, perfume mix, fentichlor, chlorhexidine digluconate, and chlorpromazine HCl were the common photoallergens that elicited a positive response. Twenty-one of the 35 patients (70%) showed allergy to nickel, chrome, and/or ammoniated mercury. Noticeably, photoallergens such as balsam of Peru, perfume mix, cobalt, and captan revealed positive reactions in the patch tests, too. CONCLUSION: In 77.1% and 74.3% of CAD patients, photoallergens and allergens were identified, respectively. Among them, 57.1% showed positive reactions including both photopatch and patch tests. After the most frequent photoallergens, perfume and spices, and phenothiazines or related antihistamines ranked next and were found to be a unique characteristic to Korea. Photopatch and patchtests are the method for detecting photoallergens and allergens as important initiating agents and are the diagnostic tool for the epidemiologic study of CAD.

Expresión de CCL2 y CS-1 fibronectina en dermatitis alérgica por contacto / Expression of human CCL2 and CS-1 fibronectin in allergic contact dermatitis

Antecedentes: si bien la dermatitis alérgica por contacto (DAC) es una dermatosis humana frecuente, no todos los mecanismos involucrados en su patogenia han sido dilucidados. Objetivo: estudiar la cinética de expresión de CCL2, CS-1 fibronectina y CCL17 en biopsias de reacciones provocadas por pruebas de parches. Diseño: diez pacientes diagnosticados con DAC fueron desafiados en la espalda con antígenos inductores e irrelevantes. A las 2, 10 y 48 horas se observaron las respuestas macroscópicas y se obtuvieron biopsias, las cuales fueron procesadas para realizar estudios histológicos, inmunohistoquímicos y de hibridización in situ. Resultados: todos los individuos presentaron a las 48 horas una respuesta clínica positiva y un infiltrado celular mononuclear perivascular, el cual no fue observado en los controles negativos. ARNm para CCL2 fue encontrado solamente en sitios positivos a las 10 y 48 horas. Los endotelios inflamados expresaron CS-1 fibronectina y CCL17. El número de células CD+ y CD68+ aumentó significativamente con el tiempo en los parches positivos (p<0,0001). En éstos mismos sitios las células infiltrantes CCR5+ y CXCR3+, pero no las CCR3+ también incrementaron significativamente entre las 2 y 10 horas (p<0,03), y a las 48 horas, el porcentaje de células CCR5+ y CXCR3+ a las 10 y 48 horas (rs=0,9; p=0,0007). Conclusión: éste estudio demuestra por primera vez la producción de CCL2 y CS-1 fibronectina en la piel de pacientes con DAC en respuesta al desafío antigénico específico

Aplicaçäo da Portaria 19/1998 do TEM em um grupo de trabalhadores de uma indústria de fabricaçäo de artigos de perfumaria e cosméticos: aspectos práticos / Application of 19/1998 order to workers group of an industry manufacture of perfumery and cosmetic products: practical aspects

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo concluir pela aplicabilidade ou näo da Portaria 19/1998 do TEM, em seus aspectos práticos, no cotidiano das atribuiçöes do médico do trabalho de uma empresa. Em se observando seus critérios e preceitos, em avaliaç 8es audiométricas de trabalhadores expostos a ruídos acima de 80 dB de uma indústria de fabricaçäo de artigos de perfumaria e cosméticos, concluiu-se, a partir da satisfaçäo das metas pretendidas, pela confiabilidade das suas determinaçöes, consagrando-a procedimento adequado de vigilância epidemiológica e capaz de conduzir o médico, com bastante segurança, a enquadramentos corretos e condutas técnicas e administrativas pertinentes às possíveis causas de disacusia classificadas

Review of the Patch Test Results in patients with the Cosmetic Contact Dermatitis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Contact dermatitis is frequently caused by cosmetics. Detection of causative allergens is important in prevention and treatment of cosmetic contact dermatitis. Patch test has been accepted as the only reliable diagnostic method to detect allergens. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to clarify evoluting trends of positive patch tests and to compare the positive frequencies of various allergens between different time sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed patch test results of the 806 cosmetic contact dermatitis patients, who had visited our clinic from 1982 to 1997. We divided the patients into three groups as follows: I group:1982-1987, II group:1988-1992, III group:1993-1997 and compared the test results. The patch tests were performed with standard batteries, cosmetic-related allergens and the patients's own cosmetics. RESULTS: The results of the studies were summarized as follows; 1. Trends of increasing positivity in cosmetic-induced dermatitis was noted in a chronologic point of view. Among the patients, an increased proportion of males was notable. 2. In age distribution, a decreasing proportion of patients at the third & the fourth decades was observed. Contrary to this, the proportion of patients over the fifth decades was increased. 3. Among standard allergens, nickel sulphate showed the highest positive rate in all defined triple periods, whereas positive rates of neomycin sulphate & balsam of Peru were diminishing sequentially. Among fragrance allergens, cinnamic alcohol & cinnamic aldehyde revealed the highest positive rates. 4. In as is test, skin care products showed the highest positive rate, followed by toiletries and makeup products. Increasing positive rates of the toiletry products were observed in order of time. In fragrance products, positive rates reached their peak in the second period and declined in the third period. CONCLUSION: This study showed that perfume components were the most frequent allergens in cosmetics followed by preservative agents. Our study showed that comestic allergies in men seems to have increased.