ABSTRACT
Genetic markers and total intelligence quotient (IQ) assessed by WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) were studied in children of both sexes from Santiago, Chile. Heterozygous boys for phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM) and heterozygous girls for haptoglobin (Hp) had lower IQ than homozygoytes. For ABO system, B girls had lower and B boys had higher IQ than children with other ABO phenotypes. These differences were highly significant with the two tailed t'-test (Student's t-test with the Welch-Satterthwaite correction for degrees of freedom), and most of them remained significant after the correction for multiple comparisons. Girls had greater variance of IQ than boys. Relationships between homozygotes and heterozygotes were found in two independent studies. Thus, the genetic relationship found here seems likely to be a true biotic effect.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Genetic Markers , Haptoglobins/analysis , Intelligence/genetics , Phosphoglucomutase/blood , Wechsler Scales , ABO Blood-Group System/genetics , Analysis of Variance , Chile , Intelligence/classification , Longitudinal Studies , Phenotype , Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/geneticsABSTRACT
Serum aldolase [ALD], phosphoglucomutase [PGM], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] and enolase [ENL] were studied in 34 cases with acute leukemia including 22 cases with acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL] and 12 cases with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia [ANLL]; 35 cases with lymphomas formed of 29 cases with non-Hodgkins lymphomna [NHL] and 6 cases with Hodgkins lymphoma [HL]; and 25 controls. Significantly higher glycolytic enzyme activities were observed in all disease groups studied before treatment than the controls. Cases with abdominal NHL showed significantly higher serum glyeolytic enzyme activities than either head and neck NHL or mediastinal NHL. There was significant positive correlation between both serum LDH and aldolase activities and the rate of relapse in eases with NHL. Serum LDH showed the highest sensitivity in diagnosing cases with ALL and cases with NHL while serum aldolase showed the highest sensitivity in diagnosing cases with ANLL. Significantly higher serum glycolytic enzyme activities were observed in all disease groups studied before clinical and/or hematological relapse than controls by a period ranged from 2.5 to 6 months [Biochemical relapse]. Serum enolase activity showed significantly higher values in cases of ALL with than without CNS relapse. These glycolytic enzymes appeared to be useful markers in diagnoses, prognosis and early relapse detection of ALL cases, ANLL cases and NHL cases. Serum enolase estimation also may be of value in detecting CNS relapse in cases with ALL