Traumatismo anorrectal contuso. Reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Blunt anorectal trauma. Case reportand literature review

Introducción: El traumatismo anorrectal es una causa poco frecuente de consulta al servicio de emergencias, con una incidencia del 1 al 3%. A menudo está asociado a lesiones potencialmente mortales, por esta razón, es fundamental conocer los principios de diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como los protocolos de atención inicial de los pacientes politraumatizados. Método: Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 47 años con trauma anorrectal contuso con compromiso del esfínter anal interno y externo, tratado con reparación primaria del complejo esfinteriano con técnica de overlapping, rafia de la mucosa, submucosa y muscular del recto. A los 12 meses presenta buena evolución sin incontinencia anal. Conclusión: El tratamiento del trauma rectal, basado en el dogma de las 4 D (desbridamiento, derivación fecal, drenaje presacro, lavado distal) fue exitoso. La técnica de overlapping para la lesión esfinteriana fue simple y efectiva para la reconstrucción anatómica y funcional. (AU)

Introduction: Anorectal trauma is a rare cause of consultation to the Emergency Department, with an incidence of 1 to 3%. It is often associated with life-threatening injuries, so it is essential to know the principles of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the initial care protocols for the polytrau-matized patient. Methods: We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a blunt anorectal trauma involving the internal and external anal sphincter, treated with primary overlapping repair of the sphincter complex and suturing of the rectal wall. At 12 months the patient presents good outcome, without anal incontinence. Conclusion: The treatment of rectal trauma, based on the 4 D ́s dogma (debridement, fecal diversion, presacral drainage, distal rectal washout lavage) was successful. Repair of the overlapping sphincter injury was simple and effective for anatomical and functional reconstruction. (AU)

Tumores ano-rectales del músculo liso / Smooth muscle ano-rectal tumors

Introducción: Los tumores ano-rectales del musculo liso son raros, la relación respecto de los de recto es de 0.1%, presentándose con un rango entre 40-70 años. El objetivo es analizar una serie de pacientes, el tratamiento empleado y actualización bibliográfica. Material y Método: Sobre una base de datos retrospectiva entre enero de 1983 y diciembre de 2018, sobre 421 pacientes operados por cáncer recto-anal, fueron extraídos 6 que correspondieron a tumores del musculo liso. Resultados: Correspondieron al sexo femenino 4, con edades entre 49 y 75 años (57.5 años); 4 de localización rectal, de ellos 3 fueron leiomiosarcoma, y 2 anales (leiomioma). En 2 se obtuvo diagnostico preoperatorio de certeza por punción mediante Tru-Cut. De 3 pacientes con leiomiosarcoma, a 2 se les realizo cirugía radical y al restante biopsia. Los 2 resecados recidivaron a los 6 meses y al año. Los 3 fallecieron entre los 2 y 16 meses por progresión de la enfermedad. La paciente con diagnóstico de leiomioma rectal, operada mediante cirugía radical, se encuentra sin recidiva a 18 meses. Los 2 pacientes resecados localmente por leiomioma de ano, presentaron en el postoperatorio absceso y fistula extraesfinteriana, uno de ellos con incontinencia severa. Ambos fueron re-operados y se encuentran asintomáticos, libres de recidiva a los 36 y 60 meses. Discusión: Los tumores del músculo liso ano-rectal son infrecuentes y presentan síntomas inespecíficos. La biopsia preoperatoria es imperiosa a fin de establecer una adecuada estrategia quirúrgica. Los malignos tienen alto índice de recidiva y mortalidad. (AU)

Introduction: Smooth muscle ano-rectal tumors are rare; the relation with respect to the rectum is 0.1%, in a patient's age range between 40-70 years. The objective is the analysis of a series of patients, the treatment used and bibliographic update. Material and method: On a retrospective, database between January 1983 and December 2018. About 421 patients operated for rectum-anal cancer, of which 6 corresponded to smooth muscle tumors. Results: Four were female, with ages between 49 and 75 years (57.5 years average); 4 were of rectal location, of which 3 were leiomyosarcoma, and 2 anal (leiomyoma). In two, a preoperative diagnosis of certainty was obtained by Tru-Cut. Two out of 3 patients with leiomyosarcoma, underwent radical surgery and the remaining one a biopsy. The two resected relapsed at 6 months and at one year. All 3 died between 2 and 16 months due to disease progression. The patient diagnosed with rectal leiomyoma, operated by radical surgery, is without recurrence at 18 months. The 2 patients resected locally for anus leiomyoma showed abscess and extrasphincteric fistula in the postoperative period, one of them with severe incontinence. Both were re-operated and are asymptomatic, free of recurrence at 36 and 60 months. Discussion: Ano-rectal smooth muscle tumors are uncommon and have nonspecific symptoms. Preoperative biopsy is imperative in order to establish an appropriate surgical strategy. Malignant tumors have a high rate of recurrence and mortality. (AU)

Manifestaciones clínicas y anoscópicas de las lesiones ecamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado anales / Clinical and anoscopic manifestations of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions

Introducción: Las lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado anales (H-ASIL) son consideradas el precursor del carcinoma escamoso anal. Es por esto que distintas Sociedades recomiendan su pesquisa y tratamiento en poblaciones de alto riesgo. El objetivo del trabajo es describir las manifestaciones de H-ASIL en la anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) en nuestros pacientes. Diseño: Retrospectivo, descriptivo. Pacientes y métodos: Revisión de historias clínicas e imágenes de AAR de pacientes con diagnóstico de H-ASIL entre enero de 2016 y julio de 2017. La evaluación anoscópica incluyó la unión escamocolumnar, el conducto anal distal y el área perianal. Frente al hallazgo de una lesión sospechosa de ASIL, se tomaron biopsias. Resultados: Entre enero de 2016 y julio de 2017 se realizaron 184 AAR. Se biopsiaron 143 lesiones sospechosas de ASIL. Veintiséis de ellas, presentes en 13 pacientes fueron H-ASIL. Once hombres (diez hombres que tienen sexo con hombre (HSH) con infección por VIH). Todas las lesiones eran subclínicas y se encontraron a nivel endoanal; eran en su totalidad acetoblancas. Se buscaron áreas con puntillado y/o mosaico sugestivas de ASIL. El uso de Lugol nos permitió aumentar el grado de sospecha y delimitar las lesiones. Se tomaron biopsias para anatomía patológica bajo visión directa. Conclusiones: Las H-ASIL son consideradas en la actualidad las precursoras del carcinoma escamoso anal; su detección y tratamiento prevendrían su desarrollo. En nuestra casuística, todos los pacientes se encontraban en al menos un grupo de riesgo. Las lesiones fueron subclínicas y requirieron de la anoscopía de alta resolución para su hallazgo, lo que permitió realizar un tratamiento dirigido. Es importante que los profesionales de la salud consideren la pesquisa de H-ASIL en población de riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: The high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions (H-ASIL) are considered the precursor of the anal squamous cell carcinoma. This is why different societies recommend the screening and treatment in high-risk populations. The objective of this paper is to describe H-ASIL manifestations in the high resolution anoscopy (HRA) in our patients. Design: Retrospective, Descriptive Patients and Methods: Review of clinical histories and pictures of HRA of patients with H-ASIL diagnosis between January 2016 and July 2017. The anoscopic evaluation included the squamocolumnar junction, the distal anal duct and the perianal area. In case of the finding of a suspicious lesion of ASIL, biopsies were taken. Results: Between January 2016 and July 2017 184 HRA were performed. 143 ASIL suspicious lesion were biopsied. Twentysix of them, in 13 patients, were H-ASIL. Eleven were men (10 men who have sex with men with HIV infection). All lesions were subclinical and found at endoanal level. The totality of them were acetowhite. Areas with coarse punctation and a mosaic pattern were suggestive of ASIL. The use of lugol´s iodine allows us to increase the grade of suspect and delimit the lesions. Biopsies were taken for pathology under direct vision. Conclusion: The H-ASIL are considered at the present the precursors of the anal squamous carcinoma. Its development could be prevented with de proper detection and treatment of the H-ASIL. In our casuistic, all patients are in at least one risk group. The lesions were subclinical and required of the high resolution anoscopy for their finding, which allows to perform a directed treatment. It is important that health professionals consider the H-ASIL screening in risk population. (AU)

¿Permiten la citología, el genotipado y la anoscopia de alta resolución establecer un protocolo para la detección precoz del carcinoma epidermoide de canal anal en población de riesgo? / Do cytology, genotyping, and high resolution anoscopy allow to establish a protocol for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in risk population?

Introducción: El cáncer anal ha experimentado un aumento de incidencia en los últimos años. Está mediado por el VPH y precedido de cambios precancerosos planteando la posibilidad de dirigir los esfuerzos preventivos hacia los grupos de alto riesgo. Sigue siendo controvertida la indicación de cribado y los métodos de detección ideales. Objetivo: Validar las pruebas de cribado implementadas en la actualidad comparadas con la biopsia como "gold standard". Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal con recogida de datos prospectiva, en una cohorte de hombres VIH+ que tienen sexo con hombres, pertenecientes al Hospital Gregorio Marañón e Infanta Leonor en un periodo de 2 años. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 179 pacientes con 286 visitas a la consulta de screening en las que se llevaron a cabo 3 pruebas de cribado en paralelo (citología anal, genotipado del VPH y anoscopia de alta resolución (AAR) con toma de biopsia dirigida sobre zona sospechosa o aleatoria). La sensibilidad y especificidad para la detección de displasia de alto grado y cáncer y su grado de concordancia con la biopsia fue la siguiente: citología 3,23%/94,43% (k: 0,03), genotipado de VPH de alto riesgo 90,32%/27,45% (k: 0,05), AAR 32,26%/87,45 (k: 0, 17) siendo el rendimiento diagnóstico de las tres pruebas muy bajo. Conclusión: La citología presenta un rendimiento diagnóstico muy bajo comparado con el genotipado que representa el mayor. A la luz de nuestros resultados, los protocolos clínicos tal y como vienen desarrollándose en la actualidad deberían de ser abandonados.

Introduction: The incidence of anal cancer has increased in recent years. It is mediated by HPV and preceded by precancerous changes, raising the possibility of directing preventive efforts towards high-risk groups. The indication of screening remains controversial and which methods would be the ideal ones. Objective: To validate the screening tests established actually, comparing it with the biopsy considered as the "gold standard". Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed, with prospective data collection in a cohort of VIH+ patients, who have male homosexual anal relations, belonging to Gregorio Marañón and Infanta Leonor Hospitals in a period of 2 years. Results: A total of 179 patients were selected with 286 visits to the screening Outpatient Clinic in which 3 parallel screening tests were performed (anal cytology, HPV genotyping and high resolution anoscopy (AAR) with a biopsy directed on a suspicious or random area). The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of high-grade dysplasia and cancer and their degree of agreement with the biopsy was as follows: cytology 3.23%/94.43% (k: 0.03), high HPV genotyping. risk 90.32%/27.45% (k: 0.05), AAR 32.26%/87.45 (k: 0, 17), the diagnostic accuracy of the three tests being very low. Conclusion: Cytology shows a very low diagnostic accuracy compared to the genotype that represents the highest one. In light of our results, clinical protocols as they are currently being developed should be abandoned.

Protocolo para la pesquisa de la displasia anal mediante citología y anoscopía de alta resolución / Protocol for the investigation of anal dysplasia by cytology and high resolution anoscopy

Introducción: El carcinoma anal escamoso (CAE) representa el 2% de todas las neoplasiascolorrectoanales. Afecta a 2/100.000 habitantes por año en la población general. Se incrementa en lospacientes con serología positiva para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH-positivos), 60/100.000habitantes por año y asciende a 92-144/100.000 habitantes por año en los hombres que tienen sexocon hombres (HSH) VIH-positivos. Al igual que en el carcinoma escamoso del cuello uterino, el virus delpapiloma humano (VPH) está implicado en su génesis, y se encuentra presente en el 92% de los casos.El cáncer cervical y anal comparten el mismo origen embriológico, formando la zona de transformación,sitio donde se desarrollan las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (SIL) como resultado de la infección ypersistencia del VPH, en especial de los genotipos de alto riesgo que pueden progresar a CAE invasor. Elaumento significativo de CAE en las últimas décadas ha llevado a desarrollar la pesquisa de SIL anal (ASIL)mediante citología (PAP) y anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) con técnica colposcópica, emulando losprotocolos de detección temprana para prevención el cáncer de cuello uterino.Objetivo: Conocer prevalencia de lesiones precursoras del CAE. Determinar sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E),valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) del PAP para la detección de displasias en población de riesgo.Material y Método: Diseño: Prospectivo, transversal, observacional, analítico. Se incluyeron individuos dealto riesgo (VIH-positivos, HSH, individuos con historia de VPH anogenital, mujeres con antecedentes decáncer o neoplasia intraepitelial genital inferior) estudiados en forma consecutiva, entre abril 2012 y febrero2014, en Consultorio de Detección Temprana del Cáncer Ana...

Introduction: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents 2% of all colo-recto-anal malignancies. It is confirmed a higher rate of anal cancer among HIV-infected population in comparison with the HIVuninfected population (60/100,000 person-years, versus 2/100,000 person-years). Among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), the incidence of anal cancer is as high as 92-144/100,000 population. Like cervical cancer, squamous-cell canal cancer is caused predominantly by high-risk, oncogenic strains of human papillomaviruses (HPV) detected in 92% of HIV-positive MSM. The cervical and anal cancer share the same embryological origin, and occurs at a squamo-columnar transition zone, site of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) as a result of the persistence HPV infection, especially the high-risk genotypes that may progress to invasive cancer. In the last decades, the incidence of squamous-cell anal carcinoma is increasing rapidly forcing the research of anal SIL (ASIL) cytology (PAP) and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) colposcopic technique, emulating protocols for early detection of cervical cancer as a primary prevention. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SCC precursor lesions. Determine sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the detection of anal dysplasia in the risk population. Material and Methods: Design prospective, cross-sectional, observational, analytical study. High-risk patients (HIV-positive MSM, patients with history of anogenital HPV, women with history of cancer or lower genital intraepithelial neoplasia) were included consecutively between April 2012 and February 2014 in Anal Early Detection Cancer Clinic...

Detección temprana de la displasia anal con citología (PAP) y anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) en la población de riesgo: experiencia inicial / Early detection of anal dysplasia with cytology (PAP) and high resolution anoscopy (AAR) in the population at risk: initial experience

Antecedentes: La incidencia del carcinoma de células escamosas anal (CCE) aumentó drásticamente, es de 35/100.000 habitantes en los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), similar a la del cáncer del cuello uterino antes del Papanicolaou (PAP). En forma análoga a la pesquisa del cáncer cervical, el PAP anal y la anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR), se utilizan para la detección temprana de las lesiones precursoras del CCE. Objetivo: Evaluar los hallazgos de la citología anal y la AAR en una población de alto riesgo para desarrollar displasia y CCE. Diseño: Observacional, descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo. Población: Pacientes de alto riesgo (individuos HIV positivos, hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), mujeres con antecedentes de cáncer o displasia del tracto genital inferior, individuos con antecedentes de HPV anal o genital) que concurrieron al Consultorio de Detección Temprana de la Displasia Anal, entre 1 abril y 30 junio 2012. Método: Tacto rectal, anoscopía convencional, PAP anal y AAR, con biopsia dirigida de lesiones sospechosas. Comparación de la citología con la histología...

Background: The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has increased dramatically, with an incidence of 35/100.000 inhabitants in men who have sex with men (MSM), similar to that of cervical cancer before the Papanicolaou (PAP). In analogy form to screening of cervical cancer, anal PAP and high resolution anoscopy (HRA) are used for early detection of SSC precursor lesions. Objective: To assess the findings of anal cytology and HRA in a high risk population for developing dysplasia and SCC. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective, study. Population: High-risk patients (HIV- positive individuals, men who have sex with men, women with previous cancer or dysplasia of the lower genital tract, individuals with previous anal or genital condylomata) who attended the Anal Dysplasia Early Detection Clinic between April 1-June 30, 2012, were included. Methods: Digital rectal examination, conventional anoscopy, anal PAP and HRA, with biopsies of suspected areas was performed...

Resección de lesión neoplásica rectal mediante cirugía transanal mínimamente invasiva-técnica de TAMIS / Rectal neoplasm lesion resected by Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery – TAMIS technique

We present a clinical case with a stage T1 rectal neoplasm lesion; resection was performed with transanal minimally invasive surgery-TAMIS procedure without complications. Anatomical pathology results showed invasion of the muscular layer, i.e. stage T2. The TAMIS technique, recently described by the coloproctology group of Orlando Hospital (USA), consists of using a single port device to generate a pneumorectum and resect the rectal lesion by means of regular laparoscopic tools. It has low morbidity and has gained general acceptance basically because the use of standard laparoscopic instrumentation, which reduces costs, allows one-block resections, without fragmentation of the surgical specimen and the learning curve not that long. The indication of local resection in cases of rectal cancer is still for T1 lesions, without nodal involvement and without histological factors leading to poor prognosis. Local relapse in these cases is acceptable and conservation of the rectum ensures good life quality for patients. Incorrect staging once the sample has been analyzed is indication of radical surgery and does not affect the prognosis.

Se presenta un caso clínico de una lesión neoplásica rectal etapificada como T1 la cual fue resecada con cirugía transanal mínimamente invasiva (transanal minimally invasive surgery-TAMIS) sin complicaciones. La anatomía patológica evidenció invasión hasta la túnica muscular, es decir T2. La técnica TAMIS, descrita recientemente por el grupo de coloproctología del Hospital de Orlando (EE.UU.), consiste en utilizar un dispositivo de puerto único para generar un neumorrecto y resecar la lesión rectal mediante instrumentos de laparoscopía tradicional. Tiene baja morbilidad y ha ganado aceptación principalmente por utilizar instrumental laparoscópico estándar, lo que disminuye el costo, permite resecciones transmurales, en bloque, sin fragmentar la pieza operatoria y su curva de aprendizaje no es larga. La indicación de resección local en cáncer de recto sigue siendo lesiones T1, sin compromiso nodal y sin factores de mal pronóstico histológico. La recidiva local en estos casos es aceptable y la conservación del recto permite una buena calidad de vida de los pacientes. La incorrecta etapificación una vez analizada la pieza operatoria es indicación de cirugía radical y no afecta el pronóstico.

Cáncer anal invasor: análisis de la incidencia en grupos de riesgo en una serie retrospectiva / Invasive anal cancer: analysis of its incidence in high risk group in a retrospective database

Introducción: El cáncer epidermoide de ano incrementó su incidencia de manera exponencial en las últimas décadas. Todos los estudios que investigan la aplicabilidad del papanicolaou anal (PAP) y la anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) focalizan el estudio en los varones homosexuales con serología VIH positiva. Otros grupos de riesgo son las mujeres con antecedentes de infección genital por HPV y los transplantados e inmunosuprimidos por otras causas. Sin embargo, se observó en nuestra institución una alta proporción de cáncer de ano en pacientes que no encuadraban en estos grupos de riesgo, especialmente mujeres mayores de 60 años. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, analítico sobre una base de datos y búsqueda en historias clínicas que incluyó a todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de ano evaluados en el período marzo de 2001 - marzo de 2011 por el equipo de proctologia del Hospital Ramos Mejia. Se excluyó del análisis a los pacientes con adenocarcinomas de recto, neoplasias cutáneas (melanoma, carcinoma basocelular) y a los que presentaron lesiones anales displásicas (no carcinoma invasor). Resultados: Durante el periodo estudiado se registraron 36 casos con cáncer anal. La edad media de presentación fue de 55,5 años. Se trató de 15 mujeres y 21 hombres (relación mujer/hombre 0,71). Discriminando por edades se trató en 7 casos de menores de 40 años, otros 13 casos de 41-60 años y 16 mayores de 61 años. Dos mujeres entre 10 tenían antecedentes de neoplasias genitales por HPV (1 carcinoma invasor de cérvix y 1 lesión intraepitelial cervical de alto grado) y habían sido tratados con intención curativa. Todos los hombres practicaban el coito anal y 15 individuos presentaban infección por VIH, 13 hombres y 2 mujeres. Ninguno fue transplantado...

Background: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) rates increased greatly in last decades. There is a connection between HPV viral infection and anal cancer growth, particularly in HIV-infected patients. The majority of papers are advocated to investigate anal pap smear and high-resolution anoscopy in the HIV-infected male who have sex with men group. Other high-risk groups are women with HPV-related disease, organ transplant recipients and immunosuppressed patients. However, we observed a high rate of anal cancer in patients who did not fit for these criteria, especially older women (beyond 60 years old). Patients and Methods: We performed an observational, retrospective study based on a database and medical records. It included all patients evaluated from March 2001 to March 2011 with diagnosis of anal cancer in Hospital J. M. Ramos Mejía. We excluded rectal adenocarcinomas, skin neoplasms and dysplastic anal lesions (non-invasive cancer). Results: During the period of study 36 anal cancers were diagnosed. Median age was 55,5 years. There were 15 women and 21 men (women/men 0,71). Analysis by age showed 7 cases younger than 40 years old, 13 cases between 41-60 years old and finally, 16 cases older than 61 years. Two women in ten had previous diagnosis of gynaecologie HPV-related disease (1 cervical squamous cell cancer and 1 high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and had been treated with curative­intention procedures. All men practiced anal intercourse. Fifteen were HIV-infected, 13 men and 2 women. There were no transplant-recipient cases. Discussion: Anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy were proposed to assess early lesions in high-risk groups (including HIV-infected, MSM, transplant-recipient patients and women with HPV-related disease). We found in our patients a high-rate of anal invasive carcinoma in women older than 60 years old, with no risk-factors associated...

The value of high-resolution anoscopy in the diagnosis of anal cancer precursor lesions in hiv-positive patients / Anuscopia de alta resolução: valor diagnóstico em lesões precursoras de câncer anal em pacientes soropositivos

CONTEXT: Anal cancer, although a still rare disease, is being observed in ascending rates among some population segments known to be at risk for the development of the disease. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, immunodepression and anal intercourse are some factors associated with the development of the malignancy. Its similarities to cervical cancer have led to many studies aiming to establish guidelines for detecting and treating precursor lesions of anal cancer, with the goal of prevention. High-resolution anoscopy is routinely used for the diagnosis of anal cancer precursor lesions in many centers but the medical literature is still deficient concerning the role of this diagnostic modality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate diagnostic validation and precision measures of high-resolution anoscopy in comparison to histopathological results of anal biopsies performed in HIV-positive patients treated at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas, AM, Brazil. To observe any possible association between some risk factors for the development of anal cancer and the presence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. METHODS: A hundred and twenty-eight HIV-positive patients were submitted to anal canal cytological sampling for the detection of HPV infection by a PCR based method. High-resolution anoscopy was then performed after topical application of acetic acid 3 percent in the anal canal for 2 minutes. Eventual acetowhite lesions that were detected were recorded in respect to location, and classified by their tinctorial pattern, distribution aspect, relief, surface and vascular pattern. Biopsies of acetowhite lesions were performed under local anesthesia and the specimens sent to histopathological analysis. The patients were interviewed for the presence of anal cancer risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalences of anal HPV infection and of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in the studied population were, respectively, 79 percent and 39.1 percent. High-resolution anoscopy showed sensibility of 90 percent, specificity of 19.23 percent, positive predictive value of 41.67 percent, negative predictive value of 75 percent, and a kappa coefficient of 0.076. From the analyzed lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was more frequently observed in association to dense (68 percent), flat (61 percent), smooth (61 percent), non-papillary (83 percent) and normal vascular pattern (70 percent) acetowhite lesions, while low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions tended to be associated to dense (66 percent), flat-raised or raised (68 percent), granular (59 percent), non-papillary (62 percent) and normal vascular pattern (53 percent) acetowhite lesions. No statistical significance was observed as to the association of epidemiological characteristics and of most of the investigated anal cancer risk factors and presence of acetowhite lesions or anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. However, anal receptive sex and anal HPV infection were significantly associated to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (P = 0.0493 and P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: High-resolution anoscopy demonstrated to be a sensitive, but not specific test for the detection of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. Risk factors anal receptive sex and anal HPV infection were significantly associated to the presence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. Based on high-resolution anoscopy image data, acetowhite lesions relief and surface pattern were prone to distinguish between low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

CONTEXTO: O câncer anal, muito embora ainda seja uma doença rara, vem sendo observado com frequência ascendente em alguns grupos populacionais considerados sob risco para o desenvolvimento da doença. Infecção pelo vírus do papiloma humano (HPV), imunossupressão e o sexo anoreceptivo são alguns dos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da neoplasia. Suas semelhanças com o câncer do colo do útero levaram muitos estudos voltados para o estabelecimento de regras para a detecção e tratamento de lesões precursoras do câncer anal, tudo com o objetivo de prevenir a doença. A anuscopia com magnificação de imagem é rotineiramente utilizada para o diagnóstico de lesões precursoras do câncer anal em muitos centros, mas a literatura médica ainda é escassa a respeito do papel a ser desempenhado por essa modalidade diagnóstica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as medidas de validação e precisão diagnósticas da anuscopia com magnificação de imagem em comparação com resultados histopatológicos de biopsias anais realizadas em pacientes HIV-positivos tratados na Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil. Observar qualquer possível associação entre alguns fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer anal e a presença de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. MÉTODOS: Cento e vinte e oito pacientes HIV-positivos foram submetidos a coleta de material celular anal para a realização da detecção da presença de HPV pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Anuscopias com magnificação de imagem foram realizadas após a aplicação tópica de ácido acético a 3 por cento no canal anal por 2 minutos. As lesões acetobrancas eventualmente observadas foram registradas com respeito a sua localização e classificadas quanto ao seu padrão tintorial, aspecto de distribuição, relevo, características de sua superfície e vascularidade. Foram realizadas biopsias das lesões acetobrancas sob anestesia local e os espécimes foram remetidos para estudo histopatológico. Os pacientes foram entrevistados em relação à presença de fatores de risco para o câncer anal. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de infecção anal pelo HPV e de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais na amostra populacional estudada foram de 79 por cento e 39,1 por cento, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da anuscopia com magnificação de imagem foram, respectivamente, de 90 por cento e 19,23 por cento, enquanto que o valor preditivo positivo foi de 41,67 por cento, o valor preditivo negativo foi de 75 por cento e o coeficiente kappa de 0,076. Com respeito às lesões analisadas de alto grau foram mais frequentemente observadas em associação com lesões acetobrancas densas (68 por cento), planas (61 por cento), lisas (61 por cento), não-papilíferas (83 por cento) e com padrão vascular normal (70 por cento), enquanto que lesões de baixo-grau tenderam a se associar a lesões aetobrancas densas (66 por cento), plano-elevadas ou elevadas (68 por cento), granulares (59 por cento), não-papilíferas (62 por cento) e de padrão vascular normal (53 por cento). Não se observou significância estatística na associação entre características epidemiológicas e a maioria dos fatores de risco para o câncer anal e a presença de lesão acetobrancas ou de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. Entretanto, o sexo anorreceptivo e a detecção de infecção anal por HPV, segundo a técnica da reação da cadeia de polimerase, associaram-se significantemente com lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais (P = 0,0493 e P =0,006, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: A anuscopia com magnificação de imagem demonstrou ser um método diagnostico sensível, mas inespecífico para a detecção de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. Os fatores de risco sexo anorreceptivo e infecção anal pelo HPV associaram-se significantemente à presença de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. Com base nos achados da anuscopia com magnificação de imagem, o relevo e o aspecto morfológico da distribuição das lesões acetobrancas na superfície do canal anal tenderam a permitir a distinção entre lesões de baixo e alto grau.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones anales intra-epiteliales (AIN) de alto grado / Surgical treatment of high grade intraepitelial anal lesions (AIN)

Introducción: La incidencia del Cáncer de ano se encuentra en aumento tanto en pacientes HIV positivos o inmunosuprimidos como en los inmunocompetentes. Éste se asocia a la infección por HPV, con un comportamiento similar al del desarrollo del cáncer de cuello uterino, a través de la producción de lesiones intra-epiteliales escamosas (SIL). Para su diagnóstico se utiliza la anoscopía de alta resolución. Su tratamiento es aún controversial. Objetivo: Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de lesiones intra-epiteliales anales de alto grado (AIN III) guiadas con anoscopía de alta resolución. Lugar de aplicación o marco de referencia: Hospital Universitario. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Material y métodos: Realizamos una revisión de los pacientes diagnosticados y operados (escisión/cauterización de las lesiones visualizadas con anoscopia de alta resolución) con diagnóstico de lesiones anales intra-epiteliales de alto grado (AIN III) en el marco del Programa de Prevención, Diagnóstico, Terapéutica y Vacunación en Patología del Tracto Genital Inferior del Hospital de Clínicas de Buenos Aires "José de San Martín". Resultados: A las pacientes con antecedentes de infección por HPV en el tracto genital inferior, se las evaluó con anoscopía magnificada. Entre enero de 2005 y agosto de 2010, se estudiaron 305 pacientes (32 inmunosuprimidas). De éstas, 18 (5.9%) presentaron lesiones intra-epiteliales de alto grado (AIN III) confirmadas por histología. Las mismas fueron remitidas para tratamiento quirúrgico. Tres eran inmunosuprimidas, dos por HIV. La edad media fue de 34 años (19-63 años). El seguimiento medio fue de 15 meses, 4 a 39 meses. Se produjo una recurrencia a los 4 meses. Ningún paciente desarrolló incontinencia, estenosis, infección postoperatoria, o hemorragia significativa después del tratamiento quirúrgico... (TRUNCADO)

Introduction: Over the last decades, anal cancer incidence rose to an epidemic range in general population and in some risk groups like inmuno-supressed or HIV patients. Anal cancer develops from squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in the anal transitional zone produced by HPV infection. High resolution anoscopy is used to diagnose these dysplastic changes. There is no consensus about the best treatment option for high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN III). Objective: To report our experience in the treatment of high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia targeted by high resolution anoscopy. Design: Retrospective study. Material and method: Patients diagnose and treated for AIN III in the "Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Vaccination of the Inferior Genital Tract" Program of the Hospital de Clínicas de Buenos Aires "José de San Martín". Results: Patients with history of HPV disease in the genital tract were studied with high resolution anoscopy. 305 patients (32 inmunosupressed) were studied between January of 2005 and August of 2010. 18 (5.9%) had AIN III and were surgically treated. Mean age was 34 years (19-63). Mean follow-up was 15 months (4 to 39). We observed one recurrenee at 4 month. No complications were present. Conclusions: High resolution anoscopy targeted surgery AIN III is feasible and seams to eradicate these lesions in the inmunocompetent patient.

Anoscopia de alta resolución en la identificación de lesiones anales inaparentes / High resolution anoscopy for the identification of non-apparent anal lesions

Introducción: En los últimos años, la aplicación de métodos de diagnóstico tales como el PAP anal y la Anoscopia de Alta Resolución (AAR) en población de alto riesgo permite una pesquisa diagnóstica temprana del cáncer invasor del conducto anal abriendo las puertas a la posibilidad curativa. El objetivo del siguiente estudio es presentar dos casos clínicos con neoplasia intraepitelial anal (NIA) hallados en la pieza de anatomía patología poshemorroidectomía en los que se utilizó la AAR para dirigir la conducta a seguir. Material y método: En el “H.I.G.A. Prof. Dr. Luis Güemes”, Haedo, provincia de Buenos Aires, en el período comprendido entre el 01/01/08 al 06/06/09, fueron halladas en la pieza de hemorroidectomía dos NIA. Ninguno de estos dos pacientes presentaba factores de riesgo para carcinoma de ano previo a la cirugía hemorroidal. A ambos pacientes se les realizó AAR con el objetivo de reconocer la extensión de las lesiones para su completa resección. Resultados: La visualización de la localización y extensión de la lesión a través de la AAR, permitió la correcta elección del área de resección y márgenes de seguridad oncológicos adecuados. Conclusiones: La AAR tiene la ventaja de ser utilizada como localizador de lesiones no visibles por otro método, luego del hallazgo de atipias o lesiones premalignas mucosas; es por ello que el entrenamiento en el método resulta indispensable como complemento diagnóstico.

Introduction: Recently, the use of diagnostic methods such us anal cytolgy and high resolution anoscopy (HRA) in high risk population allows an early diagnosis of invasive anal cancer which increases chances of cure. The objective of the following study is to present two cases with anal intraepithelial neoplasia found in pathologie specimen where high resolution anoscopy was used to guide the next course of action. Patients and methods: In H.I.G.A. Prof. Dr. L. Güemes, Haedo Bs. As. Province, between 01/01/08 and 06/06/09, one anal intraepithelial neoplasia and one invasive anal cancer were found in the hemorrhoidectomy piece. Neither of these two patients showed risk factors for anal cancer previous to hemorrhoid surgery. Both patients were treated with HRA with the purpose of recognizing the extent of the injuries to be fully resected. Result: Spotting the localization and extension of the injuries through HRA enabled the physician to choose margins. Conclusions: The HRA has the advantage to be used as a localizer of lesions that can't be seen otherwise, as from the finding of atypia or premalignant mucosal lesion. That is the reason why the training in these methods is essential as a complementary test.

Nueva técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de la enfermedad hemorroidal / Anew surgical technique for treatment of hemorrhoidal disease

INTRODUCCIÓN. Sobre la base de un nuevo concepto de enfermedad hemorroidal se diseñó una nueva técnica para el tratamiento quirúrgico de ésta. El objetivo fue disminuir la morbilidad del tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un análisis prospectivo no aleatorizado con pacientes atendidos entre abril de 2006 y junio de 2008. Fueron incluidos pacientes con enfermedad hemorroidal de grado III y IV. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica. Después de la cirugía, se siguió la evolución de todos los pacientes por más de 10 meses. RESULTADOS. Fueron operados 44 pacientes, 30 pacientes (69 por ciento) en régimen ambulatorio. Solo 6 pacientes (14 por ciento) refirieron dolor posoperatorio. Las complicaciones no fueron mayores que las reportadas con las técnicas de hemorroidectomía. Se reportó un 93,4 por ciento de eficiencia. CONCLUSIONES. La morbilidad posoperatoria fue mucho mejor en comparación con los resultados reportados con técnicas de hemorroidectomía. La técnica propuesta proporciona una nueva opción para mejorar la morbilidad posoperatoria del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con enfermedad hemorroidal. Se hace necesario realizar estudios aleatorizados comparativos con las técnicas de hemorroidectomía(AU)

INTRODUCTION: On the base of a new concept of hemorrhoidal disease we designed a new technique for its surgical treatment. The aim of present paper was to decrease the surgical treatment morbidity of this disease. METHODS: A non-randomized prospective analysis of patients seen between April, 2006 and June, 2008. The patients with grade III and IV hemorrhoidal disease were included. We describe the surgical technique. After surgery the course of all patients for more than 10 months was followed. RESULTS: Forty four patients were operated on and 30 patients (69 percent) under ambulatory regime. Only 6 patients (14 percent) had postoperative pain. Complications weren't greater than the reported ones using the hemorrhoidectomy. There was a 93,4 percent of efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative morbidity was much better compared with the results reported using the hemorrhoidectomy techniques. The technique proposed offers a new option to improve the postoperative morbidity of surgical treatment in patients with hemorrhoidal disease. It is necessary carrying out of comparative studies with hemorrhoidectomy techniques(AU)

Microcirurgia endoscópica transanal no tratamento dos tumores do reto: estudo prospectivo em 50 pacientes / Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal tumors: a prospective study in 50 patients

RACIONAL: A literatura médica aceita ressecção local como opção válida em casos selecionados de tumores de reto. A seleção dos pacientes requer exata estimativa dos riscos e avaliação pré-operatória precisa, tanto no aspecto clínico como histopatológico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da microcirurgia endoscópica transanal em seguimento de 18 meses. MÉTODOS: De abril de 2002 a abril de 2006, 50 pacientes com tumores de reto foram submetidos a microcirurgia endoscópica transanal, selecionados por suas características clínicas e histopatológicas. Os critérios de inclusão foram: adenomas sésseis maiores do que 3 cm e menores do que 8 cm não-circunferenciais; neoplasia intra-epitelial de alto grau; carcinoma retal pT1, e em casos especiais pT2. Todos esses tumores foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: O resultado histopatológico final revelou 9 adenomas, 26 neoplasias intra-epiteliais de alto grau, 13 carcinomas (9 pT1 e 4 pT2) e 2 carcinóides. A menor idade foi de 25 anos e a maior de 92. O menor tumor ressecado tinha 64 mm² (carcinóide) e o maior (adenoma) 90 mm². O tempo médio de operação foi de 90 minutos e o de internamento 5 dias. Houve uma morte não relacionada ao método. Um paciente com carcinoma de baixo risco pT1 apresentou recidiva 18 meses após microcirurgia endoscópica transanal e foi submetido a retossigmoidectomia curativa. Foi observado tumor residual em dois pacientes e a complicação mais grave foi uma fístula retovaginal. A taxa de complicação global foi de 9 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Atualmente a microcirurgia endoscópica transanal é a técnica de escolha para o tratamento de adenomas sésseis, neoplasias intra-epiteliais de alto grau e carcinoma retal pT1 de baixo risco.

BACKGROUND: The medical literature accepts local resection as a valuable option in selected cases of rectal tumors. Selection of patients requires an exact perioperative estimation of risks with clinical and histopathological examination. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery aims a safe resection of the tumoral area which leads up to the cure. AIM: To evaluate transanal endoscopic microsurgery results in a follow-up time of 18 months. METHODS: From April 2002 to April 2006, 50 patients with rectal tumors were submitted to transanal endoscopic microsurgery, chosen by clinical history and lesion characteristics. The inclusion criteria were: sessile adenomas larger than 3 cm and smaller than 8 cm, not circumferentially distributed; intra epithelial neoplasia of high degree; and rectal carcinoma pT1, and special cases of pT2. All these rectal tumors were submitted to the same surgical act. RESULTS: The final histopathological results reveal 9 adenoma, 26 intra-epithelial neoplasia of high degree, 13 carcinoma (9 pT1-4 pT2) and 2 carcinoid. The lowest age was 25 and the higher, 92 years-old. The smallest resected tumor had 64 mm² (carcinoid) and the largest (adenoma), 90 cm². Operating time was in average 90 minutes and the overall time statement, 5 days. There was one death not related with the method. One patient with low risk carcinoma pT1 presented recurrence 18 months after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and was submitted to curative rectosigmoidectomy. It was proven a residual tumor after local surgery in two patients and the most important complication was one recto-vaginal fistula. The overall complications rate was 9 percent. CONCLUSION: Today transanal endoscopic microsurgery is chosen as the ideal technique for the treatment of sessile adenomas, intraepithelial neoplasia of high degree and rectal carcinoma pT1.

HPV perianal en pacientes HIV positivos: anoscopía magnificada y determinación de serotipos por biología molecular / Perianal HPV in HIV patients: high resolution anoscopy and virus type determination by molecular biology

Introducción: La incidencia de cáncer anal se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos años. La asociación de esta patología con la presencia de infección anal por el virus HPV permite identificar una población de riesgo, principalmente en pacientes con serología positiva para HIV y con prácticas homosexuales. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de lesiones perianales clínicas y subclínicas vinculables a la infección por HPV (virus del papiloma humano) en una población de individuos infectados por HIV (virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana). Material y Método: Entre el 1 de Noviembre de 2006 y 31 de Junio de 2007 se analizaron prospectivamente 33 pacientes con diagnóstico de HIV, 60 por ciento sexo femenino, edad media de 40 años (r = 19-62). Las variables en estudio fueron edad, sexo, recuento de CD4, nadir de CD4, carga viral, antecedentes de HPV previo, hábito sexual, tratamiento antirretroviral, HIV status, antecedentes de ETS (Enfermedades de transmisión sexual), inspección y anoscopía, anoscopía magnificada, citología, biopsia, serotipo de riesgo, tratamiento. Resultados: Los resultados genéticos confirmaron 54.5 por ciento (18) casos de infección; correspondiendo 77.7 por ciento a cepas de bajo riesgo y 22.2 por ciento a cepas de alto riesgo. La inspección y anoscopía simple mostró lesión sospechosa de HPV en 30 por ciento de los pacientes y la anoscopía magnificada en el 45 por ciento de los pacientes. La citología mostró lesión sugestiva de HPV en 36.3 por ciento y atipía citológica en 27.2 por ciento. Las biopsias revelaron 27.2 por ciento de lesiones típicas de condiloma, 18.2 por ciento de lesiones AIN (neoplasia intraepitelial anal) y 3 por ciento de hiperparaqueratosis. La sensibilidad y especificidad para la inspección, anoscopía magnificada y cepillado fue de 44.4 por ciento, 72 por ciento y 77 por ciento; y de 86 por ciento, y 53.3 por ciento respectivamente...

Background: The incidence of anal cancer has increased in the last years. The association between anal cancer and HPV anal infection let us identify a risk population, principally HIV patients with men sexual men practices. Aim: To asses the incidence of anal and perianal lesions associated with HPV (human papillomavirus) infection in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) positive patients. Material and Methods: Between 1 November 2006, to 31 June 2007, 33 patients with positive serology for HIV infection were prospectively analyzed, 60 per cent females, median age 40 years (r = 19-62). The variables included in the study were age, gender, CD4 recount, CD4 nadir, viral charge, HPV previous history, sexual habits, type of retroviral treatment, HIV status, sexually transmitted disease history, simple anoscopy, high resolution anoscopy, pap cytology, pathology results, viral HPV type, treatment. Results: Genetic reports informed 54,5 per cent (18) of positive HPV patients, 77,7 per cent low risk viral type and 22 per cent of high risk. Inspection and conventional anoscopy showed 30 per cent of suspicious HPV lesions and high resolution anoscopy 45 per cent of them. Citology report informed 36,3 per cent of cellular changes associated with HPV infections and 27,2 per cent of atypia. The pathology report confirmed 27,2 per cent of typical HPV warms, 18,2 per cent of AIN (anal intraepithelial neoplasia) and 3 per cent of ASCUS (anal squamous cells of uncertain significance). Inspection and conventional anoscopy, high resolution anoscopy and citology by anal brushing showed sensibility and specificity of 44,4 per cent, 72 per cent and 77 per cent and 86 per cent, 86 per cent, 53,3 per cent respectively. Conclusions: HPV anal and perianal infection in HIV patients is frequent independently of sexual habits. High resolution Anoscopy and molecular diagnostic with viral type determination allow us to find sub clinical lesions of risk.

Transanal endoscopic operation: a new proposal / Operação transanal endoscópica: uma nova proposta

PURPOSE: The transanal procedure for rectal cancer surgery is one of the many techniques currently available. Different techniques for local excision of rectal tumors include: conventional transanal technique, posterior access surgery, therapeutic colonoscopy, transanal endoscopic surgery. METHODS: The aim of the present study is to describe a new method of transanal endoscopic resection, transanal endoscopic operation (TEO), and performed with the aid of a surgical proctoscope especially designed for this purpose and report the results obtained in 32 patients submitted to the TEO and to compare these results with those obtained with other techniques currently available. The average proportions of recurrence, post-operation complications and posterior resections were analyzed by means of a metanalysis. Data on the distance and size of rectal lesions, the operative timing and hospitalization time were distributed in graphs according to authors and techniques. RESULTS: The results were favorable and equivalent to those described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical proctoscope specially designed for this study is efficient and has a low cost; the TEO is easily performed with the aid of this equipment; the final results were favorable and similar to those obtained with other available techniques for endoscopic transanal intestinal resection, which are of high cost and less availability.

INTRODUÇÃO: A operação cirúrgica por acesso transanal no tratamento do câncer retal é uma das várias técnicas utilizadas nessa terapêutica. Há várias técnicas de excisão local para os tumores retais: O método cirúrgico transanal convencional, acessos posteriores, colonoscopia terapêutica e operações transanais endoscópicas. O objetivo é apresentar um novo método de ressecção transanal endoscópica (Operação Transanal Endoscópica - OTE), realizada com um proctoscópio cirúrgico idealizado para o procedimento e divulgar os resultados obtidos em 32 pacientes submetidos a OTE e compará-los com as técnicas atualmente empregadas. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas as proporções médias da recorrência, das complicações pós-operatórias e das ressecções posteriores por meio da técnica de metanálise. Para a distância e o tamanho das lesões retais, os tempos de operação e de hospitalização, foram feitos gráficos de acordo com o autor e a técnica. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram favoráveis e equiparáveis aos trabalhos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que: O proctoscópio utilizado na OTE demonstrou ser eficaz e de baixo custo; 2 - A OTE mostrou-se factível; 3 - A análise dos resultados com a OTE foram satisfatórios e similares às outras técnicas de ressecções transanais endoscópicas que são de alto custo e pouco disponíveis em nosso meio.

Two years study of surgical treatment of carcinoma rectum

A prospective study of 30 patients of carcinoma rectum was carried out at Liaquat Medical College Hospital, Jamshoro / Hyderabad from July 1992 to June 1994. The median age for the series was 60 years. Sex incidence male to female ratio 14:1.23 patients [76.7%] had bleeding per rectum. Twenty [66.6%/ had altered bowel habits. Ten cases [33.3%] had pain in the abdomen. Location of the tumour in the lower one third 18 cases [60%], middle one third 26.7%, upper one third 4 cases [13.3%]. Dukes staging were stage A 0, stage B 7 [23.3%], stage C 13 [43.3%], stage D 10 [33.3%]. Operations done were colostomy 23 [76.7%], abdomino perineal resection 6 [20%]. Anterior resection 1 [3.3%]. Resectability rate 26.7%, operative mortality 3.3%, no recurrence complications, retention of urine 16.7%, urinary tract infection 33.3%, perineal obscess 13.3%, haemorrhage 6.7%, stomal complications 16.7%, abdominal wound infection 13.3%

Schistosomiasis and colorectal carcinoma in Egypt

This work was carried out to throw light on the etiological importance of schistosomiasis in colorectal and the predictive value of some tumor markers TMs [CEA and CA19-9] in these tumors detection. It included 10 patients with sole colorectal carcinoma [group I], 10 others with colorectal cancer and schistosomiasis [group II], 15 with late intestinal schistosomiasis [group III] and 10 with early schistosomal colitis [group IV], in addition to 10 normal healthy controls [group V]. Results suggested that, it seems time to keep in mind the association between colorectal cancer and S. mansoni particularly in long standing infections. Sole determination of CEA and/or CA19-9 is not enough for diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Screening of high risk groups using these markers would require longer follow up along with histopathological study. Furthermore, it could be postulated that the primary role of these TMs in cancer colon and rectum might be assessment of complete tumor excision as well as postoperative surveillance of patients at risk of recurrence