Effects of the Periodical Spread of Rinderpest on Famine, Epidemic, and Tiger Disasters in the late 17th Century / 의사학

This study clarifies the causes of the repetitive occurrences of such phenomena as rinderpest, epidemic, famine, and tiger disasters recorded in the Joseon Dynasty Chronicle and the Seungjeongwon Journals in the period of great catastrophe, the late 17th century in which the great Gyeongsin famine (1670~1671) and the great Eulbyeong famine (1695~1696) occurred, from the perspective that they were biological exchanges caused by the new arrival of rinderpest in the early 17th century. It is an objection to the achievements by existing studies which suggest that the great catastrophes occurring in the late 17th century are evidence of phenomena in a little ice age. First of all, rinderpest has had influence on East Asia as it had been spread from certain areas in Machuria in May 1636 through Joseon, where it raged throughout the nation, and then to the west part of Japan. The new arrival of rinderpest was indigenized in Joseon, where it was localized and spread periodically while it was adjusted to changes in the population of cattle with immunity in accordance with their life spans and reproduction rates. As the new rinderpest, which showed high pathogenicity in the early 17th century, was indigenized with its high mortality and continued until the late 17th century, it broke out periodically in general. Contrastively, epidemics like smallpox and measles that were indigenized as routine ones had occurred constantly from far past times. As a result, the rinderpest, which tried a new indigenization, and the human epidemics, which had been already indigenized long ago, were unexpectedly overlapped in their breakout, and hence great changes were noticed in the aspects of the human casualty due to epidemics. The outbreak of rinderpest resulted in famine due to lack of farming cattle, and the famine caused epidemics among people. The casualty of the human population due to the epidemics in turn led to negligence of farming cattle, which constituted factors that triggered rage and epidemics of rinderpest. The more the number of sources of infection and hosts with low immunity increased, the more lost human resources and farming cattle were lost, which led to a great famine. The periodic outbreak of the rinderpester along with the routine prevalence of various epidemics in the 17thcentury also had influenced on domestic and wild animals. Due to these phenomenon, full-fledged famines occurred that were incomparable with earlier ones. The number of domestic animals that were neglected by people who, faced with famines, were not able to take care of them was increased, and this might have brought about the rage of epidemics like rinderpest in domestic animals like cattle. The great Gyeongsin and Eulbyeong famines due to reoccurrence of the rinderpest in the late 17th century linked rinderpester, epidemics and great famines so that they interacted with each other. Furthermore, the recurring cycle of epidemics-famines-rinderpest-great famines constituted a great cycle with synergy, which resulted in eco-economic-historical great catastrophes accompanied by large scale casualties. Therefore, the Gyeongsin and Eulbyeong famines occurring in the late 17th century can be treated as events caused by the repetition of various periodic disastrous factors generated in 1670~1671 and in 1695~1696 respectively, and particularly as phenomena caused by biological exchanges based on rinderpester., rather than as little ice age phenomena due to relatively long term temperature lowering.

Globalism of Outbreak and Prevalence of Cattle Plague(Rinderpest) around Byengjahoran (1636-1638) / 의사학

This study reviewed the outbreak and prevalence of cattle plague around Byeongjahoran from the perspective of international war in East Asia. First of all, the epidemiological characteristics of cattle plague in Manchuria where the outbreak of cattle plague was first reported around Byeongjahoran were analyzed. From the study, it was found the military activities that Sarhu (Qing) had made during the growth into Empire promoted the exchanges of various germs which became naturalized in the regions in Northeast Asia, and that such extreme situation as war made various diseases taken place and dispersed. In particular, because of military activities of Sarhu (Qing), various contagious diseases including smallpox which was prevalent in Inner-Mongolia and Shanxi became prevalent in Manchuria. During the contacts with Chosun after Jeongmyohoran, pathogen occurring Rinderpest was introduced into Manchuria. Favorable conditions for the interactions with various pathogens were provided by frequent contacts with wild animals through hunting and various cultivation groups composed of Manchurians, Mongolians, Han-Chinese and Chosun people. Rinderpest breaking in Chosun around Byeongjahoran was originated in Shenyang in 1636. It was transmitted to cattle in the Korean Peninsula and expanded to Kansai Region. At that time Rinderpest occurred and rapidly expanded in a specific area due to the interactions of pathogens, hosts and environments, and suddenly disappeared because of the extinction and the separation of hosts. It is consistent with the symptoms of modern times 'Rinderpest.' In Chosun it occurred in Pyeongan-do 4 months before the outbreak of Byeongjahoran and gave great damage on the capital area and northern Gyeonggi region. Because of the large scale migration of militaries after Byeongjahoran, Rindpest was expanded to Hasamdo and was terminated in February to April leaving big damages. The damages of Byeongjahoran were very severe. From the statistical records, it was found that the mortality rate in Gyenggi-do was around 2/3, around 50% in Jeju area. The mortality rate of infected cattle was around 75%. In some records based on individual cases, 80-100% of mortality rate was addressed. It is comparable to 25% of mortality in 1627, and is near or less than the mortality rate of Rinderpest in the 19th and 20the century. When analyzing the expansion of Rinderpest from the perspective of place, the most damaged places were areas near the busy roads or the places with dense population. Therefore, the remote places far from busy roads or separated from the affected places right after the outbreak did not have much damage. Additionally, rich stock-feeders had relatively small damages and poor households with 1 or 2 stokes were badly affected. The prevention and supply of medication by government made considerably positive effects on the prevention and treatment of Finderpest.

Feasibility study on global peste des petits ruminants eradication based on rinderpest eradication / 病毒学报

Eradication can be defined as permanent elimination of the occurrence of a given infectious disease. A joint FAO/OIE announcement of global rinderpest eradication was declared in 2011. The announcement from two international organizations indicates that the rinderpest virus, like the smallpox virus, will remain only in authorized laboratories. After rinderpest eradication, the relevant researchers shifted their focus on next target-peste des petits ruminants, since they mostly share similarities in such characteristics as etiology and pathology. This paper, on the one hand, analyzed objective and subjective factors in global rinderpest eradication, and on the other hand, reviewed the pros and cons of global peste des petits ruminants eradication.

Nota preliminar sobre la peste boba y la derrengadera de los equideos de los Llanos de Venezuela (tripanosomiasis) / Notices preliminary on the stupid pest and the derrengadera of the equideos of the Llanos de Venezuela (tripanosomiasis)

Todos los años muere en los Llanos de Venezuela un considerable número de bestias, especialmente de la clase caballar. Los primeros casos bien definidos se nos presentaron en el Rastro y allí comprobamos con toda evidencia, que la peste boba de los Llanos de Venezuela es producida por un tripanosoma. Describimos el aspecto, signos y síntomas de un caballo de tres años enfermo, así como los exámenes y preparaciones realizadas, teñidas o no, en las cuales se observa el tripanosoma; el cual se describe prolijamente haciendo las comparaciones correspondientes, y queda bien establecida la clasificación del parásito entre los del género tripanosoma, protozoarios infusorios de la clase mastigophora; subclase, flagellata; orden, protomonadida; familia, tripanosomidae. Se relacionan las especies que se encuentran en los mamíferos,con sus sinónimos. Se relatan extensamente los signos y síntomas de los animales afectados. Caracterizamos la derrengadera o deslomadera de los llaneros, la comparamos con la descripción que de ella hace Elmasian, analizamos la sangre de animales derrengados y hemos encontrado el mismo tripanosoma de los animales con peste boba; lo que nos ha inducido a dejar sentado que en los Llanos existe una sola tripanosomiasis con diversas manifestaciones y dos formas principales: la anemia perniciosa progresiva, la Forma parésica, rara vez parapléjica (derrengadera). Su causa es el Tripanosoma equinum (Voges), descubierto en 1901 por M Elmasian; los sabios Laverán y Mesnil han resumido todos los trabajos que han salido a la luz y han agregado un caudal de notas originales. Es obvio indicar la importancia que tiene en nuestro país el estudio sistemático y bien conocido de estas tripanosomiasis

immuno-potentiating impact of vitamin E and zinc supplementation on buffalo calves vaccinated against rinderpest

Rinderpest is a highly contagious and fatal disease of ruminants. Complains from unsatisfactory immune response to vaccines are quite frequently raised. A study was carried out to evaluate the potential of long tem feeding of high levels of vitamin E and Zinc on buffalo calves immune response vaccinated with live attenuated tissue culture Rinderpest vaccine. Two groups of buffalo calves were used. The calves of the treated group were supplemented with a combination of 1500 IU of dl-alpha-tocopherol and 7g. zinc oxide per animal at weekly intervals 7 weeks prior to vaccination and continued for further 4 weeks post vaccination. The ingredients of the ration were analyzed for moisture, crude protein and zinc. Heparinized and non-heparinized blood samples were collected at vaccination time 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post vaccination. Serun neutralization test and lymphayte blastogenic response to phytohaemagglutinin nitrogen were used as humeral and cell mediated immune measurements. The results showed that the serum neutralizing antibody titre as well as the blastogenic response of the supplemented group [56.0 +/- 8.0 and 2.35 +/- 0.16 respectively], were significantly [P < 0.01] higher as compared to that of the unsupplemtented group [26.69 +/- 5.33 and 1.577 +/- 0.06 respectively]. The trial confirmed that benefits from vitamin E and zinc supplementation might favorly modulate the immune competence under infectious stressfull conditions

Caracterización sociocultural y epidemiológica de las enfermedades transmisibles en la sub-región IV Cajamarca / Socio cultural and epidemiological characterization of the transmissible diseases in the IV sub region of Cajamarca

Estudio llevado a cabo en las comunidades de las provincias de Cajamarca, San Miguel, San Pablo y Contumazá utilizando entrevisas y estudio de casos de pobladores que fueron infectados por la peste y malaria; asimismo hace referencia al problema del cólera. Señala la problemática de la peste y enfermedades metaxénicas: malaria, leishmaniasis y enfermedades inmunoprevenibles