Correlação entre intensidade dolorosa e limitação de membro superior em sujeitos com tendinopatia do manguito / Correlation between pain intensity and upper limb limitation in subjects with cuff tendinopathy

INTRODUÇÃO: A Tendinopatia do Manguito Rotador (TMR) acarreta dor e prejuízo na função do ombro, porém não se sabe se ambas na mesma proporção. OBJETIVO: Verificar se a intensidade dolorosa se correlaciona com a função do membro superior em sujeitos com TMR. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal, com 60 indivíduos com TMR. Utilizou-se a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) para avaliar a dor e o questionário Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH) para função do ombro. Para análise dos dados foi realizada estatística descritiva (médias e desvio-padrão, apresentação numérica e percentual) e aplicada a correlação de Spearman utilizando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A dor média pela EVA foi de 5,02 (moderada). Verificou-se limitação leve (pontuação média de 34,43) nas 30 questões do questionário DASH. Em relação aos módulos opcionais, no módulo destinado a atletas/músicos, não houve limitação dos sujeitos que praticavam este (média de pontuação de 11,82). No módulo referente ao trabalho houve limitação leve (média de pontuação de 35,38). Houve correlação baixa entre dor e a função do ombro (rs=0,2949; p=0,0222). CONCLUSÃO: Embora os sujeitos com TMR apresentassem dor moderada, a correlação foi fraca entre dor e função do ombro.

INTRODUCTION: Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy (RMR) causes pain and impairment in shoulder function, but it is not known if both in the same proportion. OBJECTIVE: Verify whether pain intensity correlates with upper limb function in subjects with RMR. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study of 60 individuals with RMR. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH) for shoulder function. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation, numerical and percentage presentation) were performed and Spearman correlation was applied using a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The average pain by VAS was 5.02 (moderate). Mild limitation (mean score 34.43) was found in the 30 questions of the DASH questionnaire. Regarding the optional modules, in the module intended for athletes/musicians, there was no limitation of the subjects who practiced this (average score of 11.82). In the work module there was a slight limitation (average score 35.38). There was a low correlation between pain and shoulder function (rs=0.2949; p=0.0222). CONCLUSION: Although subjects with RMR had moderate pain, the correlation was weak between pain and shoulder function.

Predictors of shoulder degeneration in the Kwazulu-Natal population of South Africa / Indicadores de la degeneración del hombro en la poblacion Kwazulu/Natal de Sudáfrica

SUMMARY: The critical shoulder angle and acromion index are conventional radiological tools employed as predictors of shoulder degeneration. As they represent the static components of glenohumeral stability, the scapulo-humeral geometry and underlying subacromial tissue appear as the resultant cause-effect factors. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the critical shoulder angle and acromion index as interrelated parameters within the South African population. The measurement of both biomechanical parameters was conducted on two-hundred and sixty (n = 260) true AP radiographs. This was a cross-sectional study that also incorporated the demographic representation of the population group which was analysed accordingly. The mean values recorded for both the critical shoulder angle (36.31±5.84º) and acromion index (0.74±0.13) suggested rotator cuff arthropathy. The results confirmed the theories of Nyffeler et al. (2006) and Moor et al. (2012) who alluded to glenoid inclination and the acromial coverage over the humeral head. A significant proportionality correlation, verified by a P value of 0.000, was established between the acromion index and critical shoulder angle which may assist to differentiate between normal asymptomatic shoulders and those with cuff disease. Furthermore, these predictors of shoulder degeneration may present as a preventative tool against tear progression.

RESUMEN: El ángulo crítico del hombro y el índice acromial son herramientas radiológicas convencionales empleadas como indicadores de la degeneración del hombro. Debido a que representan los componentes estáticos de la estabilidad glenohumeral, la geometría escápulo-humeral y el tejido subacromial subyacente aparecen como los factores causa-efecto resultantes. En consecuencia, el propósito de este estudio fue investigar el ángulo crítico del hombro y el índice acromial como parámetros interrelacionados dentro de la población sudafricana. La medición de ambos parámetros biomecánicos se realizó en 260 radiografías antero-posteriores (AP). Se realizó un estudio transversal que también incorporó la representación demográfica del grupo de la población que fue analizada. Los valores medios registrados tanto para el ángulo crítico del hombro (36,31 ± 5,84º) como para el índice del acromión (0,74 ± 0,13) sugirieron una artropatía del manguito rotador. Los resultados confirmaron las teorías de Nyffeler et al. (2006) y Moor et al. (2012) que aludían a la inclinación glenoide y a la cobertura acromial sobre la cabeza humeral. Se estableció una correlación de proporcionalidad significativa, verificada por un valor de P de 0,000, entre el índice acromial y el ángulo crítico del hombro, lo que puede ayudar a diferenciar entre los hombros asintomáticos normales y aquellos con enfermedad del manguito rotador. Además, estos predictores de degeneración del hombro pueden ser útiles como una herramienta preventiva contra la progresión del desgarro.

Arthroscopic Changes of the Biceps Pulley in Rotator Cuff Tear and Its Clinical Significance in Relation to Treatment

BACKGROUND: In the case of rotator cuff tears, the biceps pulley can be stressed by the unstable biceps tendon, and this can subsequently affect the stability of the subscapularis tendon. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between normal variations and lesions of the biceps pulley that affect anterosuperior lesions in cases of rotator cuff tears. METHODS: From January 2002 through November 2010, we observed biceps pulley and associated anterosuperior lesions in 589 of 634 cases (93%) of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, including 72 cases (12.2%) of small tears, 219 cases (37.2%) of medium tears, 134 cases (22.8%) of large tears, and 164 cases (27.8%) of massive tears. We classified normal stretched biceps pulleys as type I, stretched biceps pulleys with mild changes as type II, those with a partial tear as type III, and torn pulleys as type IV. RESULTS: We were able to classify 589 cases of biceps pulleys as type I, II, III, or IV associated lesions in rotator cuff tears. Type I was seen in 91 cases (15.4%), type II in 216 cases (36.7%), type III in 157 cases (26.7%), and type IV in 101 cases (17.1%); unidentified cases numbered 24 (4.1%). Nearly three-quarters, 73.3%, of the cases (432/589) had associated anterosuperior lesions, and combined treatment for the associated lesions was administered in 29.2% (172/589) of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Biceps pulley lesions with more than partial tears were identified in 48% of rotator cuff tear cases. The incidence and severity of pulley lesions were related to the rotator cuff tear size, the status of the long head of the biceps tendon and subscapularis tendon lesion, and the treatment methods.

Repaired Supraspinatus Tendons in Clinically Improving Patients: Early Postoperative Findings and Interval Changes on MRI

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate and further determine the incidences of repaired supraspinatus tendons on early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in clinically improving patients and to evaluate interval changes on follow-up MRIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients, who showed symptomatic and functional improvements after supraspinatus tendon repair surgery and who underwent postoperative MRI twice with a time interval, were included. The first and the second postoperative MRIs were obtained a mean of 4.4 and 11.5 months after surgery, respectively. The signal intensity (SI) patterns of the repaired tendon on T2-weighted images from the first MRI were classified into three types of heterogeneous high SI with fluid-like bright high foci (type I), heterogeneous high SI without fluid-like bright high foci (type II), and heterogeneous or homogeneous low SI (type III). Interval changes in the SI pattern, tendon thickness, and rotator cuff interval thickness between the two postoperative MRIs were evaluated. RESULTS: The SI patterns on the first MRI were type I or II in 45 tendons (90%) and type III in five (10%). SI decreased significantly on the second MRI (p < 0.050). The mean thickness of repaired tendons and rotator cuff intervals also decreased significantly (p < 0.050). CONCLUSION: Repaired supraspinatus tendons exhibited high SI in 90% of clinically improving patients on MRI performed during the early postsurgical period. The increased SI and thickness of the repaired tendon decreased on the later MRI, suggesting a gradual healing process rather than a retear.

Lipoma subdeltoídeo como causa de síndrome do impacto no ombro – um relato de caso / Subdeltoid lipoma causing shoulder impingement syndrome – a case report

A síndrome do impacto é definida pela colisão dos tendões dos músculos que formam o manguito rotador contra o arco coracoacromial. Vários fatores concorrem para essa doença e são classificados como estruturais ou funcionais. Os primeiros são alterações do arco coracoacromial, úmero, bursa e manguito rotador; os fatores funcionais estão relacionados com o mecanismo de elevação do membro superior, por meio da atividade sincronizada e equilibrada entre o manguito rotador e os músculos da cintura escapular. Os autores relatam aqui, o caso de um lipoma parosteal do úmero proximal, situado entre os ventres musculares do deltoide, redondo menor e infraespinhal ocasionando os sinais clínicos da síndrome do impacto. Trata-se de uma ocorrência rara, caracterizada como uma causa estrutural para o desencadeamento dessa sintomatologia.

The impingement syndrome is defined by the compression of the rotator cuff tendons against the coracoacromial arch. Several factors contribute to this condition and they are classified as structural or functional factors. The former are changes in the coracoacromial arch, proximal humerus, bursa and rotator cuff, and the latter are related to the mechanism of the upper limb by means of synchronized activity and balanced between the rotator cuff and scapular girdle muscles. The authors report here a case of parosteal lipoma of the proximal humerus, located between the muscles deltoid, teres minor and infraspinatus causing clinical signs of impingement. It is a rare occurrence, characterized as a structural cause for the onset of this symptom.

Ectopic Insertion of the Pectoralis Minor Tendon: Inter-Reader Agreement and Findings in the Rotator Interval on MRI

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) observer variability to detect ectopic insertion of the pectoralis minor tendon (EIPMT) and to investigate changes in the rotator interval in patients with EIPMT using MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 507 shoulder MRIs (male:female = 259:248; mean age, 55.4 years) were classified into 1) normal type insertion of the pectoralis minor tendon, 2) complete type EIPMT, and 3) partial type EIPMT independently by two radiologists. Inter-observer agreement was calculated using the kappa coefficient. Thickness of the fibrotic scar tissue in the subcoracoid triangle and humeral side axillary recess was measured. MRIs were reviewed by consensus with regard to the grade of fibrotic scar tissue proliferation in the rotator interval. Comparisons were made between normal and EIPMT and between partial and complete type EIPMT. RESULTS: The incidence of EIPMT was 13.4% (complete type, 7.7%; partial type, 5.7%). Inter-observer agreement was substantial (kappa = 0.775). Fibrotic scar tissue in the subcoracoid triangle was thicker, and the grade of fibrotic scar tissue proliferation in the rotator interval was higher in the EIPMT group than those in the control group. No significant difference was observed in the thickness of humeral side axillary recess. The thicknesses of fibrotic scar tissue in the subcoracoid triangle and humeral side axillary recess as well as the grade of fibrotic scar tissue in the rotator interval were not significantly different between complete and partial type EIPMT. CONCLUSION: MRI enabled detection of EIPMT with substantial observer agreement. Patients with EIPMT show a high tendency for fibrotic scar tissue proliferation in the rotator interval.

Visual MRI Grading System to Evaluate Atrophy of the Supraspinatus Muscle

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interobserver reproducibility and diagnostic feasibility of a visual grading system for assessing atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three independent radiologists retrospectively evaluated the occupying ratio of the supraspinatus muscle in the supraspinatus fossa on 192 shoulder MRI examinations in 188 patients using a 3-point visual grading system (1, > or = 60%; 2, 30-59%; 3, < 30%) on oblique sagittal T1-weighted images. The inter-reader agreement and the agreement with the reference standard (3-point grades according to absolute occupying ratio values quantitatively measured by directly contouring the muscles on MRI) were analyzed using weighted kappa. The visual grading was applied by a single reader to a group of 100 consecutive patients who had undergone rotator cuff repair to retrospectively determine the association between the visual grades at preoperative state and postsurgical occurrences of retear. RESULTS: The inter-reader weighted kappa value for the visual grading was 0.74 when averaged across three reader pairs (0.70-0.77 for individual reader pairs). The weighted kappa value between the visual grading and the reference standard ranged from 0.75 to 0.83. There was a significant difference in retear rates of the rotator cuff between the 3 visual grades of supraspinatus muscle atrophy on MRI in univariable analysis (p < 0.001), but not in multivariable analysis (p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: The 3-point visual grading system may be a feasible method to assess the severity of supraspinatus muscle atrophy on MRI and assist in the clinical management of patients with rotator cuff tear.

The Prevalence of Os Acromiale in Korean Patients Visiting Shoulder Clinic

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of os acromiale has been documented to be between 1% and 15% and is known to be clinically associated with subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tear. However, the prevalence of os acromiale in Korea has not yet been determined. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of os acromiale in Korean patients who visited shoulder clinics and to investigate the correlations with rotator cuff tear. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the X-rays of patients visiting a shoulder clinic at a tertiary hospital in Korea from January 2011 to January 2012 to determine the frequency of os acromiale. X-ray findings were confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients who had these images available. MRI was also used to assess the status of the rotator cuff. The correlation between the presence of os acromiale either with gender, hand dominance or rotator cuff tear was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: A total of 2,946 shoulders from 1,568 patients were analyzed with X-rays. Thirteen cases out of 1,568 patients had an os acromiale; and there were five and eight cases of pre-acromiale and meso-acromiale, respectively. Thus, the prevalence of os acromiale in this study population was found to be 0.7 (7 cases per 1,000 patients). Bilaterality was found in two cases. Os acromiale was not more frequent according to gender (five males versus eight females, p = 0.525) and hand dominance was not associated with frequency of os acromiale (seven dominant arms versus six non-dominant arms, p = 0.631). A sub-analysis of shoulders with available MRIs (1,074 shoulders) revealed that there were two rotator cuff tears (40%) out of five cases of os acromiale, whereas 607 rotator cuff tears were observed (57%) among 1069 cases without os acromiale. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.656). CONCLUSIONS: The identified prevalence of os acromiale in Korean patients who visited shoulder clinics is 0.7%, which is much lower as compared with the prevalence of general population from other ethnic groups. No correlation was observed between rotator cuff tears and os acromiale in this study population.

Resultados de la terapia por onda de choque focal en calcificaciones del manguito rotador / Results of focal shock-wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff

Introducción: El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar, en forma prospectiva, los resultados del tratamiento mediante la aplicación de ondas de choque focales, en un grupo de pacientes con calcificaciones sintomáticas del manguito rotador. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 44 casos consecutivos de calcificaciones localizadas en alguno de los tendones del manguito rotador, en 43 pacientes con cirugías fallidas o tratamiento previo, al menos, por 6 meses, con síntomas persistentes. Resultados: En la evaluación al año, la calcificación había desaparecido completamente en 20 pacientes (45,5 por ciento). En 13 casos (29,5 por ciento), hubo un cambio significativo en el tamaño o la densidad. En 11 casos (25 por ciento), no hubo modificaciones. El dolor, según la escala analógica visual descendió de un promedio de 5,5 a 1,4 (p <0,0001). El puntaje de UCLA pasó de un valor inicial promedio de 15,7 a un valor de 29,3 (p <0,0001). El puntaje de Autoevaluación ASES fue de 84,6 comparado con un valor inicial de 48 (p <0,0001). El 77 por ciento de los pacientes estuvieron satisfechos con el procedimiento. Conclusión: El estudio sugiere que la terapia por onda de choque es una alternativa válida para pacientes que no han respondido al tratamiento conservador ni al quirúrgico

Manguito rotador: histología, de la normalidad a la patología / Histology of rotator cuff: from normality to pathology

Introducción: Las causas de ruptura de manguito rotador no son bien comprendidas. Existen diferentes teorías que explicarían su etiopatología. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir un patrón histológico de normalidad y desarrollar un score histológico para evaluar lesiones agudas y crónicas del manguito rotador. Material y Métodos: Se realizaron once biopsias de espesor completo del manguito rotador en once pacientes con rupturas, no menores de 3 cm de longitud anteroposterior de distinto tiempo de evolución y 3 biopsias, en manguitos rotadores sin patología (Inestabilidad y Luxación Acromio-Clavicular). Se las sometió a estudios histológicos con hematoxilina-eosina, tricrómico de Masson (fibras colágenas), Giemsa (evaluar mastocitos), CD45 (leucocitos), CD68 (macrófagos), CD34 (endotelio vascular) y MIB-1 (índice proliferación celular). Se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: Matriz extracelular (edema, orientación colágeno y metaplasia condroide), celularidad (fibroblastos, linfocitos, mastocitos y macrófagos), proliferación vascular y espesor de la membrana sinovial. Cada ítem fue cuantificado y se le coloco un valor de O (normal) a 3 (severo). Resultados: En las lesiones de menor tiempo de evolución, la característica primaria fue la desorganización de las fibras de colágeno, el aumento de la celularidad, a predominio de macrófagos y el edema. En las lesiones crónicas se observo un aumento del espesor de la membrana sinovial, metaplasia condroide y aumento de la celularidad a predominio de linfocitos. Conclusión: Los patrones histológicos varían, de acuerdo a la indemnidad del tendón y al tiempo de evolución de la ruptura. Relevancia Clínica: La posibilidad de reconocer diferentes patrones histológicos patológicos, en biopsias de manguitos rotadores con lesiones de distinto tiempo de evolución, nos permitirá, con un nivel de evidencia mayor, crear nuevas técnicas quirurgicas y mejorar los escenarios biológicos para el mejor tratamiento de esta patología.

Aplicación de farmacopuntura en afecciones dolorosas del hombro / Application pharmacopuncture in painful affections of the shoulder

Se realizó un estudio experimental, tipo ensayo clínico controlado, en el período comprendido entre enero del 2007 hasta enero del 2008, con el fin de comparar la respuesta al tratamiento con farmacopuntura en el hombro doloroso con respecto al bloqueo del nervio supraescapular y proponer un algoritmo de tratamiento. La muestra quedó constituida por 60 pacientes, los cuales fueron aleatorizados y divididos en dos grupos, a uno se le realizó bloqueo del nervio supraescapular con betametasona y lidocaína al 2 por ciento en dosis habituales y al otro grupo se les aplicó farmacopuntura con pequeñas dosis de betametasona diluida con agua para inyección. El tratamiento fue aplicado dos veces por semana y hasta seis sesiones como máximo. Se evaluaron semanalmente por un equipo de trabajo teniendo en cuenta el criterio del paciente según la escala visual análoga, según criterio médico basado en el examen clínico, explorándose el dolor, la limitación de la movilidad articular y el balance funcional . Se observó una evolución satisfactoria más rápida en los pacientes tratados con farmacopuntura. El tratamiento con farmacopuntura en el hombro doloroso es de alta eficacia frente al bloqueo del nervio supraescapular.

We carried out an experimental, longitudinal and prospective study, at the Provincial Centre for the Development of Natural and Traditional Medicine Dr Mario E Dihigo, during the period from January 2007 to January 2008, with the objective of treating the increased incidence of patients with painful affections of the shoulder, requiring in many cases the usage of long, risk treatments, with results not always satisfactory. The sample was formed by 60 patients who were randomized and divided in two groups. A blockade of the supraescapular nerve with betamethasone and lidocain 2 per cent in habitual doses was applied to one group; the second one received pharmacopuncture with low doses of betamethasone diluted in water for injection. The treatment was applied 2 times a week and up to the maximum of 6 sessions. They were evaluated weakly for a working group, taking into account the patient's criteria according to the visual analogous scale, according to the medical criteria based on the clinical examination looking for pain, joint mobility limitation and functional balance. Among the studied patients there was a predominance of the female sex beginning from the third and fourth decades of life. Tendinitis of the rotator cuff was the most frequent diagnosis. There was a faster satisfactory recovery in patients treated with pharmacopuncture. Pharmacopuncture therapy in painful shoulder is of higher efficacy than the blockade of the supraescapular nerve.

Lesiones del subescapular / Subscapular lesions

La incidencia de desgarros del subescapular ha sido marcadamente subestimada en el pasado, y las mejoras en la detección de estas ha resaltado la necesidad de tratamientos adecuados. Esta revisión discute los estudios relevantes de los pasados 18 meses que auxilian al clínico en el momento de enfrentarse a la patología del tendón subescapular de los pasados 18 meses La literatura más reciente ha elucidado la importancia del subescapular en la estabilidad y función del hombro. Avances en las técnicas de RM y pruebas de examen físico como los signos ''bear hug" (abrazo de oso) y "belly off' (panza afuera) han conducido a una mayor sensibilidad y especificidad de diagnóstico de la patología del suubescapular. Sumada a las causas traumáticas agudas de daño, nuevas etiologías como el pinzarniento subcoracoideo, falla fibrilar insterticial a la traccion e insuficiencia posoperatoria son ahora mejor comprendidas y ayudan a entender la patología. Series prospectivas más grandes han ayudado a correlacionar la integridad de la reparación con el resultado, han brindado una epidemiología más exacta y enfatizado la importancia de abordar rupturas de grosor parrcial. Finalmente, avances en la artroscopía han conducido a una variedad de enfoques y resultados mejorados. Estos avances son alentadores para el tratamiento de la patología del manguito rotador. Los cirujanos ortopédicos se enfrentan hoy con una creciente población envejecida, más activa y demandante, por lo cual la habilidad de abordar la patología del subescapular apropiadamente se transformará en primordial a la hora de optimizar los resultados.

Tendinopatía del mango rotador: análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímico / Shoulder rotator cuff tendinopathy: histological and immunohistochemical analysis

We reviewed 45 biopsies obtained from surgical patients underwent open rotator cuff tear repairs. Routine stains included Hematoxylin_Eosin (which conform the basis for scoring into Riley´s Classification to 64 percent corresponding to type III and 36 percent to type IV), Alcian Blue stain and Masson Tri-Chrome stain; in ten cases we applied immuno-histochemical techniques for PCNA, CD14, CD34 and Tenascin-C markers, using semi-quantitative methods for it analysis. Percentage vascular area measurement was 15 percent (average) for tendinopathy type Riley III and this value lessening progressively according more degenerative lesions appears in type Riley IV. Analysis of neo-angiogenesis foci indicates: a diffuse pattern of appearance, damage in pericyte sheath of neo-vessels with probabilities of developing microhaemorraghes and many inactive neo-blood-vessels. In tendinopathy Riley type IV, greatest expression of chondroid metaplasia, acellularityof tendon tissue and absence of blood vessels were common findings, notshowing signs of repair. Immunohistochemical results showed PCNA+ index in cells equivalent to 35 percent in average, but much lower index were characteristic for type IV; Tenascin-C markation was in correspondence with PCNA+ intensitystain. CD14-CD34 staining was incomplete and weak in areas of neo-angiogenesis. Overall results indicate a progressive compromise of repair capabilities according classification degree.

Se revisan 45 biopsias obtenidas de pacientes operados con cirugía abierta por ruptura completa del mango rotador. Las tinciones utilizadas incluyen H-E (utilizada para clasificar las tendinopatías en la Clasificación de Riley, 64 por ciento tipo III y 36 por ciento tipo IV), tinción de Azul Alcian y Tricrómica de Masson. 10 biopsias fueron tratadas con técnicas inmuno-histoquímicas para PCNA, CD14, CD34 y Tenascin-C y se aplicaron métodos semicuantitativos de análisis. La medición de porcentaje de área vascular mostró un 15 por ciento (promedio) para las tipo III, valor que disminuye de acuerdo a la aparición de lesiones degenerativas en las tipo IV. El análisis de los focos de neoangiogenesis indica un patrón difuso, infiltrativo, con daño en la cubierta de pericitos de los neovasos y tendencia a las micro-hemorragias, con muchos vasos inactivos. En la tendinopatía tipo IV, la aparición de mayor metaplasma condroídea, zonas acelulares y ausencia de vasos sanguíneos fueron hallazgos frecuentes y no se apreciaron signos de reparación. Los resultados inmunohistoquímicos mostraron un índice PCNA+ de 35 por ciento en promedio, encontrándose valores muy inferiores en las tipo IV. La marcación para Tenascin-C estuvo en correspondencia con el índice de PCNA+ y las marcas CD14-34 fueron incompletas y débiles en las áreas de neoangiogénesis. Evaluados en conjunto estos resultados indican un daño progresivo en la capacidad de reparación tisular a medida que transita del tipo Riley III al Riley IV.

Manguito rotador. Correlacion entre resonancia magnetica nuclear y artroscopia / Rotator cuff. Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy

Se realizó una evaluación retrospectiva de 28 pacientes (29 hombros) intervenidos por artroscopía al presentar patología del espacio subacromial y del manguito rotador. Se compararon los hallazgos quirúrgicos con resonancia magnetica nuclear preoperatorias. Dichos hallazgos fueron clasificados siguiendo criterio radiológico de acuerdo a la presencia o no de ruptura, y si esta era parcial (articular o bursal) o completa. Se observaron resultados coincidentes o verdaderos en el 62 por ciento de los casos, correspondiendo estos a los manguitos sanos y a aquellos con lesiones completas. Los diagnósticos erróneos (falsos positivos o negativos) fueron en mayor proporción en las lesiones parciales.

Diagnostico de la lesion SLAP en las rupturas del manguito rotador. Eficacia del examen fisico y de la resonancia magnetica nuclear sin contraste / Superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions in rotator cuff rupture. Efficacy of clinical and imaging findings

Objetivo: Correlacionar hallazgos semiológicos e imagenológicos en el diagnóstico de lesiones SLAP asociadas a rupturas del manguito rotador utilizando la artroscopia como referencia. Valorar sensibilidad, especificidad, y exactitud diagnóstica de resonancia nuclear magnetica (RNM) sin contraste y maniobras de O'Brian, Speed, y Jobe. Tipo de Estudio: Retrospectivo de Cohorte Transversal. Material y Método: 29 pacientes., 31 lesiones del manguito rotador. Serniológicamente utilizamos las maniobras de Jobe, O'Brian y Speed test. En RNM sin contraste buscamos lesiones entre hora 11 y 1, en plano axial, sagital, y oblicuo corona1 Resultados: 3 1 lesiones del manguito rotador, 28 (90,3 por ciento) fueron totales y 3 (9,7 por ciento) parciales. 25 (80,6 por ciento) presentaban lesión SLAP en la artroscopia. 15 (48,4 por ciento) de los 31 pacientes. se diagnosticó clínicamente ruptura del manguito rotador asociado a lesión SLAP. De las 31 RNM evaluadas, se informaron 24 (77,4 por ciento) lesiones SLAP, constatando 21 lesiones con la artroscopia. Obtuvimos una sensibilidad de 60 por ciento, 48 por ciento y 20 por ciento, una especificidad de 50 por ciento, 33,3 por ciento y 83,3 por ciento y una exactitud diagnóstica del 58 por ciento, 45,2 por ciento y 32,3 por ciento respectivamente para las maniobras de O'Brian, Speed y recolocación de Jobe. Al analizar la RNM sin contraste tuvimos una sensibilidad del 84 por ciento, una especificidad del 50 por ciento ,y una exactitud diagnóstica del 77,4 por ciento. El diagnóstico clínico fue estadísticamente inferior al diagnóstico por RNM de la lesión SLAP. Conclusión: el diagnóstico definitivo de las lesiones SLAP como patología asociada a la lesión del manguito rotador debe realizarse por medio de una artroscopia diagnostico terapéutica Nivel de Evidencia: Nivel II.

Tratamento artroscópico da tendinite calcária do ombro / Arthroscopic treatment of calcareous tendonitis of the shoulder

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento artroscópico nos pacientes com tendinite calcária do manguito rotador. Métodos: Os resultados do tratamento artroscópico foram avaliados em 66 pacientes (71 ombros). Houve predominância do sexo feminino em 56,3% dos casos, com média de idade de 51 anos. Todos os pacientes foram resistentes ao tratamento conservador prévio e acompanhados por tempo médio de 58 meses (de 12 a 118 meses). A bursectomia e a ressecção parcial ou completa da calcificação foram realizadas em todos os casos. A acromioplastia foi realizada sempre que sinais, radiográficos ou artroscópicos, de impacto se faziam presentes, ocorrendo em 90,2% dos casos. Resultados: Foram obtidos 95,7% de resultados excelentes e bons, conforme a avaliação do UCLA. Conclusão: A cirurgia artroscópica para a tendinite calcária crônica do manguito rotador é método eficaz para os casos resistentes ao tratamento conservador.

Ultrasonographic Findings of the Shoulder in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Comparison with Physical Examination

The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify the ultrasonographic (US) abnormalities and 2) to compare the findings of physical examination with US findings in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with shoulder pain. We studied 30 RA patients. Physical examination was performed systemically as follows: 1) area of tenderness; 2) range of passive and active shoulder motion; 3) impingement tests; 4) maneuvers for determining the location of the tendon lesions. US investigations included the biceps, the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons; the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa; and the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints. Thirty RA patients with 35 painful and 25 non-painful shoulders were examined. The range of motion affected the most by shoulder pain was abduction. The most frequent US finding of shoulder joint was effusion in the long head of the biceps tendon. Among the rotator cuff tendons, subscapularis was the most frequently involved. Tendon tear was also common among non-painful shoulders. Physical examination used for the diagnosis of shoulder pain had low sensitivity and specificity for detecting abnormalities in the rheumatoid shoulder joint. In conclusion, US abnormalities showed frequent tendon tears in our RA patients. Physical examination had low sensitivity and specificity for detecting rotator cuff tear in the rheumatoid shoulder joint.

Tratamiento de lesiones del manguito rotador: estudio comparativo de técnicas quirúrgicas / Treatment of rotator cuff lesion: comparative study of surgical techniques

El síndrome de pellizcamiento es una causa frecuente de consulta en nuestro medio. Se realiza un análisis de una serie de casos clínicos, de pacientes con síndrome de pellizcamiento puro y roturas del manguito rotador operados por vía abierta y artroscópica. Se analiza el tiempo al alta hospitalaria y laboral, se evalúan los pacientes con la escala funcional de la UCLA, porcentaje de satisfacción por esta escala y complicaciones para los distintos grupos. Los resultados arrojan altas laborales precoces para el grupo de cirugía artroscópica, tanto en roturas como pellizcamiento y resultados funcionales similares a largo plazo según escala UCLA con ambas técnicas, para pellizcamientos y roturas.

A ecografia no diagnóstico das lesões músculo-tendinosas do ombro / Ultrasonography findings of musculotendinous lesions of the shoulder

Este estudo propôs-se a revisar os aspectos relevantes da anatomia, técnica de exame e achados de imagens, com o objetivo de auxiliar o radiologista no diagnóstico diferencial frente às afecções músculo-tendinosas do ombro. Foram realizadas 34 ultra-sonografias da região do ombro, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2001. A avaliação foi realizada com transdutores de alta freqüência (7,5-10 MHz). O exame foi normal em 23 por cento dos pacientes (oito casos). Dos 26 casos alterados, observaram-se oito com ruptura total (30 por cento), cinco com ruptura parcial (19 por cento), dez com tendinopatia (38 por cento), um com tendinopatia calcificada (3 por cento), um com tenossinovite bicipital (3 por cento) e um com tendinopatia associada a artrite gotosa (3 por cento). A falta de experiência e de conhecimento das principais alterações que acometem o ombro é um dos principais pontos limitantes do diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico das lesões do ombro. Portanto, o estudo dessas alterações deve ser realizado amplamente.

The purpose of this study is to review the anatomical structures, ultrasonography examination technique and imaging findings in patients with musculotendinous lesions of the shoulder with the aim of helping the radiologist in the differential diagnosis of these lesions. We performed ultrasonography examinations of the shoulder using high-resolution probes (7.5–10 MHz) in 34 patients from January to December, 2001. The examination was normal in eight patients (23%) whereas 26 patients presented abnormalities: eight patients had total rotator cuff tears (30%), five had partial rotator cuff (19%), ten had tendinopathy (38%), one had calcified tendinopathy (3%), one had biceps tendinitis, one had biceps tendon luxation (3%) and one had tendinopathy associated to crystal arthropathy (3%). The lack of experience and the insufficient knowledge about the main diseases of the shoulder are limiting factors for the diagnosis of these lesions. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the abnormalities of the shoulder should be carried out.

Prevalência de degeneraçäo e ruptura no manguito rotador após a 6ª década de vida: análises clínico-radiográficas / Prevalence of degeneration and rupture of the rotator cuf after 6th decade of life: clinical-radiographic analyses

O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar a prevalência de degeneração e ruptura tendiosa do manguito rotador dos ombros de pessoas assintomáticas, após a 6ª década de vida. Utilizou-se, para isso, o exame clínico dos ombros de 50 pessoas com pesquisa de dor e de sinais típicos de atrito ou impacto subacromiais (sinais do impacto, de Hawkins, de Yocum). Foram procuradas, no exame físico, rupturas de tendões do manguito rotador: subescapular (teste de Gerber ou lift off), supra-espinhal (teste de Jobe) e do infra-espinhal e redondo menor (teste de Didier-Patte e da rotação externa). Os ombros foram radiografados em ântero-posterior com raios horizontais e com inclinações caudal de 30§ e cefálica de 10§. Foi também mensurada a distância acromioumeral nos RX com raios horizontais, em ambos os grupos. Foi, ainda, pesquisada correlação clínico-radiográfica nos casos e se havia predominância de degenerações ou rupturas dos tendões no membro superior dominante. Encontram-se, no grupo das 26 mulheres, anormalidades clínicas, que sugeriam impacto subacromial em cinco casos. Em dois deles, havia ruptura do manguito rotador pelo exame físico. As anormalidades radiográficas foram encontradas em 51,92 por cento dos ambos, mas sem diminuição da distância acromioumeral (normal, 6-13mm). No grupo dos 24 homens, perceberam-se alterações clínicas de atrito subacromial em dois casos e de ruptura de manguito rotador em um caso. As radiografias mostraram-se alteradas em 45,83 por cento dos ombros, mas sem dimunuição da distância acromioumeral (normal, 6-13mm). Não houve correlação clínico-radiográfica em ambos os grupos, nem predomínio das alterações ao RX no membro superior dominante (40,74 por cento nas mulheres e 50 por cento dos homens). Conclui-se, portanto, que uma percentagem relativamente alta de pessoas acima da 6ª década de vida apresenta anormalidades radiográficas nos ombros, as quais sugerem degenerações tendinosas do manguito rotador. Essas degenerações podem existir mesmo sem haver sintomas e, ainda, mesmo sendo boas as funções dos ombros. Não existiu correlação clínico-radiográfica dos casos examinados e a predominância no lado dominante não foi estatisticamente significativa. A prevalência de degenerações tendinosas no manguito rotador do ombro foi de 19,23 por cento nas mulheres e de 12,5 por cento nos homens e de rupturas tendinosas desses foi de 7,64 por cento e 4,16 por cento em ambos os grupos, respectivamente.