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1.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Clín. Méd ; 16(3): 180-183, jul.-set. 2018. tab., graf., ilus.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1047954

ABSTRACT

Relata-se o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 32 anos, comerciante, com manifestações sistêmicas de brucelose, como febre diária contínua, sinal de Faget, lombalgia, cervicalgia, náuseas e cefaleia. Quando questionada, a paciente referiu consumo de leite e queijo não pasteurizados de origem bovina. Nos exames laboratoriais, foram evidenciados leucocitose, linfopenia, proteína C-reativa dentro dos parâmetros da normalidade e ausência de transaminasemia, contrapondo achados clássicos da doença. Os exames de imagem mostraram sinais característicos de sacroileíte. O tratamento foi realizado com doxiciclina 100mg via oral a cada 12 horas e estreptomicina 1g via intramuscular diária. O resultado da titulação para brucelose foi positivo. A paciente teve boa resposta ao tratamento, mantendo-se afebril e em bom estado geral até a alta hospitalar, que ocorreu após 14 dias do início da medicação, tendo sido mantido o tratamento ambulatorialmente. (AU)


A case of a 32-year-old female retailer with systemic manifestations of brucellosis, such as prolonged daily fever, Faget's sign, low back and neck pain, nausea and headache. When questioned, the patient reported consumption of unpasteurized milk and cheese of bovine origin. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis, lymphopenia, normal levels of C-reactive protein, and absence of transaminasemia, contrasting classic findings of the disease Imaging evaluation showed characteristic signs of sacroiliitis. The treatment was performed with doxycycline 100mg orally every 12 hours, and streptomycin 1g intramuscularly once daily. The serology for brucellosis was positive. The patient showed good response to the treatment, remaining afebrile and in good general condition until hospital discharge, which took place 14 days after starting the medication; she remained on treatment in an outpatient setting. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Bradycardia/diagnosis , Brucellosis/diagnosis , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Brucellosis/immunology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Vancomycin/therapeutic use , Meningitis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Doxycycline/therapeutic use , Milk/microbiology , Spondylosis/diagnostic imaging , Sacroiliitis/diagnostic imaging , Hospitalization , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
2.
Brasília; CONITEC; mar. 2017. graf, ilus.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA | ID: biblio-907099

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: No período de 2013 a 2016 foram registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), 1.493 notificações de brucelose humana e observou-se que a partir de 2015, houve um aumento considerável no número de notificações. Esse comportamento crescente reforça a necessidade de implementação de ações específicas, incluindo a implantação de um sistema de vigilância e a garantia de acesso a diagnóstico e tratamento adequados e oportunos. Considerando que o Ministério da Saúde já adquire doxiciclina, rifampicina e estreptomicina para atender à demanda de outros programas (tuberculose e hanseníase, por exemplo), este relatório visa avaliar a ampliação de uso dos referidos medicamentos no SUS, para tratamento da brucelose humana. TECNOLOGIAS: Doxiciclina 100mg comprimido; sulfato de estreptomicina 1g pó para solução injetável; rifampicina 300mg cápsula; e rifampicina 20mg/mL suspensão oral. INDICAÇÃO: Brucelose humana. PERGUNTA: O uso da doxiciclina, rifampicina e estreptomicina é eficaz e seguro para o tratamento de pacientes com brucelose humana? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Foram selecionadas três revisões sistemáticas que embasaram a recomendação de ampliação de uso dos medicamentos avaliados e, em geral, os resultados demonstraram que, na comparação de doxiciclina+rifampicina versus doxiciclina+estreptomicina, para os desfechos avaliados, não houve diferença entre os grupos. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: O impacto orçamentário da ampliação de uso dos tratamentos analisados para a brucelose humana será entre R$ 26.046,72 e R$ 31.473,12 por ano, dependendo da percentagem de pacientes que seguirá cada um dos esquemas de tratamento analisados. Estes valores representam um aumento de 2,9% a 3,5% nos valores gastos na última compra feita pelo Ministério da Saúde. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Com base nos resultados das revisões sistemáticas apresentadas, sugere-se que inicialmente seja recomendada a ampliação de uso dos seguintes medicamentos que já estão incluídos na Rename, para tratamento da brucelose humana: (i) doxiciclina 100mg comprimido; (ii) sulfato de estreptomicina 1g pó para solução injetável; (iii) rifampicina 300mg cápsula; e (iv) rifampicina 20mg/mL suspensão oral. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: os membros da CONITEC, presentes na 52ª reunião ordinária, realizada nos dias 1e 2 de fevereiro de 2017, deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a ampliação de uso dos medicamentos doxiciclina, estreptomicina e rifampicina para tratamento de brucelose humana. DECISÃO: Ampliar o uso dos medicamentos doxiciclina, estreptomicina e rifampicina para tratamento da brucelose humana, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. A decisão foi dada pela Portaria SCTIE-MS nº 13 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (DOU) nº 50, de 14 de março de 2017, pág. 53.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Brucellosis/drug therapy , Doxycycline/therapeutic use , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Health Evaluation/economics , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Unified Health System
3.
Brasília; CONITEC; mar. 2017. ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA | ID: biblio-837205

ABSTRACT

Contexto: No período de 2013 a 2016 foram registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), 1.493 notificações de brucelose humana e observou-se que a partir de 2015, houve um aumento considerável no número de notificações. Esse comportamento crescente reforça a necessidade de implementação de ações específicas, incluindo a implantação de um sistema de vigilância e a garantia de acesso a diagnóstico e tratamento adequados e oportunos. Considerando que o Ministério da Saúde já adquire doxiciclina, rifampicina e estreptomicina para atender à demanda de outros programas (tuberculose e hanseníase, por exemplo), este relatório visa avaliar a ampliação de uso dos referidos medicamentos no SUS, para tratamento da brucelose humana. Pergunta: O uso da doxiciclina, rifampicina e estreptomicina é eficaz e seguro para o tratamento de pacientes com brucelose humana? Evidências científicas: Foram selecionadas três revisões sistemáticas que embasaram a recomendação de ampliação de uso dos medicamentos avaliados e, em geral, os resultados demonstraram que, na comparação de doxiciclina+rifampicina versus doxiciclina+estreptomicina, para os desfechos avaliados, não houve diferença entre os grupos. Avaliação de Impacto Orçamentário: O impacto orçamentário da ampliação de uso dos tratamentos analisados para a brucelose humana será entre R$ 26.046,72 e R$ 31.473,12 por ano, dependendo da percentagem de pacientes que seguirá cada um dos esquemas de tratamento analisados. Estes valores representam um aumento de 2,9% a 3,5% nos valores gastos na última compra feita pelo Ministério da Saúde. Considerações finais: Com base nos resultados das revisões sistemáticas apresentadas, sugere-se que inicialmente seja recomendada a ampliação de uso dos seguintes medicamentos que já estão incluídos na Rename, para tratamento da brucelose humana: (i) doxiciclina 100mg comprimido; (ii) sulfato de estreptomicina 1g pó para solução injetável; (iii) rifampicina 300mg cápsula; e (iv) rifampicina 20mg/mL suspensão oral. Recomendação da Conitec: os membros da CONITEC, presentes na 52ª reunião ordinária, realizada nos dias 1 e 2 de fevereiro de 2017, deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a ampliação de uso dos medicamentos doxiciclina, estreptomicina e rifampicina para tratamento de brucelose humana. Decisão: Ampliar o uso dos medicamentos doxiciclina, estreptomicina e rifampicina para tratamento da brucelose humana, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. A decisão foi dada pela Portaria SCTIE - MS nº 13 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (DOU) nº 50, de 14 de março de 2017.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brucellosis/therapy , Doxycycline/therapeutic use , Pharmaceutical Services , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Brazil , Communicable Diseases , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Unified Health System
4.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 37(1): 86-95, ene.-feb. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-888446

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Una tercera parte de los casos nuevos de tuberculosis se atribuye a la propagación del HIV. En 2012, se presentaron en Colombia 1.397 casos de tuberculosis concomitante con la infección por HIV, es decir, 11,8 % del total de notificados. El uso de las herramientas de epidemiología molecular contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la transmisión de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar los aislamientos clínicos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis de individuos positivos para HIV recibidos en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo un estudio observacional descriptivo. Se estudiaron 63 aislamientos de individuos con tuberculosis e infección por HIV mediante pruebas de identificación, sensibilidad y genotipificación. Resultados: Dos de los casos nuevos (3,3 %) eran resistentes a rifampicina y uno (1,6 %) a isoniacida, en tanto que tres (5,0 %) lo eran a la isoniacida combinada con estreptomicina. Los casos previamente tratados fueron sensibles. No se evidenció multirresistencia. Hubo 20 (31,7 %) aislamientos de la familia genética LAM9, 8 (12,7 %) de la H1 y 7 (11,1 %) de la T1 . Diecinueve aislamientos correspondieron a patrones huérfanos. Se observó un único agrupamiento entre los aislamientos analizados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la resistencia a fármacos y las familias genéticas. Conclusión: La resistencia encontrada demostró la transmisión de cepas resistentes a rifampicina e isoniacida. Las familias genéticas LAM9, T1 y H1 corresponden a las descritas en la población general. No se evidenció transmisión activa en los aislamientos estudiados. Se necesitan estudios más completos para conocer la situación real de la infección concomitante de tuberculosis y HIV en el país.


Abstract Introduction: One third of the increase in tuberculosis cases is attributed to the spread of HIV. In 2012, 1,397 HIV-associated tuberculosis cases were reported in Colombia, i.e., 11.8% of the total cases. Molecular epidemiology tools help to understand the transmission of tuberculosis. Objective: To characterize clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from HIV-infected individuals, received at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia in the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive observational study. We analyzed 63 isolates of M. tuberculosis from HIV-infected individuals. Identification, drug susceptibility and genotyping assays were performed. Results: Of the new cases evaluated, three (5.0%) were resistant to isoniazid combined with streptomycin; two (3.3%) to rifampicin, and one (1.6%) to isoniazid. Previously treated cases were sensitive. No multidrug resistance was evident. Among the predominant genotypes, 20 isolates were (31.7%) LAM9, eight (12.7%), H1, and seven (11.1%), T1. Nineteen isolates corresponded to orphan patterns. One single grouping was observed among tested isolates. We found no statistically significant difference between the proportions of the antituberculous drug resistance and genotypes. Conclusion: We found resistant isolates to the most powerful drugs, rifampicin and isoniazid, among new cases, showing the transmission of resistant strains. Genetic families of M. tuberculosis LAM9, T1 and H1 correspond to those described in the general population. We detected no active transmission among studied isolates. More comprehensive studies are needed to assess the real situation of HIV associated tuberculosis in the country regarding sensitivity and transmission.


Subject(s)
Humans , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis/microbiology , Colombia/epidemiology , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology
5.
J. bras. pneumol ; 36(2): 224-231, mar.-abr. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-546378

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar o perfil de resistência a drogas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul no período entre 2000 e 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de casos notificados de tuberculose no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, com cultura positiva para M. tuberculosis e testes de sensibilidade a rifampicina, isoniazida, estreptomicina e etambutol. Para as culturas, utilizaram-se os meios sólidos Lõwenstein-Jensen e Ogawa-Kudoh, assim como um sistema automatizado com meio líquido; para os testes de sensibilidade, o método das proporções. RESULTADOS: De 783 casos, 69,7 por cento eram de pacientes masculinos, na faixa etária de 20-49 anos (70 por cento), com forma pulmonar (94,4 por cento) e sorologia positiva para HIV (8,6 por cento); 645 (82,4 por cento) eram casos novos, e 138 (17,6 por cento) eram casos tratados. Identificou-se qualquer resistência em 143 casos (18,3 por cento). A taxa de resistência primária (RP) foi, respectivamente, 8,1 por cento, 1,6 por cento, 2,8 por cento e 12,4 por cento, para monorresistência, multirresistência (MR), outros padrões de associação de drogas e qualquer resistência, ao passo que a taxa de resistência adquirida (RA) foi, respectivamente, 14,5 por cento, 20,3 por cento, 10,9 por cento e 45,7 por cento, e a taxa de resistência combinada (RC) foi, respectivamente, 9,2 por cento, 4,9 por cento, 4,2 por cento e 18,3 por cento. A estreptomicina foi a droga mais comum na RP (3,4 por cento), e a isoniazida foi a mais comum na RA e RC (7,2 por cento e 3,7 por cento, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de resistência são elevados, prejudicando o controle da tuberculose em Mato Grosso do Sul. A MR adquirida, 12,7 vezes superior à MR primária, evidencia o uso prévio de medicamentos como indicativo de resistência. Os níveis refletem a fragilidade da atenção ao doente, mostrando a importância do tratamento diretamente observado, assim como das culturas e testes de sensibilidade ...


OBJECTIVE: To determine the drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, between 2000 and 2006. METHODS: Descriptive study of reported tuberculosis cases in the Brazilian Case Registry Database. We included only those cases in which M. tuberculosis culture was positive and sensitivity to drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin and ethambutol) was tested. Lõwenstein-Jensen and Ogawa-Kudoh solid media were used for cultures, as was an automated liquid medium system. Sensitivity tests were based on the proportion method. RESULTS: Among the 783 cases evaluated, males predominated (69.7 percent), as did patients in the 20-49 year age bracket (70 percent), a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (94.4 percent) and positive HIV serology (8.6 percent); 645 (82.4 percent) were new cases, and 138 (17.6 percent) had previously been treated. Resistance to at least one drug was found in 143 cases (18.3 percent). The primary resistance (PR) rate was, respectively, 8.1 percent, 1.6 percent, 2.8 percent and 12.4 percent, for monoresistance, multidrug resistance (MDR), other patterns of resistance and resistance to at least one drug, whereas the acquired resistance (AR) rate was 14.5 percent, 20.3 percent, 10.9 percent and 45.7 percent, respectively, and the combined resistance (CR) rate was 9.2 percent, 4.9 percent, 4.2 percent and 18.3 percent, respectively. In PR, streptomycin was the most common drug, whereas isoniazid was the most common in AR and CR (7.2 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These high levels of resistance undermine the efforts for tuberculosis control in Mato Grosso do Sul. Acquired MDR was 12.7 times more common than was primary MDR, demonstrating that the previous use of drug therapy is an indicator of resistance. These levels reflect the poor quality of the health care provided to these patients, showing the importance of using the directly observed treatment, ...


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/physiology , HIV Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/classification , Brazil/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Time Factors , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Young Adult
6.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 888-894, 2010.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-33814

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The optimal treatment regimen for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease has not yet been fully established. We evaluated the efficacy of standardized combination antibiotic therapy and the factors that might affect unfavorable microbiologic responses in patients with MAC pulmonary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed data from 96 patients (56 females; median age 59 years) treated with newly diagnosed MAC lung disease between January 2003 and December 2006. RESULTS: All patients received standardized combination antibiotic therapy, consisting of clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol. Streptomycin was additionally given in 72 patients (75%) for a median duration of 4.5 months. The overall favorable microbiologic response rate was 79% (76/96); 20 patients (21%) had unfavorable microbiologic responses, including failure to sputum conversion (n = 13), relapse (n = 3), and MAC-related death (n = 4). A positive sputum acid-fast bacillus smear at the start of treatment was an independent predictor of an unfavorable microbiologic response. CONCLUSION: Standardized combination antibiotic therapy consisting of clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol with or without initial use of streptomycin is effective in treating patients with newly diagnosed MAC lung disease.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Clarithromycin/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , Lung Diseases/drug therapy , Mycobacterium Infections/drug therapy , Mycobacterium avium/metabolism , Retrospective Studies , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
8.
Rev. bras. anal. clin ; 41(3): 191-196, 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-544440

ABSTRACT

Com a disseminacao da AIDS e o surgimento de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes a quimioterapicos, a tuberculosetem recrudescido mundialmente. Avaliar a demanda ao Laboratorio Central de Mato Grosso do Sul (LACEN-MS) por diagnostico de M. tuberculosis e a prevalencia da resistencia a drogas antituberculose entre casos notificados ao SINAN em 2000-2006. Estudo descritivo de dados de cultivo e de testes de sensibilidade (com metodo das proporcoes) a rifampicina, isoniazida, estreptomicina e etambutol de casos notificados. Materiais biologicos (pulmonares e/ou extrapulmonares) de casos suspeitos foram semeados emmeios Lowenstein–Jensen e Ogawa–Kudoh e no sistema automatizado Bactec MGIT 960. No periodo, 66 dos 78 municipios enviaram 18 392 amostras, sendo 2 009 (10,9%) positivas. Em 1 174 (58,4%) destas realizou-se TS. Selecionaram-se 783 (66,7%) para o levantamento de resistencia, sendo 645 (82,4%) de casos nunca tratados e 138 (17,6%) com registro de tratamento. Constatou-se resistencia primaria, adquirida e combinada em 12,4%, 45,7% e 18,3% dos casos, respectivamente. O LACEN-MS atendeu 84,6% dos municipios. Entre os casos notificados ao SINAN verificou-se alta resistencia, com tuberculose multirresistente adquirida em 20,3%, evidenciando o uso previo de medicamentos como indicador de resistencia.


With the spread of AIDS and the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, tuberculosis has made a vigorous comeback worldwide. To evaluate the demands placed on the Public Health Central Laboratory of the State of MatoGrosso do Sul (LACEN-MS) for the diagnosis of M. tuberculosis and to determine the prevalence of antituberculosis drug resistanceamong cases notified to the Brazilian Information System of Notifiable Hazards (SINAN) in 2000-2006. A descriptive study of the results of culture tests and of sensitivity tests performed for rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol (proportion method) on material from notified cases. Pulmonary and/or extrapulmonary materials from suspected cases were seeded on Lõwenstein–Jensen and Ogawa–Kudoh. The Bactec MGIT 960 automated system was used. In the period investigated, 18 392 samples referred by 66 of the 78 counties in Mato Grosso do Sul were analyzed, 2 009 (10.9%) of which were positive. Sensitivity tests were performed on 1 174 (58.4%) of these. Resistance was investigated in 783 (66.7%) cases, of which 645 (82.4%) were naive to treatment and 138 (17.6%) had been previously treated. Primary, acquired, and combined resistance were found in 12.4%, 45.7%, and 18.3% of cases, respectively. LACEN-MS served 84.6% of Mato Grosso do Sul’s counties. Acquired multidrug resistance was found in 20.3% of the notified cases,demonstrating that previous use of drug therapy can be viewed as an indicator of resistance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Prevalence , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Rifampin/therapeutic use
9.
J. bras. pneumol ; 34(10): 822-828, out. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-496618

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Mycobacteriosis is frequently diagnosed among HIV-infected patients. In Mozambique, where few patients are under antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of tuberculosis is high, there is need for better characterization of mycobacteria at the species level, as well as for the identification of patterns of resistance to antituberculous drugs. METHODS: We studied a sample of 503 HIV-infected individuals suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis. Of those 503, 320 tested positive for mycobacteria through sputum smear microscopy or culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RESULTS: Acid-fast bacilli were observed in the sputum of 73 percent of the individuals presenting positive cultures. Of 277 isolates tested, only 3 were nontuberculous mycobacteria: 2 were identified as Mycobacterium avium and one was identified as M. simiae. Strains initially characterized as M. tuberculosis complex through polymerase chain reaction restriction analysis (PRA) of the hsp65 gene were later confirmed as such through PRA of the gyrB gene. Among the M. tuberculosis isolates, resistance patterns were as follows: to isoniazid, 14 percent; to rifampin, 6 percent; and multidrug resistance, 5 percent. Previously treated cases showed significantly higher rates of resistance to first-line antituberculous drugs. The most common radiological pattern was interstitial infiltrate (in 67 percent), followed by mediastinal lymph node enlargement (in 30 percent), bronchiectasis (in 28 percent), miliary nodules (in 18 percent) and cavitation (in 12 percent). Patients infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria presented clinical profiles indistinguishable from those of other patients. The median CD4 lymphocyte count in this group was 134 cells/mm³. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between tuberculosis and AIDS in Mozambique, as expected in a country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Although drug resistance rates are high, the isoniazid-rifampin...


OBJETIVO: A micobacteriose é frequentemente diagnosticada entre pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Em Moçambique, onde apenas um pequeno número de pacientes encontra-se sob tratamento anti-retroviral, e a tuberculose tem alta prevalência, existe a necessidade de melhor caracterização destes agentes bacterianos, em nível de espécie, bem como de se caracterizar os padrões de resistência às drogas antituberculosas. MÉTODOS: Em uma coorte de 503 indivíduos HIV positivos suspeitos de tuberculose pulmonar, 320 apresentaram positividade para baciloscopia ou cultura no escarro e no lavado brônquico. RESULTADOS: Bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes foram detectados no escarro em 73 por cento dos casos com cultura positiva. De 277 isolados em cultura, apenas 3 mostraram-se tratar de micobactérias não-tuberculosas: 2 Mycobacterium avium e uma M. simiae. Todos os isolados de M. tuberculosis inicialmente caracterizados através de reação em cadeia de polimerase (RCP) do gene hsp65 foram posteriormente caracterizados como tal através de RCP do gene gyrB. Resistência à isoniazida foi encontrada em 14 por cento dos casos; à rifampicina em 6 por cento; e multirresistência em 5 por cento. Pacientes previamente tratados para tuberculose mostraram tendência a taxas maiores de resistência às drogas de primeira linha. O padrão radiológico mais freqüente encontrado foi o infiltrado intersticial (67 por cento), seguido da presença de linfonodos mediastinais (30 por cento), bronquiectasias (28 por cento), padrão miliar (18 por cento) e cavidades (12 por cento). Os pacientes infectados por micobactérias não-tuberculosas não apresentaram manifestações clínicas distintas das apresentadas pelos outros pacientes. A mediana de linfócitos CD4 entre todos os pacientes foi de 134 células/mm³. CONCLUSÕES: Tuberculose e AIDS em Moçambique estão fortemente associadas, como é de se esperar em países com alta prevalência de tuberculose. Embora as taxas de resistência a drogas sejam...


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , HIV Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mozambique , Mycobacterium avium Complex/isolation & purification , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Sputum/microbiology , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
10.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 40(4): 469-472, jul.-ago. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-460257

ABSTRACT

Relata-se um caso de espondilodiscite por Brucella em um paciente do sexo masculino, 56 anos, fazendeiro, com manifestações sistêmicas da doença. O diagnóstico foi realizado por sorologia com título de 1/160, hemocultura positiva, o VHS foi elevado, bem como alterações radiológicas mostraram espondilodiscite ao nível de T8/T9 compatíveis com a patologia. O paciente foi tratado com estreptomicina 1gIM/dia por 15 dias, doxaciclina e rifampicina por seis semanas, com melhora clínica do quadro. O envolvimento vertebral na brucelose é uma complicação de ocorrência variável na literatura, mas considerado pouco freqüente, de difícil diagnóstico principalmente em regiões com alta prevalência de tuberculose, visto que esta pode mimetizar o quadro de brucelose. Chama-se atenção a um caso raro de espondilodiscite por brucelose, dada a necessidade de diagnóstico precoce e tratamento a fim de se evitar possíveis seqüelas.


A case of spondylodiscitis due to Brucella with systematic manifestation of the disease, in a 56-year-old male patient who was a farmer, is reported. The diagnosis was made from serological tests, with a titer of 1/160. The blood culture was positive and the blood sedimentation rate was high. Radiological abnormalities showed spondylodiscitis at the T8/T9 level that were compatible with this disease. The patient was treated with streptomycin at 1g IM/day for 15 days, and doxycycline plus rifampicin for six weeks, with a clinical improvement in the condition. Vertebral involvement in brucellosis is a complication of variable occurrence in the literature. However, it is considered to be infrequent and difficult to diagnose, particularly in regions with high prevalence of tuberculosis, given that this may mimic conditions of brucellosis. Attention is drawn to this rare case of spondylodiscitis due to brucellosis, given the need for early diagnosis and treatment in order to avoid possible sequelae.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Brucellosis/diagnosis , Discitis/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Brucellosis/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Discitis/diagnosis , Discitis/drug therapy , Doxycycline/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-44316

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a serious threat in developing countries where the prevalence of both HIV and TB are high. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been more accessible in these countries. The present study aimed to determine the impact of ART on the prevalence of DR-TB among HIV/TB co-infected patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV-infected patients with culture-proved TB from 1999 to 2004. Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antituberculous drugs and rate ofART use were studied. RESULTS: There were 225 patients, mean age 35.8 years, 72.4% male and median CD, 44 cells/mm(3). Patients who had received ART increased from 18.5% in 1999 to 92.1% in 2004 (p<O. 001). The prevalence of DR-TB in the years 1999 and 2004 were 48% and 7.9%, respectively (p<O.001). The prevalence of isoniazid- and rifampicin-resistance significantly declined in 2004 when compared with those in 1999 (p<O. 05). CONCLUSION: The declines in the prevalence of DR-TB, INH- and RFP-resistance in HIV/TB co-infected patients are possibly attributable to the use of ART In addition to the survival benefit from ART in HIV-infected patients, increasing use of ART among HIV-infected patients may eliminate DR-TB in this population.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , Adult , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Comorbidity , Ethambutol/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Isoniazid/pharmacology , Male , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Rifampin/pharmacology , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Thailand/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/complications
12.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-91569

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical spectrum of brucellosis in Bikaner (Northwest India). METHODS: A total of 175 cases were diagnosed as brucellosis during the period of six year (June 1997 to May 2003). They were studied for clinical profile and treated by rifampicin and doxycyclin and additionally streptomycin for initial 14 days in patients of neurobrucellosis. These patients were followed up to 3 months. RESULTS: Patients of brucellosis presented with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Out of 175 cases 155 were from rural area. Age ranged between 12-60 years (124 males, 51 females). Analysis of risk factors revealed history of raw milk ingestion (86.86%), occupational contact with animals (81.14%), handling of infected material (62.28%), household contact (16%) and 2 patients were veterinarian. Joint pain (83.43%) and fever (77.71%) were the commonest presenting feature. Sacroiliac joint was most commonly involved (46.86%). 31 cases had involvement of multiple joints. Other mode of presentation were neurobrucellosis (18.86%), manifested as polyradiculoneuropathy, myeloradiculopathy, meningoencephalopathy and polyradiculomyeloencephalopathy; predominant pulmonary involvement (4.0%) presented as bronchitis, pneumonia and pleural effusion; epididymoorchitis, infective endocarditis, nephrotic syndrome and recurrent abortion. All patients responded well to the treatment. CONCLUSION: Brucellosis is an important emerging zoonotic disease but it is often under-diagnosed due to lack of suspicion and diagnostic facilities despite the fact that cattle farming (an important high risk group) is one of the main occupation in rural area. This report should infuse the awareness about this reemerging disease specifically in high-risk group.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Arthritis, Infectious/epidemiology , Brucellosis/epidemiology , Child , Doxycycline/therapeutic use , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Food Microbiology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Meningoencephalitis/microbiology , Middle Aged , Milk/microbiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Orchitis/microbiology , Pleural Effusion/microbiology , Prospective Studies , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Rural Health , Streptomycin/therapeutic use
13.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 64(3b): 865-868, set. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-437164

ABSTRACT

Whipple disease (WD) is a rare systemic infection caused by Tropheryma whippelii. Neurological involvement has been recognised in 40 percent of patients, either as initial manifestations or during the course of the disease. We report on a 45 years-old man with WD with initial, persistent and irresistible episodes of daytime somnolence. The patient was HLA-DQB1*0602 positive (genetic marker for narcolepsy). WD diagnosis was suspected on clinical and MRI basis and confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical study of duodenal biopsy. Forty months later all clinical features improved, narcoleptic-like episodes disappeared and cerebral MRI and CSF normalised. Longitudinal neurophysiological studies revealed persistent sleep pattern abnormalities with sleep fragmentation, paucity of slow wave and of REM sleep. The disruption of the hypocretin circuitry in the hypothalamic - diencephalic region triggered by the infection was the probable cause of the hypersomnia and narcopleptic symptoms. WD should be added to the list of causes of secondary hypersomnia.


A doença de Whipple (DW) é infecção sistémica rara causada pelo Tropheryma whippelii. Cerca de 40 por cento dos doentes apresentam envolvimento neurológico, seja como manifestação inicial da doença, seja durante o seu curso. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 45 anos com doença de DW com episódios iniciais, persistentes e irresistíveis de sonolência durante a actividade diurna. O doente era positivo para o HLA-DQB1*0602 (marcador genético de narcolepsia). A suspeita do diagnóstico de DW foi levantada com base na clínica e RM e confirmada por estudo imunocitoquímico do material de biópsia jejunal. Quarenta meses mais tarde, todas as manifestações clínicas melhoraram, os episódios narcolépticos desapareceram, e a RM e o LCR normalizaram. Os estudos neurofisiológicos seriados do sono revelaram alterações persistentes caracterizadas por fragmentação do sono, escassez de ondas lentas e sono REM. A perturbação do circuito da hipocretina na região hipotálamo-diencefálica, causada pela infecção, foi a causa provável da hipersónia num doente geneticamente susceptível. A DW deve ser incluída nas causas de hipersónia secundária.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Narcolepsy/etiology , Whipple Disease/complications , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/drug therapy , Polysomnography , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , Whipple Disease/diagnosis , Whipple Disease/drug therapy
14.
Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci ; 2006 Jul-Sep; 48(3): 209-11
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-29420
15.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 48(2): 99-102, Mar,-Apr. 2006. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-426803

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever o perfil auditivo de pessoas que realizaram tratamento para tuberculose com estreptomicina em Recife nos anos de 2000 e 2001. Para tal foi utilizado o banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, fornecido pela Secretária de Saúde deste município, sendo selecionadas 78 pessoas que usaram a droga no período em estudo. Do total de pacientes selecionados sete eram menores de 18 anos ou maiores de 58 anos, 19 haviam falecido, 13 não foram localizados, dois eram presidiários, um negou-se a participar, restando, pois 36 indivíduos que puderam ser submetidos a uma entrevista, a meatoscopia e a audiometria. No grupo estudado predominou o sexo masculino (79,4%) e a média das idades era de 38,8 anos. Dos 36 pacientes, 27 (75,0%) apresentaram alteração auditiva, sendo a mais freqüente a sensório-neural bilateral (63,9%), com predomínio de freqüências agudas, a partir de 4000 Hz. Os achados com elevados percentuais de alteração auditiva entre os usuários de estreptomicina, apontam para a necessidade de aprofundamento deste tema em outros estudos, e também sugerem a necessidade de estruturação de um sistema de monitoramento auditivo para a população de pacientes submetidos a esse quimioterápico no tratamento para tuberculose.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Hearing Loss/chemically induced , Streptomycin/adverse effects , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Audiometry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Hearing Loss/diagnosis , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Time Factors
16.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-1054

ABSTRACT

This study was undertaken to determine the patterns of antimicrobial prescription by 64 Rural Medical Practitioners (RMPs) from Bangladesh. The antimicrobial dispensing procedures followed by the local retail drug sellers along with the purchasing capacities of the patients was also assessed. All antimicrobial agents were prescribed mainly on the patient's complaints, and all available antibiotics were prescribed in inappropriate doses and duration. In most cases, the RMPs initiated treatment with a parenteral form of antibiotic, and a different oral antibiotic usually followed. Parenteral streptomycin was used most frequently in short inadequate courses. Almost half of the antibiotics were sold without any prescriptions, and even ordinary people without any knowledge of medicine asked the drug seller for specific antibiotics. This unregulated prescribing and dispensing practice has the potential risk for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance on a global scale.


Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Bangladesh , Drug Utilization Review , Health Care Surveys , Humans , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Surveys and Questionnaires , Rural Health Services/standards , Streptomycin/therapeutic use
17.
Bol. Hosp. San Juan de Dios ; 51(4): 192-197, jul.-ago. 2004.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-390529

ABSTRACT

Brucellosis is a zoonosis commont to mammals and occasionally humans especially people who live, work, have contact with infected animals and/or ingest their products (milk, meat, blood, urine, etc.). Brucellae are intracellular gram negative, aerobic, immobile and sporule-less coccobacilli of which different species exist affecting different mammals: - Brucella melitensis (goats and sheep)- Brucella abortus (cow)- Brucella suis (pigs)Brucellosis, as with typhoid fever, is a cyclical septicaemia acquired by humans through the skin or the digestive tract, either by direct contact with infected animal produce or by its ingestion.Brucellosis is clinically manifested by a period of incubation; one of invasion and a state characterised by undulant fever, together with enlarged spleen and liver; arthralgia and arthritis especially of the cervical and lumbar spine and a mild general malaise. After a varyingperiod of time the condition, the following should be noted:- In humans, 15 to 20 per cent of cases of brucellosis spontaneously recover.- There is a 40 to 50 per cent recurrence rate among non-treated cases.- Only some 8 to 10 per cent of treated cases show recurrence.- Complications occur in about 10 per cent of cases.- Total brucellosis mortality is low, around 2 to 3 per cent.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Brucella/pathogenicity , Brucellosis/complications , Brucellosis/diagnosis , Brucellosis/drug therapy , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Minocycline/therapeutic use , Tetracycline/therapeutic use
18.
J. pneumol ; 28(4): 187-192, jul.-ago. 2002. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-339762

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do esquema SHM (estreptomicina, isoniazida e etambutol), na rotina de trabalho de uma unidade ambulatorial de tratamento da tuberculose. Método: Setenta e oito pacientes tuberculosos, cujo tratamento prévio com o esquema RHZ (seis meses de rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida) teve de ser interrompido devido a efeitos adversos, ou que não puderam receber o esquema RHZ por serem de alto risco para hepatotoxicidade a esse esquema, foram tratados ambulatorialmente com o esquema de 12 meses de SHM, de 1986 a 1994, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Resultados: Em três pacientes houve necessidade de troca de esquema por toxicidade (3,8 por cento). Nos 75 restantes observaram-se 58 curas (77,3 por cento), oito abandonos (10,7 por cento), cinco falências (6,7 por cento) e quatro óbitos (5,3 por cento). A taxa teórica de cura, que é o percentual de cura entre os bacilíferos que fizeram tratamento regular, foi de 95,3 por cento. Reações adversas ocorreram em 32 pacientes (41 por cento), sendo as mais freqüentes as manifestações de dano vestibular, em 18 (23,1 por cento). Esses resultados foram comparados com os obtidos no mesmo ambulatório com o esquema de 12 meses de RHM (rifampicina, isoniazida e etambutol) e de seis meses de RHZ. Conclusão: O esquema SHM pode ser recomendado como alternativa para o tratamento da tuberculose quando o esquema RHZ não pode ser indicado


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Drug Administration Schedule , Treatment Outcome
19.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2002 May; 69(5): 385-8
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-81057

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to evaluate the usage patterns of aminoglycosides in pediatric patients for their appropriateness. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted over a period of six months at J.S.S. Hospital, Mysore. Patients who received parenteral aminoglycosides and below the age of 12 years were included in this study. RESULTS: A total of 197 pediatric patients were evaluated for the appropriateness and was found to be 72%, 86%, 85%, 43% & 53% for indication, dose, duration, safety and cost effectiveness respectively. Majority of the patients were treated with gentamicin (53%). The most frequent indication was respiratory tract infections (50%). CONCLUSION: Effort was made to encourage judicious and quality use of aminoglycosides among the pediatricians of J.S.S. Hospital to ensure better patient care by implementation of the aminoglycosides guidelines.


Subject(s)
Amikacin/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Child , Child, Preschool , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Drug Utilization Review , Female , Gentamicins/therapeutic use , Humans , India , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Medical Audit , Pediatrics/standards , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Retrospective Studies , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
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