Encefalopatia hepática secundária à intoxicação por Tephrosia cinerea em ovinos / Hepatic encephalopathy secondary to poisoning by Tephrosia cinerea in sheep

A intoxicação por Tephrosia cinerea causa fibrose hepática periacinar em ovinos na região semiárida do Nordeste, com quadro clínico de ascite acentuada, e, ocasionalmente, com sinais neurológicos. Neste trabalho foram estudadas 16 ovinos em 6 surtos de intoxicação por T. cinerea. Todos os ovinos apresentaram lesões histológicas de fibrose periacinar e seis apresentaram, no encéfalo, vacuolização da substância branca e da junção entre a substância branca e a cinzenta com presença de astrócitos de Alzheimer tipo II na substância cinzenta. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em dois ovinos que apresentaram ascite, desvios vasculares (shunts) porto-sistêmicos e sinais nervosos com lesões histológicas semelhantes a dos casos espontâneos. Na técnica de imuno-histoquímica houve marcação fraca ou ausente do citoplasma astrocitário para o anticorpo anti-GFAP em seis ovinos evidenciando uma alteração degenerativa, em que os astrócitos acumulam corpos densos e reduzem o volume de GFAP. Houve marcação positiva para o anticorpo anti-S100 em oito ovinos, incluindo os dois ovinos experimentais o que sugere reatividade celular, com proliferação mitocondrial e de retículo endoplasmático liso. Estas alterações são caraterísticas dos efeitos da amônia nos astrócitos. Conclui-se que na intoxicação por T. cinerea em alguns ovinos ocorrem sinais nervosos em consequência da encefalopatia hepática.(AU)

In the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, Tephrosia cinerea causes periacinar hepatic fibrosis in sheep with severe ascites and, occasionally, nervous signs. Sixteen sheep from six outbreaks of T. cinerea poisoning were studied. All sheep had histologic lesion of periacinar fibrosis and six showed, in the brain, vacuolization (spongy degeneration) of the white matter and junction between grey and white matter and presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the grey matter. The disease was produced experimentally in two sheep, that presented porto-sistemic shunts and similar histologic lesions as those observed in the spontaneous cases. Immunohistochemistry revealed weak labelling with anti-GFAP antibodies suggesting a degenerative alteration of astrocytes with accumulation of dense bodies and reduction of the GFAP. There was strong labelling with anti-S100 antibodies suggesting cellular reactivity with proliferation of mitochondria and endoplasmatic reticulum. Such alterations are characteristic of the effects caused by ammonia on the astrocytes. It is concluded that in poisoning by T. cinerea nervous signs due to hepatic encephalopathy occur in some sheep.(AU)

Brown Stink Bug Mortality by Seed Extracts of Tephrosia Vogelii Containing Deguelin and Tephrosin

ABSTRACT Extracts of the seeds of Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. were studied in relation to its chemical composition and toxicity to the brown stink bug Euschistus heros (F.). The extracts were obtained in ethyl acetate and ethanol in the sequence according to the polar nature of the solvents. Extracts were sprayed in concentration of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% on third-instars nymphs and adults, and mortality was recorded. Presence two rotenoids in ethyl acetate was detected, with analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Crude fraction analyses confirmed the presence of these rotenoids (tephrosin - 2.71% in ethyl acetate and 3.66% in methanol; and deguelin - 10.46% in ethyl acetate and 1.22% in methanol) and three other rotenoids in small amounts. Eight days after applications, ethyl acetate caused more stink bugs mortality and on less time than ethanol extract, because great quantity of rotenoids, as polarity. Concentrations above to 1 and 2.5% of the ethyl acetate extracts caused mortality above 80% of the nymphs and adults of E. heros, respectively. Concentration were considered high, thus chemist analyzes demonstrated high rotenoids presence. In conclusion, seed T. vogelli extracts, rich in deguelin and tephrosin (3:1), cause mortality of E. heros, however, high concentration are necessary.

Impact of fishing with Tephrosia candida (Fabaceae) on diversity and abundance of fish in the streams at the boundary of Sinharaja Man and Biosphere Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka / Impacto en la diversidad y abundancia de peces en riachuelos de la frontera de la Reserva Forestal de Sinharaja, Sri Lanka al pescar con Tephrosia candida (Fabaceae)

AbstractLocal communities in some Asian, African and American countries, use plant toxins in fish poisoning for fishing activities; however, the effects of this practice on the particular wild fish assemblages is unknown. This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effects of fish poisoning using Tephrosia candida, on freshwater fish diversity and abundance in streams at the boundary of the World Natural Heritage site, Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. A total of seven field trips were undertaken on a bimonthly basis, from May 2013 to June 2014. We surveyed five streams with similar environmental and climatological conditions at the boundary of Sinharaja forest. We selected three streams with active fish poisoning practices as treatments, and two streams with no fish poisoning as controls. Physico-chemical parameters and flow rate of water in selected streams were also measured at bimonthly intervals. Fish were sampled by electrofishing and nets in three randomly selected confined locations (6 x 2 m stretch) along every stream. Fish species were identified, their abundances were recorded, and Shannon-Weiner diversity index was calculated for each stream. Streams were clustered based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix for fish composition and abundance. Physico-chemical parameters of water were not significantly different among streams (P > 0.05). A total of 15 fish species belonging to four different orders Cypriniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Perciformes and Siluriformes were collected; nine species (60 %) were endemic, and six (40 %) were native species. From these, 13 fish species were recorded in streams with no poisoning, while five species were recorded in streams where poisoning was practiced. Four endemic and one native fish species were locally extinct in streams where fish poisoning was active. Fish abundance was significantly higher in control streams (32-39/m2) when compared to treatment streams (5-9/m2) (P < 0.05). We concluded that fish poisoning with T. candida may have resulted in a significant reduction in species richness, total abundance and Shannon-Weiner diversity index of fish species in the studied streams at the boundary of Sinharaja forest. We recommend that this fishing practice should be strictly regulated, and to inform local communities about the legal status of fish poisoning, its consequences and the importance of fish diversity for local livelihoods and conservation purposes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1129-1141. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenLas comunidades de algunos países asiáticos, africanos y americanos utilizan las toxinas de las plantas para pescar, sin embargo, los efectos de esta práctica en grupos de peces silvestres son desconocidos. Este estudio se llevó acabo con el objetivo de investigar los efectos del envenenamiento de peces con Tephrosia candida en la diversidad y abundancia de peces de agua dulce en riachuelos de la frontera la Reserva Sinharaja en Sri Lanka. En total se realizaron siete giras bimensuales al campo de mayo 2013 a junio 2014. Se muestrearon cinco riachuelos con condiciones ambientales y climáticas similares en la frontera de la reserva de Sinharaja. Como tratamientos se seleccionaron tres riachuelos con práctica activa de envenenamiento de peces y dos riachuelos sin envenenamiento de peces como controles. También, en intervalos bimensuales, se midieron los parámetros físico-químicos y de corriente del agua en riachuelos seleccionados. Se utilizó la electropesca y redes en tres sitios (6 x 2 m) seleccionados al azar a lo largo de cada riachuelo para el muestreo de peces. Se identificaron los peces a nivel de especie, se anotó su abundancia y se calculó el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weiner para cada riachuelo. Con base en la matriz de similitud de Bray-Curtis se agruparon los riachuelos para composición y abundancia de peces. Los parámetros físicoquímicos del agua fueron no significativamente distintos entre los riachuelos (P > 0.05). Se recolectó un total de 15 especies de peces que pertenecen a cuatro órdenes: Cypriniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Perciformes y Siluriformes; nueve especies (60 %) fueron endémicas y seis (40 %) nativas. Trece especies se encontraron en riachuelos donde no se practica el envenenamiento mientras que cinco especies se encontraron en riachuelos donde sí se daba esta práctica. Cuatro especies endémicas y una nativa estaban extintas en riachuelos donde la práctica del envenenamiento era activa. La abundancia de peces fue significativamente alta en los riachuelos control (32-39/m2) al compararse con los tratamientos (5-9/m2) (P < 0.05). Se concluye que el envenenamiento de peces con T. candida puede haber resultado en una reducción significativa de la riqueza de especies, la abundancia total y el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weiner de las especies de peces en los riachuelos estudiados en la frontera de la reserva Sinharaja. Se recomienda que esta práctica de pesca sea estrictamente regulada y que se informe a las comunidades locales acerca del estado legal del envenenamiento de peces, sus consecuencias y de la importancia de la diversidad de peces para el sustento local y para propósitos de conservación.

Phylogenetic Diversity and Antifungal Activity of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Tephrosia purpurea

Sixty-one endophytic fungus strains with different colony morphologies were isolated from the leaves, stems and roots of Tephrosia purpurea with colonization rates of 66.95%, 37.50%, and 26.92%, respectively. Based on internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, 61 isolates were classified into 16 genera belonging to 3 classes under the phylum Ascomycota. Of the 61 isolates, 6 (9.84%) exhibited antifungal activity against one or more indicator plant pathogenic fungi according to the dual culture test. Isolate TPL25 had the broadest antifungal spectrum of activity, and isolate TPL35 was active against 5 plant pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, culture filtrates of TPL25 and TPL35 exhibited greater than 80% growth inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We conclude that the endophytic fungal strains TPL25 and TPL35 are promising sources of bioactive compounds.

Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Tephrosia purpurea / 中国天然药物

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. is popularly known as 'Sarapunkha' in classical Ayurvedic texts. It is a perennial plant belonging to the family Fabaceae, and occurs throughout the Indian subcontinent. T. purpurea is traditionally used to treat splenomegaly, cirrhosis, cough and cold, abdominal swelling and as an antidote in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Phytochemical investigations indicate the presence of semiglabrin, pongamole, lanceolatins A and B, rutin, lupeol, and β-sitosterol. Flavonoids including (+)-tephrorin A and B, (+)-tephrosone, an isoflavone, 7, 4'-dihydroxy-3', 5'-dimethoxyisoflavone and a chalcone, (+)-tephropurpurin were isolated from the whole plant. Pharmacological activities of different parts of the plant reported include anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiallergic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antitumor and insect repellent activity. In the present review, the literature on the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. are summarized to August, 2012.

Anticancer activity of Tephrosia purpurea and Ficus religiosa using MCF 7 cell lines

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate anticancer activity of different fractions of Tephrosia purpurea [TP] (Sharapunkha, Fabaceae) and Ficus religiosa [FR] (Peepal, Moraceae).@*METHODS@#The fractions of TP and FR were prepared and tested for in vitro anticancer activity using human MCF 7 cell line by trypan blue exclusion method.@*RESULTS@#The result showed that among all these fractions of TPI, TPIII, FRI and FRIII showed better anticancer activity compared to other fractions. The IC(50) value for TPI (152.4 μM), TPIII (158.71 μM), FRI (160.3 μM) and for FRIII (222.7 μM) was observed.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The present study shows anticancer potential of TP and FR fractions in MCF 7 cell line.

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide leading metabolic syndrome, associated with profound alterations in carbohydrate, lipids, lipoproteins and protein metabolisms. Worldwide, traditional practitioners for the treatment of diabetes and its complications use a wide variety of medicinal plants. In the present study the aqueous extract of Tephrosia purpurea leaves (TpALet) was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Profound alterations in the concentrations of blood glucose, lipids and lipoproteins were observed in diabetic rats. Oral administration of TpALet to diabetic rats at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the level of blood glucose and increased the level of plasma insulin as well as normalized the lipids and lipoproteins profile. The present study thus demonstrated that TpALet has prominent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Etude de l'activite antiproliferative de Tephrosia vogelii sur Saccharomyces cerevisiae

"Tephrosia vogelii est une plante generalement utilisee comme poison de peche au Congo. Les etudes anterieures montrent que cette plante presente des effets nematicides; insecticides et piscicides. L'enquete ethnobotanique revele que cette plante est utilisee en medecine traditionnelle au Congo; dans le traitement des affections connues sous le nom generique de ""mwanza"". En utilisant un organisme eucaryote du genre Saccharomyces cerevisiae; nous avons au cours de ce travail mis en evidence l'activite antipro- liferative du jus des feuilles de Tephrosia vogelii dilue au 1/30eme. L'analyse chimique des feuilles de Tephrosia vogelii a revele la presence des saponosides; des polyphenols et des steroides."

Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of three commonly used medicinal plants

In the present study, antimicrobial activities of nine extracts from three medicinal plants indigenous to Sudan and commonly used in traditional medicine, namely Terminalia brownie, Acacia seyal and Tephrosia opollinea, were tested against four standard bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Eseherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. The results exhibited that the chloroformic and methanolic extracts had prominent activity against most of the tested microorganisms. On the other hand, the benzene extract was devoid of any antimicrobial activity against all tested organisms. Due to the prominent antimicrobial activity of Terminalia brownie, it was subjected to an in-depth phytochernical investigation. Column chromatography of the methanolic extract resulted in the isolation of a crystalline compound [Tb/1]. The chemical structure Tb/1 was elucidated by infra-red coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance [1HNMR and 13CNMR] and electron impact mass spectrophotometer [ElMS] as beta-Lupeol. This compound was not previously reported from T. brownii. It exhibited a high antifungal activity against C. albicans