ABSTRACT
The present work aimed to determine the toxicity of linalool and evaluate the lethal and toxic effects of linalool associated with pyrethroids in binary mixtures to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). The insects used in the experiment were obtained from stock breeding initiated from larvae collected from conventional corn plants, grown in an experimental area, in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Also, it was obtained essential oil from a variety of Ocimum basilicum, with a high content of linalool (80%), found naturally, as a measure of comparison of different linalool (97.5%) assays. Dose-response bioassays with 3rd instar larvae were performed to determine lethal dose for 50% mortality (LD50) of linalool. Toxicity tests were also performed with O. basilicum essential oil and with pyrethroid insecticides: deltamethrin and its commercial product (Decis 25 EC, Bayer®). After this, combinations between different doses of these products were made and applied on 3rd instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith). Linalool presented high toxicity to S. frugiperda (LD50 = 0.177 µL a.i. µL-1). It was observed neurotoxic effects after the linalool application since the insects presented an aspect of confusion, followed by extreme agitation and finally death. All binary mixtures caused mortality higher than the products applied alone (deltamethrin and linalool) used at 100% LD50, except to 75% LD50 deltamethrin added to 25% LD50 linalool, whose mortality did not differ the products alone, in 24 hours. It was obtained over 90% larval mortality when linalool was combined with 25% LD50 of deltamethrin, in 24 and 48 hours after application, and over 80% of mortality when linalool was combined with 25% LD50 of Decis, only in 48 hours after application. We conclude that linalool is a potential insecticidal and can be associated with pyrethroids to control of S. frugiperda. Further studies are required in order to evaluate the synergistic combinations against field populations of S. frugiperda.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade do linalol e avaliar os efeitos tóxicos e letais do linalol associado a piretroides em misturas binárias para lagarta do cartucho do milho (Spodoptera frugiperda). Os insetos utilizados no experimento foram obtidos de criação estoque iniciada a partir de larvas coletadas em plantas de milho convencional, cultivado em área experimental, no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Também foi obtido óleo essencial de uma variedade de Ocimum basilicum, com alto teor de linalol (80%), encontrado naturalmente, como medida de comparação para ensaios com linalol (97.5%). Os bioensaios do tipo dose-resposta com larvas de 3º instar foram realizados para determinar a dose letal do linalol para 50% de mortalidade da população (DL50). Também foram realizados testes de toxicidade com óleo essencial de Ocimum basilicum e com inseticidas piretroides: deltametrina e seu produto comercial (Decis 25 EC, Bayer®). Em seguida, foram realizadas combinações entre diferentes doses desses produtos e aplicadas em larvas de 3º instar de Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith). De acordo com os resultados, observou-se que o linalol apresentou alta toxicidade para S. frugiperda (DL50 = 0,177 µL a. i. µL-1). Foram observados efeitos neurotóxicos após a aplicação do linalol, uma vez que os insetos apresentaram um aspecto de confusão, seguido de extrema agitação e, por fim, morte. Todas as combinações binárias causaram mortalidade maior que os produtos aplicados isoladamente (deltametrina e linalol) utilizando-se 100% da DL50, exceto para 75% DL50 de deltametrina somada a 25% DL50 de linalol, cuja mortalidade não diferiu dos produtos isolados, em 24 horas após a aplicação. Foi obtida mais de 90% de mortalidade de larvas quando se combinou linalol com 25% da DL50 de deltametrina, em 24 e 48 horas após a aplicação, e mais de 80% de mortalidade quando se combinou linalol com 25% da DL50 do produto comercial, somente 48 horas após a aplicação. Concluímos que o linalol é um potencial inseticida e pode ser associado a piretroides no controle de S. frugiperda. Mais estudos são necessários em vista de avaliar as combinações sinérgicas contra populações de campo de S. frugiperda.
Subject(s)
Pyrethrins/toxicity , Terpenes/toxicity , Spodoptera/drug effects , Drug SynergismABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Essential oils from the leaves of two species of the genus Ocotea that occur in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acaricidal activity of these oils as well as 11 selected components and blends were evaluated in fumigation and residual contact tests against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Sixty-seven constituents were identified, totaling 97.3 ± 0.3% and 97.8 ± 0.5% of the oils from O. duckei and O. glomerata, respectively. Sesquiterpene was the dominant class. The compounds β-caryophyllene (18.6 ± 0.1%) and aromadendrene (17.3 ± 0.6%) were the main constituents of the oils from O. duckei and O. glomerata, respectively. Acaricidal action varied depending on the method employed, species and chemical nature of the selected constituents. The mites were susceptible to the oils and chemical constituents using the fumigation method. The O. duckei oil was respectively 2.5-fold and 1.5-fold more toxic than the O. glomerata oil using the fumigation and residual contact methods. Among the selected constituents, β-caryophyllene was the most toxic, independently of the method employed. The individual toxicity of the selected compounds and their blends as well as the role of these constituents in the overall toxicity of the essential oils are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Terpenes/toxicity , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Ocotea/chemistry , Tetranychidae/drug effects , Acaricides/toxicity , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Brazil , Acaricides/isolation & purification , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
The safe use of medicines, both modern as well as traditional, during gestation is becoming an increasingly contentious issue because many therapeutic agents have proved to be menace as they produce congenital malformations in offspring when used during pregnancy. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Neem Seed Oil administration during gestation on young ones of albino rat. 300 off springs of albino rat were used in this study. They were obtained from 60 pregnant rats at term or at 20[th] day of gestation. The pregnant rats were divided in four groups. Group A received freshly extracted Neem Seed Oil 0.5 ml orally from 6[th] to 12[th] days of gestation. Groups B and C received 1.0 and 2.0 ml of oil orally for same period. Group D behaved as control and received 0.5 ml of distilled water orally for same period. The pregnant rats were observed for duration of pregnancy, weight gain, abortions and number of pups given birth. The obtained pups were examined for any structural malformations. There was no incidence of abortion in treated animals like controls. There were no resorptions in control group. Treated group A, B and C had incidence of 2.3, 5.7 and 15.3% respectively. no gross structural malformation was found in control or any of the treated groups. Neem Seed Oil was not found to be embryo/feto toxic in terms of causing abortions, reduced number of litter, retarded growth of young ones, fetal death, fetal resorptions and gross structural malformations in all doses tested
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Terpenes/toxicity , Rats , Teratogens , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
A series of seven limonene β-amino alcohol derivatives has been regioselectively synthesised in moderate to good yields. Two of these compounds were found to be significantly effective against in vitro cultures of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigote form in the micromolar range. The activities found for 3b and 3f were about 100-fold more potent than the standard drug, Pentamidine, in the same test, while limonene did not display any activity. This is the first report of antileishmanial activity by limonene β-amino alcohol derivatives.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Amino Alcohols/chemical synthesis , Antiprotozoal Agents/chemical synthesis , Cyclohexenes/chemistry , Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects , Terpenes/chemistry , Amino Alcohols/pharmacology , Amino Alcohols/toxicity , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Antiprotozoal Agents/toxicity , Cyclohexenes/pharmacology , Cyclohexenes/toxicity , Molecular Structure , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Structure-Activity Relationship , Terpenes/pharmacology , Terpenes/toxicityABSTRACT
AIM: To examine the effect of three commercial mouth rinses (Hexidine 0.2%, Listerine Cool Mint, Betadine 1%) upon cultured human gingival fibroblast proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured and incubated in Dulbecco's Minimum Eagle's Medium containing Chlorhexidine, Listerine, Povidone-Iodine at varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 100% of the given solution) at 37 degrees C for 1, 5 and 15 min. Control cells received an equal volume of Dulbecco's Minimum Eagle's Medium without adding mouth rinses, for similar duration of exposure at 37 degrees C. Following incubation the media were removed, cells were washed twice with medium, supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, and fibroblasts in the test and control group were allowed to recover in the same media for 24 h. RESULTS: In all the three groups, the proliferation inhibition was dependent on the concentration of solublized mouth rinses in the cell culture but independent of the duration of exposure to all three mouth rinses. The results showed that all three solutions were toxic to cultured human gingival fibroblasts, Chlorhexidine being the most cytotoxic. It was seen that at dilute concentrations (1% and 2% of given solutions) Listerine was more cytotoxic than Chlorhexidine and Povidone-Iodine. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Chlorhexidine, Listerine and Povidone-Iodine are capable of inducing a dose-dependent reduction in cellular proliferation of fibroblasts. The results presented are interesting, but to know the clinical significance, further studies are needed.
Subject(s)
Adult , Analysis of Variance , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Chlorhexidine/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Combinations , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Gingiva/cytology , Humans , Male , Mouthwashes/toxicity , Povidone-Iodine/toxicity , Salicylates/toxicity , Terpenes/toxicityABSTRACT
Static renewal bioassay tests were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of two neem based biopesticides, applied widely on tea plantation namely, Nimbecidine and Neem Gold either separately as well as, in combination to the fingerlings (mean body length- 4.46 +/- 0.15 cm; mean body weight- 0.49 +/- 0.15g) of a fresh water loach, Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton Buchanan) acclimatized to laboratory conditions prior to experiment. The 96 hours LC50 values for Nimbecidine and Neem Gold and the combination of the two were 0.0135 mgl(-1), 0.0525mgl(-1) and 0.0396 mgl(-1), respectively. The regular water quality analysis showed, that with increasing doses of biopesticides, dissolved oxygen level was lower and other parameters like pH, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity total hardness, chloride ions of water increased. The fish under toxicity stress suffered several abnormalities such as erratic and rapid movement, body imbalance and surface floating responding proportionately to the increase in concentrations of the toxicant biopesticides. The 96 hours LC50 values proved Nimbecidine more toxic than Neem Gold and the combination of the two biopesticides.
Subject(s)
Animals , Azadirachta/chemistry , Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Cypriniformes , Fresh Water , Glycerides/toxicity , India , Lethal Dose 50 , Limonins/toxicity , Oxygen/analysis , Pesticides/toxicity , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Seeds/chemistry , Terpenes/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso de una niña de 2 años y 9 meses de edad, a quien una curandera indica la administración de aceite de epazote (aceite de quenopodio) como vermífugo, en dos tomas de 20 ml cada una. Después de la segunda manifiesta coma profundo, convulciones, midriasis, apnea, acidosis metabólica, choque neurogénico y muerte. ElEEG mostró un trazo sugestivo de encefalopatía, la TAC con imagen de edema cerebral y colapso ventricular. El estudio postmortem ratificó el edema cerebral y microscópicamente evidenció necrosis neuronal difusa; otros hallazgos fueron neumonía, enteritis, peicolangitis, pancreatitis incipiente y necrosisi tubular, el análisis fitoquímico del aceite identificó ascaridol, principio activo de las quenopodáceas, en cantidad 39 mg/ml (1,560 mg en los 40 ml ingeridos) y a chenopodium graveolens como la planta de la que se obtuvo el aceite, conforme al método como históricamente se adminstraba el aceite, la paciente debió haber ingerido una dosis total de ascaridol de 60 mg, por lo que la cantidad administrada fue 26 veces superior, además que excedía 56 por ciento la dosis de 1,000 mg, informada como letal en humanos.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Anthelmintics/adverse effects , Drug Overdose/complications , Herbal Medicine , Medication Errors , Medicine, Traditional , Plant Extracts/adverse effects , Plant Poisoning/classification , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Terpenes/toxicity , Toxicology/classificationABSTRACT
Intraperitoneal administration (1 mg/kg body/wt./day for 21 days) of crude extract of furanoterpenoids, isolated from F. solani damaged I. batatas caused pulmonary oedema in albino rats. The elevated broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein levels indicated lung damage. The estimation of pulmonary extracellular surfactant phospholipids showed an alteration in various phospholipid fractions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Fusarium/physiology , Lung/drug effects , Male , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Terpenes/toxicity , Vegetables/microbiologyABSTRACT
beta-Myrcene (MYR, 7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6 octadiene) is a peripheral analgesic substance and one of the major constituents of lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf), a plant widely used in Brazilian folk medicine. In the present study the genotoxicity of MYR was evaluated in vivo using the rat bone marrow cytogenetic assay. Male and female Wistar rats weighing 250 g (223 to 286 g) and 178 g (168 to 186 g), respectively, were used. Two or four rats of either sex were treated orally with MYR (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg po), corn oil (negative control) and cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg ip (positive control). Animals were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were harvested 24 and 48 h after MYR administration. The mitotic index and the frequency of chromosome aberrations were evaluated. Fifty metaphase cells were examined per animal. A dose related increase in mitotic index was observed 24-h after MYR administration. No evidence of MYR-induced clastogenicity was observed under the experimental conditions of this in vivo assay. The present results and previous negative findings of in vitro mutagenicity tests strongly indicate that MYR is not a genotoxic substance