ABSTRACT
Tillandsia L. genus comprises 649 species, with different uses at different times. T. usneoides L. uses are reported since the late- archaic and pre-Columbian cultures. In XIX-XX centuries, T. usneoides was used in some manufactured products, as polish and packing fruit. Tillandsia has a favorable reputation as medicine: for leucorrhea, rheumatism, ulcers, hemorrhoid treatment, as an anti-diabetic remedy, emetic, analgesic, purgative, contraceptive, antispasmodic and diuretic. Tillandsia chemical composition includes cycloartane triterpenes and hydroxy-flavonoids, which are present in at least 24 species. Several extracts and compounds from Tillandsia spp. have been reported with pharmacological actions, as anti-neoplasia, hypolipidemic, antifungal, anti-HSV-1, hypoglycemic and microbicide. This review communicates the economic importance, ethnobotany, chemistry composition and biological activities of the Tillandsia genus, and analyze its biological and economic perspective. Tillandsia genus has cultural, economic and pharmacological relevance, with a high potential in many essential aspects of the modern society.
El geÌnero Tillandsia L. comprende 649 especies, con diferentes usos en diferentes eÌpocas. T. usneoides L. se han reportado desde el arcaÌico tardiÌo hasta las culturas precolombinas. En los siglos XIX-XX, T. usneoides se usoÌ en productos manufacturados: como abrasivo y embalaje de fruta. Como medicina tradicional, el geÌnero Tillandsia se reporta para leucorrea, reumatismo, uÌlceras, hemorroides, remedio antidiabeÌtico, emeÌtico, analgeÌsico, purgante, anticonceptivo, antiespasmoÌdico y diureÌtico. Su composicioÌn quiÌmica incluye triterpenos de tipo ciclo-artano e hidroxi-flavonoides, presentes en al menos 24 especies. Los extractos y compuestos del geÌnero Tillandsia se han reportado con propiedades antineoplaÌsicas, hipolipideÌmicas, antifuÌngicas, anti-HSV-1, hipoglucemiantes y microbicidas. Esta revisioÌn comunica la importancia econoÌmica, etnobotaÌnica, composicioÌn quiÌmica y las actividades bioloÌgicas del geÌnero Tillandsia, y analiza su perspectiva bioloÌgica y potencial econoÌmica. Tillandsia tiene importancia cultural, econoÌmica y farmacoloÌgica, con gran potencial en muchos aspectos esenciales de la sociedad moderna.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Ethnobotany , Tillandsia/chemistry , Triterpenes/analysis , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Bromeliaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
A cobertura superior das florestas tropicais, formada pelas copas das árvores, constitui um ambiente de extrema diversidade vegetal. Contribuindo com a grande riqueza dessas florestas encontram-se as espécies botânicas epífitas, cuja importância pode ser observada do ponto de vista ecológico, faunístico, etnobotânico e até mesmo farmacológico. Dentre as espécies adaptadas à vida epifítica podemos citar as bromeliáceas, que compõem uma das famílias mais representativas dessa flora com elevada variabilidade genética. Tillandsia recurvata é uma espécie epífita cosmopolita, nativa, adaptada a habitats áridos, utilizada para o tratamento de diversas doenças, mas pouco se tem publicado a respeito das comprovações científicas de suas propriedades. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos etnofarmacológicos, atividades biológicas e compostos químicos relacionados à espécie em questão, pertencente à Bromeliaceae. A partir do levantamento de dados realizado, observa-se que esta se trata de uma espécie de conhecido uso popular no tratamento de diferentes distúrbios, com alguns estudos farmacológicos que comprovam suas propriedades terapêuticas. Do ponto de vista químico observa-se a presença de terpenos, flavonoides e derivados cinâmicos em sua constituição, em que alguns compostos isolados ilustram a potencialidade desta espécie como fonte de biomoléculas de interesse. Todos estes aspectos considerados nesta revisão contribuem para o conhecimento a respeito da importância biológica e o potencial terapêutico acerca dos metabólitos desta promissora espécie.
The canopy of tropical forests, formed by the crowns of trees, constitutes a habitat of extreme plant diversity. Contributing to the great richness of these forests are epiphytes, which are of outstanding importance from the ecological, faunal, ethnobotanical and even pharmacological standpoints. Among the species adapted to the epiphytic life (growing on other plants) are the bromeliads, one of the most representative families of that flora, possessing high genetic variability. Tillandsia recurvate is a cosmopolitan epiphyte adapted to arid habitats, traditionally used to treat various diseases, though little has been published on scientific evidence for its properties. This paper reviews its ethnopharmacology and the biological activities and chemical compounds related to this member of the Bromeliaceae. According to the data collected, this species is known for its popular use in the treatment of various disorders, with some pharmacological studies that demonstrate its therapeutic properties. From the chemical point of view, terpenes, flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives are found in its constitution and some of the compounds isolated illustrate the potential of this species as a source of interesting biomolecules. All these features reviewed here contribute to what is known about the biological importance and therapeutic potential of metabolites from this promising species.
Subject(s)
Bromelia , Bromeliaceae/chemistry , Tillandsia/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Tillandsia recurvata, also commonly known as Ball Moss, is endemic to Jamaica and some parts of the Caribbean and South America. The plant, despite being reported to be used in folk medicine, had not previously been evaluated for its anti-cancer potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of Ball Moss. METHODS: The anti-proliferation activity of the crude methanolic extract of the T recurvata was evaluated in vitro in five different histogenic cancer cell lines (prostate cancer - PC-3, breast cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, B-16 melanoma and a B-cell lymphoma from a transgenic mouse strain) using the trypan blue assay. The crude extract was also evaluated in vivo in tumour-bearing mice. Immunohistochemistry staining with Apoptag was used for histology and determination of apoptosis. RESULTS: The crude methanolic extract of T recurvata demonstrated anti-proliferation activity against all the cell lines, killing > 50% of the cells at a concentration of 2.5 µg/ml. Kaposi sarcoma xenograft tumours were inhibited by up to 75% compared to control in the in vivo study (p < 0.05). There was evidence of DNA fragmentation and a decrease in cell viability on histological studies. The methanolic extract showed no toxic effect in the mice at a dose of 200 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that T recurvata has great potential as an anti-cancer agent and that one of its mechanisms of cell kill and tumour inhibition is by the induction of apoptosis.
OBJETIVO: La Tillandsia recurvata, también conocida como bola de musgo, es endémica en Jamaica, así como en algunas partes del Caribe y América del sur. Si bien se había reportado su uso como parte de la medicina popular, esta planta no había sido evaluada previamente en relación con su potencial para la lucha contra el cáncer. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad anticancerígena de la bola de musgo. MÉTODOS: La actividad antiproliferativa del extracto metanólico crudo de la T recurvata, fue evaluada in vitro en cinco líneas celulares diferentes de cáncer histogenético (cáncer de próstata - PC-3, cáncer de mama, sarcoma de Kaposi, melanoma B-16 y un linfoma de células B de una cepa de ratón transgénico) usando el ensayo con azul de tripano. El extracto crudo también se evaluó in vivo en ratones portadores de tumor. La tinción inmunohistoquímica con ApopTag fue utilizada para la histología y determinación de la apoptosis. RESULTADOS: El extracto metanólico crudo de T recurvata demostró la actividad proliferativa frente a todas las líneas celulares, matando > 50% de las células a una concentración de 2,5 µg/ml. Los tumores de xenoinjerto de sarcoma de Kaposi fueron inhibidos hasta un 75% en comparación con el control en el estudio in vivo (p < 0.05). Hubo evidencia de fragmentación de DNA y una disminución en la viabilidad celular en los estudios histológicos. El extracto metanólico no mostró ningún efecto tóxico en los ratones a dosis de 200 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros datos sugieren que la T recurvata tiene gran potencial como agente anticanceroso, y que uno de sus mecanismos de inhibición de tumores y muerte de las células tiene lugar mediante la inducción de la apoptosis.