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1.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 35(3)2020. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1292491

ABSTRACT

Posterior a una extubación programada existe un porcentaje de pacientes que fracasa y requiere reintubación (~20%), este evento es conocido como fracaso de extubación, el cual se asocia con mayor morbimortalidad. Para prevenir el fracaso de extubación se han propuesto terapias como la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) y la cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF). Estas terapias son capaces de entregar soporte respiratorio postextubación y justifican su uso en los efectos fisiológicos que son capaces de inducir, en dónde el impacto sobre el esfuerzo respiratorio e intercambio de gases sería fundamental. Con esta racionalidad fisiológica se han desarrollado diversos estudios en diferentes contextos clínicos, esto con el fin de dilucidar cuál terapia es la mejor alternativa. En esta revisión narrativa pretendemos describir y analizar los diversos efectos fisiológicos que induce la VNI y la CNAF


Subject(s)
Humans , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Airway Extubation/methods , Noninvasive Ventilation/methods , Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology , Ventilator Weaning , Work of Breathing/physiology , Functional Residual Capacity/physiology , Retreatment , Cannula , Intensive Care Units , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Lung Volume Measurements/methods
2.
Rev. bras. cir. cardiovasc ; 28(4): 455-461, out.-dez. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-703112

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare pressure-support ventilation with spontaneous breathing through a T-tube for interrupting invasive mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Adults of both genders were randomly allocated to 30 minutes of either pressure-support ventilation or spontaneous ventilation with "T-tube" before extubation. Manovacuometry, ventilometry and clinical evaluation were performed before the operation, immediately before and after extubation, 1h and 12h after extubation. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were studied. There were no deaths or pulmonary complications. The mean aortic clamping time in the pressure support ventilation group was 62 ± 35 minutes and 68 ± 36 minutes in the T-tube group (P=0.651). The mean cardiopulmonary bypass duration in the pressure-support ventilation group was 89 ± 44 minutes and 82 ± 42 minutes in the T-tube group (P=0.75). The mean Tobin index in the pressure support ventilation group was 51 ± 25 and 64.5 ± 23 in the T-tube group (P=0.153). The duration of intensive care unit stay for the pressure support ventilation group was 2.1 ± 0.36 days and 2.3 ± 0.61 days in the T-tube group (P=0.581). The atelectasis score in the T-tube group was 0.6 ± 0.8 and 0.5 ± 0.6 (P=0.979) in the pressure support ventilation group. The study groups did not differ significantly in manovacuometric and ventilometric parameters and hospital evolution. CONCLUSION: The two trial methods evaluated for interruption of mechanical ventilation did not affect the postoperative course of patients who underwent cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass.


OBJETIVO: Comparar a pressão de suporte ventilatório com a respiração espontânea em "Tubo-T" para interrupção da ventilação invasiva em pacientes submetidos à operação cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Adultos de ambos os sexos foram alocados para pressão de suporte ventilatório por 30 minutos ou o mesmo período de ventilação espontânea com "Tubo-T" antes da extubação. Realizou-se manovacuometria, ventilometria e avaliação clínica antes da operação, imediatamente antes e após a extubação, 1h e 12h após extubação. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes foram estudados. Não ocorreram mortes ou complicações respiratórias. O tempo de pinçamento da aorta no grupo suporte ventilatório foi 62 ± 35 minutos e de 68 ± 36 minutos para o "Tubo-T" (P=0,651). O tempo de CEC no grupo suporte ventilatório foi 89 ± 44 minutos e para o "Tubo-T" de 82 ± 42 minutos (P=0,75). O índice de Tobin para o grupo suporte ventilatório foi 51 ± 25 e para o grupo "Tubo-T", 64,5 ± 23 (P=0,153). O tempo na unidade de terapia intensiva para o grupo suporte ventilatório foi 2,1 ± 0,36 dias e para o grupo "Tubo-T", 2,3±0,61 dias (P=0,581). O escore de atelectasia para o grupo "Tubo-T" foi 0,6 ± 0,8 e para o suporte ventilatório foi 0,5 ± 0,6 (P=0,979). Não houve diferença significativa na evolução clínica e nos valores de gasometria, manovacuometria e ventilometria entre ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O método utilizado para testar a adequação da interrupção da ventilação mecânica invasiva não afetou a evolução pós-operatória dos pacientes submetidos a operações cardíacas com circulação extracorpórea.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/methods , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/methods , Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods , Ventilator Weaning/methods , Analysis of Variance , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Postoperative Period , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory Rate/physiology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Work of Breathing/physiology
3.
Clinics ; 64(5): 403-408, 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-514741

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and the cardiorespiratory effects of using positive expiratory airway pressure, a physiotherapeutic tool, in comparison with a T-tube, to wean patients from mechanical ventilation. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, cross-over study. SETTING: Two intensive care units. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: We evaluated forty patients who met weaning criteria and had been mechanically-ventilated for more than 48 hours, mean age 59 years, including 23 males. All patients were submitted to the T-tube and Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure devices, at 7 cm H2O, during a 30-minute period. Cardiorespiratory variables including work of breathing, respiratory rate (rr), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (hr), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) were measured in the first and thirtieth minutes. The condition was analyzed as an entire sample set (n=40) and was also divided into subconditions: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=14) and non-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (non- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) (n=26) categories. Comparisons were made using a t-test and Analysis of Variance. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Our data showed an increase in work of breathing in the first and thirtieth minutes in the EPAP condition (0.86+ 0.43 and 1.02+1.3) as compared with the T-tube condition (0.25+0.26 and 0.26+0.35) (p<0.05), verified by the flow-sensor monitor (values in J/L). No statistical differences were observed when comparing the Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure and T-tube conditions with regard to cardiorespiratory measurements. The same result was observed for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and non- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subconditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that, in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation, the use of a fixed level of Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure caused ...


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Positive-Pressure Respiration/adverse effects , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy , Ventilator Weaning/methods , Epidemiologic Methods , Hemodynamics/physiology , Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Ventilator Weaning/instrumentation , Work of Breathing/physiology
4.
J. bras. pneumol ; 34(3): 167-172, mar. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-479634

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Testar a eficiência da adaptação do ventilador Bird Mark 7 para oferecer pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas, conhecida como continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) em inglês, em ventilação não-invasiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental utilizando um modelo mecânico do sistema respiratório. O Bird Mark 7 foi alimentado com 400 e 500 kPa e foi testado em CPAP de 5, 10 e 15 cmH2O. Para avaliar a eficiência da adaptação foram analisados os seguintes variáveis: diferença entre a CPAP pré-determinada e a CPAP realmente atingida (CPAPreal); área da pressão da via aérea sob o nível de CPAP ajustado (ÁREA CPAP); e volume corrente gerado. RESULTADOS: A adaptação do Bird Mark 7 para oferecer CPAP em ventilação não-invasiva conseguiu atingir o volume corrente esperado em todas as situações de esforço inspiratório (normal ou elevado), pressão de alimentação (400 ou 500 kPa) e valor de CPAP (5, 10 ou 15 cmH2O). Para os CPAPs de 5 e 10 cmH2O, o CPAPreal foi muito próximo do pré-determinado, e a ÁREA CPAP teve valor próximo de zero. Para o CPAP de 15 cmH2O, o CPAPreal ficou abaixo do pré-determinado, e a ÁREA CPAP teve valor elevado. CONCLUSÃO: A eficiência da adaptação do Bird Mark 7 para oferecer CPAP em ventilação não-invasiva foi boa para os valores de CPAP de 5 e 10 cmH2O e insuficiente para CPAP de 15 cmH2O. Se adaptado como em nosso estudo, o Bird Mark 7 pode ser uma opção para oferta de CPAP até 10 cmH2O em locais onde equipamentos de ventilação não-invasiva são escassos ou inexistentes.


OBJECTIVE: To test the efficiency of the Bird Mark 7 ventilator adapted to deliver continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. METHODS: This was an experimental study using a mechanical model of the respiratory system. A Bird Mark 7 ventilator was supplied with 400 and 500 kPa and tested at CPAP of 5, 10 and 15 cmH2O. The following variables were analyzed: difference between the preset CPAP and the CPAP actually attained CPAP (trueCPAP); area of airway pressure at the CPAP level employed (AREA CPAP); and tidal volume generated. RESULTS: Adapting the Bird Mark 7 to offer CPAP achieved the expected tidal volume in all situations of inspiratory effort (normal or high), ventilator pressure supply (400 or 500 kPa) and CPAP value (5, 10 or 15 cmH2O). At a CPAP of 5 or 10 cmH2O, the trueCPAP was near the preset level, and the AREA CPAP was near zero. However, at a CPAP of 15 cmH2O, the value remained below the preset, and the AREA CPAP was high. CONCLUSION: The efficiency of Bird Mark 7 adaptation in offering CPAP was satisfactory at 5 and 10 cmH2O but insufficient at 15 cmH2O. If adapted as described in our study, the Bird Mark 7 might be an option for offering CPAP up to 10 cmH2O in areas where little or no equipment is available.


Subject(s)
Humans , Continuous Positive Airway Pressure/instrumentation , Respiratory Mechanics/physiology , Ventilators, Mechanical/standards , Continuous Positive Airway Pressure/methods , Equipment Design , Work of Breathing/physiology
5.
Korean Journal of Radiology ; : 506-511, 2007.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-203913

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the airway dynamics of the upper airway as depicted on cine MRI in children with tracheotomy tubes during two states of airflow through the upper airway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sagittal fast gradient echo cine MR images of the supra-glottic airway were obtained with a 1.5T MRI scanner on seven children with tracheotomy tubes. Two sets of images were obtained with either the tubes capped or uncapped. The findings of the cine MRI were retrospectively reviewed. Volume segmentation of the cine images to compare the airway volume change over time (mean volume, standard deviation, normalized range, and coefficient of variance) was performed for the capped and uncapped tubes in both the nasopharynx and hypopharynx (Signed Rank Test). RESULTS: Graphical representation of the airway volume over time demonstrates a qualitative increased fluctuation in patients with the tracheotomy tube capped as compared to uncapped in both the nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal regions of interest. In the nasopharynx, the mean airway volume (capped 2.72 mL, uncapped 2.09 mL, p = 0.0313), the airway volume standard deviation (capped 0.42 mL, uncapped 0.20 mL, p = 0.0156), and the airway volume range (capped 2.10 mL, uncapped 1.09 mL, p = 0.0156) were significantly larger in the capped group of patients. In the hypopharynx, the airway volume standard deviation (capped 1.54 mL, uncapped 0.67 mL, p = 0.0156), and the airway volume range (capped 6.44 mL, uncapped 2.93 mL, p = 0.0156) were significantly larger in the capped tubes. The coefficient of variance (capped 0.37, uncapped 0.26, p = 0.0469) and the normalized range (capped 1.52, uncapped 1.09, p = 0.0313) were significantly larger in the capped tubes. CONCLUSION: There is a statistically significant change in airway dynamics in children with tracheotomy tubes when breathing via the airway as compared to breathing via the tracheotomy tube.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Hypopharynx/anatomy & histology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine/methods , Nasopharynx/anatomy & histology , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors , Tracheostomy/instrumentation , Work of Breathing/physiology
6.
Kinesiologia ; (60): 78-84, sept. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-274738

ABSTRACT

Se realizó una experiencia valorativa a través de un Indice Kinésico de la Carga de trabajo Ventilatorio en el Area de Gestión Clínica del Niño del Hospital Padre Hurtado. Para esto se trabajó con dos grupos de pacientes. El Grupo 1 conformado por niños portadores de Enfermedad Respiratoria y el Grupo 2, constituído por niños sin Enfermedad Respiratoria. Con el Grupo 1 se realizó comparación de valores a través del Indice Kinésico de la Carga de Trabajo Ventilatorio entre distintos Kinesiólogos y con el Grupo 2 se estableció un criterio de corte para prescindir de Kinesiterapia Respiratoria empleando este índice. En el Grupo 1 se ejecutaron 88 evaluaciones y en el Grupo 2 se realizaron 55 evaluaciones, desde Enero a Marzo del año 2000. Los resultados demostraron que no existen diferencias significativas entre los valores del Indice Kinésico de la Carga de Trabajo Ventilatorio obtenidos por dos kinesiólogos diferentes simultáneamente (p < 0.01). además el puntaje de corte de acuerdo al índice se estableció de 3.0 puntos con una desviación estandar de 1.76. Se discuten y concluyen aspectos derivados del uso de metodologías para caracterizar, jerarquizar y orientar la actividad profesional del kinesiólogo que se desempeña en el área respiratoria intrahospitalaria básica


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child, Preschool , Infant , Physical Therapy Specialty/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Tract Diseases/rehabilitation , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology , Breathing Exercises , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Respiratory Tract Diseases/diagnosis , Work of Breathing/physiology
7.
An. méd. Asoc. Méd. Hosp. ABC ; 42(4): 146-52, oct.-dic. 1997. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-227094

ABSTRACT

El disparo por flujo (Flow-by) como modo de disparo disminuye el trabajo respiratorio impuesto (WOBp) en modalidades de asistencia mecánica ventilatoria espontáneas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del disparo por flujo sobre el WOBp en ventilación en soporte por presión como variante de retiro. Pacientes y métodos: Fueron estudiados sujetos con asistencia mecánica ventilatoria prolongada o de difícil retiro. Se les determinó el WOBp, usado un monitor pulmonar Bicore. Se usó disparo por flujo con flujo base de 12 L/min y se determinó el WOBp a diferentes grados de sensibilidad del disparo por flujo: 6, 3 y 1 L/min; y a dos niveles de ventilación en soporte por presión: alto (nivel al iniciar modalidad espontánea) y bajo (nivel previo a la extubación). Se usaron ventiladores NPB-7200. Para la interpretación estadístico se empleó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y t de Student. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 pacientes (ocho hombres y cuatro mujeres) con edad promedio de 62.9 ñ 14.4 años. En nivel alto de ventilación en soporte por presión (15.3 ñ 3.7 cm H2O), los WOBp con sensibilidad del disparo por flujo de 6.3 y 1 L/min fueron, respectivamente; 0.19 ñ 0.30 J/L, 0.15 ñ 0.28 J/L y o.12 ñ 0.27 J/L. A niveles bajos de ventilación en soporte por presión (5.8 ñ 1.1 cm H2O), los WOBp con sensibilidad del disparo por flujo de 6, 3 y 1 L/min fueron, respectivamente: 1.26 ñ 0.50 J/L, 1.05 ñ 0.42 J/L y =.79 ñ 0.40 J/L. Sólo hubo diferencia estadística en el WOBp con ventilación en soporte por presión de ni vel bajo a sensibilidad del disparo por flujo de 6 (1.26 ñ 0.50 J/L) vs 1 (0.79 ñ 0.40 J/L), p< 0.05. Los tubos endotraqueales fueron de 8.2 ñ 0.3 mm. Conclusiones: El WOBp desciende con menores grados de sensibilidad del disparo, y aparece diferencia estadística a nivel bajo de ventilación en soporte por presión. Sugerimos el uso de la sensibilidad más baja (1L/min) en pacientes de difícil destete


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Ventilators, Negative-Pressure , Ventilators, Negative-Pressure , Work of Breathing/physiology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology
9.
Rev. Asoc. Med. Crit. Ter. Intensiva ; 10(4): 171-80, jul.-ago. 1996. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-184132

ABSTRACT

El aparato respiratorio consiste básicamente de dos partes: un órgano de intercambio gaseoso (los pulmones) y una bomba que ventila los pulmones. La falla en el intercambio gaseoso debida a enfermedades pulmonares causa hipoxemia, mientras que la falla de la bomba (que también produce hipoxemia) lleva a la hipoventilación. Cuando los músculos respiratorios son incapaces de generar la fuerza suficiente para que provean una ventilación adecuada, se presenta la falla respiratoria y el trabajo respiratorio (WOB) debe ser parcial o totalmente asumido por el ventilador mecánico. En el curso de la falla respiratoria aguda la mayor parte del WOB corresponde al ventilador y esto permite que los músculos respiratorios descansen. Considerando que la actividad de los músculos respiratorios puede dificultar descontinuar la ventilación mecánica es esencial optimiraz el esfuerzo respiratorio del paciente. Por otra parte se ha considerado que el WOB es uno de los factores predictivos para el retiro del ventilador, particularmente en pacientes con ventilación mecánica prolongada; el WOB permite también el uso fisiológico y racional del descanso (parcial o total) de los músculos ventilatorios


Subject(s)
Airway Resistance , Diaphragm/anatomy & histology , Diaphragm/blood supply , Diaphragm/physiology , Respiratory Muscles/anatomy & histology , Respiratory Muscles/physiology , Respiration, Artificial , Ventilation , Work of Breathing/physiology
10.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health ; 1994 Dec; 25(4): 638-42
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-33688

ABSTRACT

A continuous, high flow gas was incorporated into the conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) circuit attached to the pressure or volume cycled ventilator which had no built-in IMV mode. These created a continuous flow IMV-CPAP system. During the spontaneous breathing period, the gas flow was high enough to raise a 5-6 cm H2O CPAP level and cause minimal airway pressure fluctuation, an indicator of reduced breathing work. Sixteen patients who were unable to tolerate T-piece weaning were weaned successfully by this IMV-CPAP system. They were medical and surgical patients with prolonged ventilatory support (10-62 days). The respiratory mechanics prior to weaning were relatively marginal. Tidal volume, minute volume and respiratory rate were 260.71 +/- 104 cc, 9.71 +/- 3.54 LPM and 30.29 +/- 5.31/minute respectively. During the weaning course arterial pCO2 retained gradually to their steady states in chronic CO2 retaining patients. This resulted in very minimal fluctuations in arterial pH. All patients were weaned successfully with the average weaning duration of 14.19 days.


Subject(s)
Acid-Base Equilibrium/physiology , Adult , Aged , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Developing Countries , Female , Home Care Services , Humans , Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation/instrumentation , Long-Term Care , Lung Volume Measurements , Male , Middle Aged , Positive-Pressure Respiration/instrumentation , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Thailand , Ventilator Weaning , Work of Breathing/physiology
12.
In. Muñoz Canto, Félix; Caviedes Soto, Iván. Cuidados intensivos respiratorios. Santiago de Chile, Mediterráneo, 1991. p.44-53, ilus. (Medicina Serie Práctica).
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-164831
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