Listeria monocytogenesy mecanismo de caballo de Troya a través de la barrera hematoencefálica / isteria monocytogenesand Trojan horse mechanism across the blood-brain barrier

Las infecciones del sistema nervioso central son potencialmente mortales, causadas por patógenos, como bacterias, virus y hongos. Para llegar hasta el cerebro, los microorganismos utilizan diversas vías y formas. Este patogeno es una bacteria grampositiva corta, flagelar e intracelular, con la capacidad de inducir su internalización en células fagocíticas (monocitos/macrófagos) y no fagocíticas (células endoteliales). Al infectar los macrófagos, estos microorganismos se valen de su capacidad de fijación, adhesión y migración transendotelial, para cruzar la barrera hematoencefálica, finalmente, generando meningitis bacteriana. En esta revisión describimos el mecanismo de caballo de Troya usado por Listeria monocytogenespara invadir el cerebro en el desarrollo de enfermedades infecciosas e incorporamos nuevos conocimientos sobre moléculas que intervienen en dicho mecanismo(AU)

Central nervous system infections are life-threatening, caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. To access the brain, microorganisms use various mechanisms. Listeria monocytogenes is a short, flagellar and intracellular gram-positive bacterium, with the ability to induce its internalization in phagocytic (monocytes/macrophages) and non-phagocytic (endothelial cells) cells. By infecting macrophages, these microorganisms take advantage of their binding, adhesion, and transendothelial migrationcapacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, finally generating bacterial meningitis. In this review we describe the Trojan horse mechanism used by Listeria monocytogenesto invade the brain in the development of infectious diseases and we incorporate new knowledge about molecules that intervene in this mechanism(AU)

nteraction between FAK/αB-crystalline is important for viability of the glioblastoma cells

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme is a tumor of the central nervous system. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and αB-crystalline are two proteins involved in glioblastoma development. In this study, we investigated whether the FAK/αB-crystalline interaction is important for glioblastoma cells, we aimed to investigate the interaction of these two proteins in the glioblastoma multiforme cell line U87-MG. Two peptides named FP01 peptide (derived from αB-crystalline) and FP02 peptide (derived from FAK) were synthesized for this study. Treatment of U87-MG with the peptides FP01 and FP02 in the concentration at 50 µM reduced the viability cellular to around 41% and 51%, respectively. Morphological alterations in the cells treated with the peptides when compared to the control were observed. This study suggests that the interaction between FAK and αB-crystalline is important for the viability of glioblastoma cells

Estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas / Study of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with hematologic malignancies

Introducción: La infiltración del sistema nervioso central por células malignas constituye una complicación grave de algunas neoplasias hematológicas, principalmente leucemias agudas y linfomas agresivos. Objetivo: Resumir la base científica y la significación clínica de los métodos de estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infiltración neuromeníngea en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas. Métodos: Se buscó información durante abril de 2021 en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y SciELO. Se seleccionaron las publicaciones en base a su tipología, actualidad, alcance y las limitaciones de los estudios. Conclusiones: El estudio citomorfológico del líquido cefalorraquídeo se considera el método estándar para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infiltración neuromeníngea. La citometría de flujo resulta más sensible para la detección de infiltración oculta que la citología convencional; pero aún existen reservas sobre su significación clínica. Se investiga también la sensibilidad de otros estudios moleculares como el uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y la detección de biomarcadores(AU)

Introduction: Infiltration of the central nervous system by malignant cells constitutes a serious complication of some hematological malignancies, mainly acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas. Objective: To summarize the scientific basis and clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid study methods for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuromeningeal infiltration in patients with hematologic malignancies. Methods: Information was searched during April 2021 in PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciELO databases. Publications were selected based on their typology, timeliness, scope, and study limitations. Conclusions: The cytomorphological study of cerebrospinal fluid is considered the standard method for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuromeningeal infiltration. Flow cytometry is more sensitive for the detection of occult infiltration than conventional cytology, but there are still reservations about its clinical significance. The sensitivity of other molecular studies such as the use of PCR and biomarker detection is also investigated(AU)

Encefalitis autoinmune seronegativa asociada a síndrome de Sjögren primario / Autoimmune seronegative encephalitis associated to primary Sjögren's disease

La encefalitis autoinmune es un trastorno inmunomediado que compromete distintos territorios del parénquima cerebral, involucrando frecuentemente la materia gris profunda o la corteza, con o sin compromiso de la materia blanca, meninges o médula espinal. Se asocia frecuentemente con enfermedades autoinmunes o paraneoplásicas, y constituye un reto diagnóstico. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años con antecedente de síndrome de Sjögren que consultó a Emergencias por cefalea y confusión. El líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) presentaba leucocitosis con neutrofilia. En la resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral se evidenciaron múltiples imágenes de comportamiento restrictivo, de señal hiperintensa en T2 y FLAIR, a predominio córtico-subcortical a nivel occipital bilateral, hemisferio cerebeloso derecho y parietal derecho. Se descartaron infecciones y neoplasias. El panel de anticuerpos para encefalitis autoinmune aquaporina-4 y anti-MOG en LCR fue negativo. Recibió metilprednisolona endovenosa con mejoría progresiva de los síntomas.

Autoimmune encephalitis is an immune-mediated disorder that affects different areas of the brain parenchyma, often involving deep gray matter or the cortex, with or without involvement of white matter, meninges, or spinal cord. It is frequently associated with autoimmune or paraneoplastic diseases and is a diagnostic challenge. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with history of Sjögren's syndrome who presented to the emergency department with headache and episodes of confusion. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Brain MRI revealed multiple restricted diffusion lesions with hyperintense signal on T2 and FLAIR sequences, predominantly in the bilateral occipital region, right cerebellar hemisphere, and right parietal region. Infections and neoplasms were ruled out. The panel of antibodies for autoimmune encephalitis, including Aquaporin-4 and anti-MOG in CSF, was negative. She received intravenous methylprednisolone, leading to symptom improvement.

Malformación completa del sistema nervioso central y otras malformaciones asociadas. A propósito de un caso / Complete malformation of the central nervous system and other associated malformations. A case report

La anencefalia es una anomalía gestacional que produce la ausencia de gran parte del cerebro y del cráneo; aunque se desconoce el motivo principal de su aparición, puede estar relacionado con toxinas ambientales, y pobre ingesta de ácido fólico durante el embarazo. Los fetos que padecen de esta malformación, en su mayoría, no llegan a nacer vivos o mueren a las pocas horas. Se presentó una paciente recibida en emergencia en el Centro de Atención Integral Materno Infantil, municipio Ixchiguan, departamento de San Marcos, Guatemala con embarazo a término, según refirió la paciente, sin atención prenatal, dolor en hipogastrio y pérdida de líquido amniótico de un día de evolución. Siendo este un defecto genético multifactorial, para el cual no existe tratamiento, el único recurso para su prevención fue brindar una atención prenatal pormenorizada con énfasis especial en el programa de genética para la detección precoz de anomalías congénitas.

Anencephaly is a gestational anomaly that produces the absence of a large part of the brain and skull; although the main reason for its appearance is unknown, it may be related to environmental toxins and poor intake of folic acid during pregnancy. Most of the fetuses that suffer from this malformation are not born alive or die within a few hours. We present a female patient who was received in the emergency service of the Comprehensive Maternal and Child Care Center in Ixchiguan municipality, San Marcos department, Guatemala, with a full-term pregnancy, as reported by the patient, without prenatal care, hypogastric pain and loss of amniotic fluid of one day of evolution. Since there is no treatment for this multifactorial genetic defect, the only resource for its prevention was to provide detailed prenatal care with special emphasis on the genetics program for the early detection of congenital anomalies.

Rara presentación de un linfoma espinal: informe de caso y diagnóstico mediante resonancia magnética / Rare presentation of a spinal lymphoma: case report and diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging

El linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central es una forma de enfermedad extraganglionar originada en el cerebro, la leptomeninges, la médula espinal o los ojos. Los tumores espinales son neoplasias de baja prevalencia y pueden causar una morbimortalidad neurológica considerable. El linfoma aislado que surge dentro del conducto dural es la forma menos común de linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central: representa aproximadamente el 1% de los casos y se observa más a menudo en el contexto de diseminación secundaria que como el sitio primario de origen. Los síntomas son inespecíficos y dependen del nivel espinal involucrado. La presentación es insidiosa e incluye dorsalgia, debilidad y dificultad progresiva para la deambulación. La resonancia magnética es la modalidad de elección para búsqueda de lesiones dentro del conducto espinal/raquídeo, en pacientes que presentan síntomas neurológicos. El tratamiento quirúrgico no resulta útil, y el objetivo principal de la cirugía es conocer el diagnóstico histológico. (AU)

A primary central nervous system lymphoma is a form of extranodal disease originating in the brain, leptomeninges, spinal cord, or eyes. Spinal tumors are low-prevalence neoplasms and can cause considerable neurological morbidity and mortality. An isolated lymphoma emerging within the dural canal is the rarest form of primary central nervous system lymphoma: it accounts for approximately 1% of cases occurring more often in the context of secondary dissemination than as the primary site of origin. Symptoms are nonspecific and depend on the spinal level involved. The presentation is insidious and includes dorsalgia, weakness, and progressive difficulty in ambulatory function. MRI is the modality of choice to search for lesions within the spinal/rachial canal in patients presenting with neurological symptoms. Surgical treatment is not helpful, and the main objective of surgery is to know the histological diagnosis. (AU)

Seis casos consecutivos de sarcoma intracraneal primario en niños en dos instituciones privadas de Lima durante la pandemia del COVID-19 / Six consecutive cases of primary intracranial sarcoma in children in two private institutions from Lima during COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: El presente artículo describe las características clínicas e imagenológicas de seis pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de tumor cerebral atendidos en dos instituciones privadas de Lima durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de casos de tumor cerebral en pacientes menores de 18 años, atendidos en dos clínicas privadas de Lima, desde marzo 2020 a diciembre 2021. Resultados: Seis casos consecutivos de tumores intracraneales fueron detectados durante la mayor parte del primer año de la pandemia COVID-19 (periodo de octubre del 2020 a marzo del 2021), todos ellos con el diagnóstico de sarcoma intracraneal primario. Antes de la pandemia, el último sarcoma intracraneal primario en niños operado en las instituciones mencionadas ocurrió en junio del 2018 y fue el único caso de este tipo de tumor en el año. Conclusiones: Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, se encontró una inusual frecuencia de sarcoma intracraneal primario en niños en dos instituciones privadas de Lima.

SUMMARY Objective: The article describes the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of six children with the diagnosis of brain tumor attended in two private institutions from Lima, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: Descriptive study of cases of brain tumor in patients aged 18 and younger, followed at two private institutions in in Lima, from March 2020 to December 2021. Results: Six consecutive cases of intracranial tumors were detected during a large part of the COVID-19 pandemic's first year (October 2020 to March 2021), all of them with diagnosis of primary intracranial sarcoma. Before the pandemic, the last primary intracranial sarcoma in children, operated in the mentioned institutions, occurred in June 2018 and was the only case that year. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an unusual frequency of primary intracranial sarcoma in children was found in two private institutions from Lima.

Relación entre las ciencias básicas y clínicas en la modulación central del dolor / Relationship between basic and clinical sciences in central pain modulation

Esta revisión busca proporcionar a los profesionales de la salud una mayor comprensión del dolor para su actividad clínica-asistencial. Basados en la hipóte-sis de neuroplasticidad presentada inicialmente por Ramón y Cajal y la teoría de la compuerta en la vía dolorosa presentada por Melzack y Wall, se ha ela-borado una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de abordar la modulación de la vía nociceptiva desde un punto de vista fisiopatológico. Asimismo, se presen-tan los principales resultados obtenidos durante los últimos años en nuestro laboratorio usando ratas Wistar hembras como modelo de dolor experimental. Finalmente, se describe un circuito original de modu-lación central a nivel del subnúcleo caudal del trigé-mino con una visión integral de los componentes del sistema nociceptivo orofacial, para ayudar al clínico a comprender situaciones de sensibilización central con perpetuación del dolor y cómo paulatinamente el sistema nervioso central pone en marcha un sistema de modulación para adaptarse y alcanzar un estado similar al basal (AU)

This review aims to provide health professionals with a better understanding of pain for their clinical-care activity. Based on the neuroplasticity hypothesis initially presented by Ramón and Cajal, and the gate theory in the pain pathway presented by Melzack and Wall, a literature review has been carried out with the aim of addressing the modulation of the nociceptive pathway from a pathophysiological point of view. The main results obtained in recent years in our laboratory using female Wistar rats as an experimental pain model are also presented. Finally, an original central modulation circuit at the level of the caudal trigeminal subnucleus is described with a comprehensive view of the components of the orofacial nociceptive system, to help the clinician to understand situations of central sensitization with perpetuation of pain and how the central nervous system gradually sets in motion a modulation system to adapt and reach a state similar to the basal one (AU)

Reporte de dos casos de neuro-paracoccidiomicosis / Report of two cases of neuro-paracoccidiomycosis

La paracoccidiodomicosis es la micosis sistémica más frecuente en América Latina. La afectación del sistema nervioso central (SNC) está descrita en un 10-27%. El objetivo es presentar dos pacientes del sexo masculino con neuroparacoccidiodomicosis internados en el Departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital Nacional, uno en el año 2017 y el otro en el 2021. Ambos pacientes presentaron síntomas neurológicos con mejoría de las lesiones con anfotericina B. Los granulomas cerebrales de PCM pueden tener comportamiento pseudotumoral. La regresión de las lesiones fue completa con anfotericina B y trimetoprin sulfametoxasol en el primer caso y anfotericina B e itraconazol en el segundo caso.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most common systemic mycosis in Latin America. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is described in 10-27%. The objective is to present two male patients with neuroparacoccidioidomycosis admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of the National Hospital, one in 2017 and the other in 2021. Both patients presented neurological symptoms with improvement of the lesions with amphotericin B. The granulomas brain cells of PCM may have pseudotumor behavior. Regression of the lesions was complete with amphotericin B and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole in the first case and amphotericin B and itraconazole in the second case.

Comparative analysis between cytomorphology and flow cytometry methods in central nervous system infiltration assessment in oncohematological patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Oncohematological patients require the evaluation for possible infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by neoplastic cells at diagnosis and/or during the monitoring of the chemotherapeutic treatment. Morphological analysis using conventional microscopy is considered the method of choice to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, despite technical limitations. Objective This study aimed to compare the performance of the cytomorphology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FC) in the detection of CNS infiltration. Method We evaluated 520 CSF samples collected from 287 oncohematological patients for whom the detection of neoplastic cells was simultaneously requested by cytomorphology and FC. Results Laboratory analyses revealed 435/520 (83.7%) conclusive results by the two methods evaluated, among which 385 (88.5%) were concordant. Discordance between the methods was observed in 50/435 (11.5%) samples, 45 (90%) being positive by FC. Furthermore, the FC defined the results in 69/72 (95.8%) inconclusive samples by cytomorphology. The positivity of FC was particularly higher among hypocellular samples. Among 431 samples with a cell count of < 5/μL, the FC identified neoplastic cells in 75 (17.4%), while the cytomorphology reported positive results in 26 (6%). Among the samples that presented adequate cell recovery for evaluation by both methods (506/520), the comparative analysis between FC and cytomorphology revealed a Kappa coefficient of 0.45 (CI: 0.37-0.52), interpreted as a moderate agreement. Conclusion The data showed that the CSF analysis by FC helps in the definition of CNS infiltration by neoplastic cells, particularly in the cases with dubious morphological analysis or in the evaluation of samples with low cellularity.

Ewing's sarcoma of central nervous system: a clinicopathological analysis of six cases / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, pathological diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma of the central nervous system. Methods: Six cases of Ewing's sarcoma of the central nervous system diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China from 2015 to 2022 were collected. The clinical manifestations, histological morphology, immunophenotype and molecular genetics of these cases were analyzed. The related literature was reviewed. Results: There were four males and two females, with a male to female ratio of 2∶1. The onset age was 17-40 years, with a median age of 23 years. All 6 tumors were located in the spinal cord (2 cases of cervical vertebra, 1 case of thoracic vertebra, 2 cases of lumbar vertebra, and 1 case of sacral vertebra). The patients' clinical manifestations were mostly lumbago, weakness and numbness of lower limbs/limbs. In 1 case, the tumor recurred and metastasized to the suprasellar region and the third ventricle. Microscopically, the tumor showed diffuse infiltrative growth. In some cases, the tumor was closely related to the spinal meninges. The tumor cells were arranged in sheet, lobular, thin-rope, and nest-like patterns. Homer-Wright rosette was visible. The tumor cells were small to medium in size, and most of them had scant cytoplasm. A few cells had clear cytoplasm. Some areas were rhabdoid. The tumor cell nuclei showed focal mild pleomorphism. The chromatin was uniform and delicate while the nucleoli were not obvious. Mitosis was commonly seen. The tumor was separated by fibrous connective tissue and may be accompanied by mucinous degeneration. Immunohistochemistry showed that all tumors were positive for CD99, NKX2.2, Fli1, ERG. ATRX, H3K27me3, INI1 and BRG1 were all retained. Immunohistochemical stains for EMA, GFAP and Olig2 were negative. The Ki-67 proliferation index was 30%-70%. EWSR1 break-apart FISH test was positive. Conclusions: Ewing's sarcoma is rare in the central nervous system and needs to be distinguished from a variety of neoplasms with primitive undifferentiated small cell morphology. Immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics may be required for a proper diagnosis.

Analysis of the genomic landscape of primary central nervous system lymphoma using whole-genome sequencing in Chinese patients / 医学前沿

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with poor prognosis. This study aimed to depict the genetic landscape of Chinese PCNSLs. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 68 newly diagnosed Chinese PCNSL samples, whose genomic characteristics and clinicopathologic features were also analyzed. Structural variations were identified in all patients with a mean of 349, which did not significantly influence prognosis. Copy loss occurred in all samples, while gains were detected in 77.9% of the samples. The high level of copy number variations was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A total of 263 genes mutated in coding regions were identified, including 6 newly discovered genes (ROBO2, KMT2C, CXCR4, MYOM2, BCLAF1, and NRXN3) detected in ⩾ 10% of the cases. CD79B mutation was significantly associated with lower PFS, TMSB4X mutation and high expression of TMSB4X protein was associated with lower OS. A prognostic risk scoring system was also established for PCNSL, which included Karnofsky performance status and six mutated genes (BRD4, EBF1, BTG1, CCND3, STAG2, and TMSB4X). Collectively, this study comprehensively reveals the genomic landscape of newly diagnosed Chinese PCNSLs, thereby enriching the present understanding of the genetic mechanisms of PCNSL.

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease With Slow Progression:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(sCJD)is a prion-caused degenerative disease of the central nervous system,with the typical clinical manifestation of rapidly progressive dementia.The course of disease is less than 1 year in most patients and more than 2 years in only 2% to 3% patients.We reported a case of sCJD with expressive language disorder and slow progression in this paper.By summarizing the clinical manifestations and the electroencephalograhpy,MRI,and pathological features,we aimed to enrich the knowledge about the sCJD with slow progression.

Evaluation of the Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Orelabrutinib Combined with High-Dose Methotrexate in the First-line Treatment of Elderly Patients with High Risk Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the short-term efficacy and adverse reactions of orelabrutinib combined with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) in the first-line treatment of elderly high-risk primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), as well as the survival of patients.@*METHODS@#Twenty-five elderly patients with high-risk primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma admitted to Fujian Provincial Hospital from June 2016 to June 2022 were enrolled in this study, and complete clinical data from all patients were collected retrospectively, and the cut-off for follow-up was December 2022. 15 patients had received temmozolomide combined with HD-MTX regimen for at least four cycles, sequential lenalidomide maintenance therapy, while 10 patients had received orelabrutinib combined with HD-MTX regimen for at least four cycles, sequential orelabrutinib maintenance therapy. The short-term efficacy and adverse reactions of the two groups of patients after treatment were observed. Kaplan-Meier was used to analyze the progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP).@*RESULTS@#The objective response rate (ORR) and 2-year median FPS of orelabrutinib combined with HD-MTX regimen group were similar to the temozolomide combined with HD-MTX regimen group (ORR: 100% vs 66.7%; 2-year median PFS: 16 months vs 15 months, P>0.05). The 2-year median TTP of the orelabrutinib+HD-MTX regimen group was better than that of the temozolomide+HD-MTX regimen group (not reached vs 12 months, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal reactions, bone marrow suppression, liver and kidney damage, cardiotoxicity, pneumonia and bleeding between these two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For elderly patients with high-risk PCNSL, orelabrutinib combined with HD-MTX has reliable short-term efficacy, good safety, and tolerable adverse reactions, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Advances in basic research on choline and central nervous system development and related disorders / 中华预防医学杂志

Choline is an essential nutrient that plays an integral role in all stages of the life cycle, with increasing interest in the relationship between choline and neurodevelopment. Choline is a major component in the synthesis of phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and sphingolipids, and is an essential nutrient for methyl metabolism, acetylcholine synthesis and cell signaling. Choline plays an important role in neurogenesis and neural migration during fetal development, potentially influencing the development and prognosis of neurological disorders, but its mechanism of action is not yet clear. This article reviews the source and metabolism of choline, the effects and mechanism of choline on neurodevelopment and central nervous system related disorders.

Novel Microglia-based Therapeutic Approaches to Neurodegenerative Disorders / 神经科学通报·英文版

As prominent immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia constantly monitor the environment and provide neuronal protection, which are important functions for maintaining brain homeostasis. In the diseased brain, microglia are crucial mediators of neuroinflammation that regulates a broad spectrum of cellular responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the multifunctional contributions of microglia to homeostasis and their involvement in neurodegeneration. We further provide a comprehensive overview of therapeutic interventions targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, we propose microglial depletion and subsequent repopulation as promising replacement therapy. Although microglial replacement therapy is still in its infancy, it will likely be a trend in the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases due to its versatility and selectivity.

Roles of NG2 Glia in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease / 神经科学通报·英文版

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the most prevalent pathologic processes affecting 5% of people over 50 years of age and contributing to 45% of dementia cases. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the pathological roles of chronic hypoperfusion, impaired cerebral vascular reactivity, and leakage of the blood-brain barrier in CSVD. However, the pathogenesis of CSVD remains elusive thus far, and no radical treatment has been developed. NG2 glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, are the fourth type of glial cell in addition to astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the mammalian central nervous system. Many novel functions for NG2 glia in physiological and pathological states have recently been revealed. In this review, we discuss the role of NG2 glia in CSVD and the underlying mechanisms.

Immunological Markers for Central Nervous System Glia / 神经科学通报·英文版

Glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are composed of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. They contribute more than half of the total cells of the CNS, and are essential for neural development and functioning. Studies on the fate specification, differentiation, and functional diversification of glial cells mainly rely on the proper use of cell- or stage-specific molecular markers. However, as cellular markers often exhibit different specificity and sensitivity, careful consideration must be given prior to their application to avoid possible confusion. Here, we provide an updated overview of a list of well-established immunological markers for the labeling of central glia, and discuss the cell-type specificity and stage dependency of their expression.

Effects of intranasal administration of tripterygium glycoside-bearing liposomes on behavioral cognitive impairment of mice induced by central nervous system inflammation / 中国中药杂志

Tripterygium glycosides liposome(TPGL) were prepared by thin film-dispersion method, which were optimized accor-ding to their morphological structures, average particle size and encapsulation rate. The measured particle size was(137.39±2.28) nm, and the encapsulation rate was 88.33%±1.82%. The mouse model of central nervous system inflammation was established by stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS). TPGL and tripterygium glycosides(TPG) were administered intranasally for 21 days. The effects of intranasal administration of TPG and TPGL on behavioral cognitive impairment of mice due to LPS-induced central ner-vous system inflammation were estimated by animal behavioral tests, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining of hippocampus, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence. Compared with TPG, TPGL caused less damage to the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb, liver and kidney of mice administered intranasally. The behavioral performance of treated mice was significantly improved in water maze, Y maze and nesting experiment. Neuronal cell damage was reduced, and the expression levels of inflammation and apoptosis related genes [tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), BCL2-associated X(Bax), etc.] and glial activation markers [ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(IBA1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)] were decreased. These results indicated that liposome technique combined with nasal delivery alleviated the toxic side effects of TPG, and also significantly ameliorated the cognitive impairment of mice induced by central nervous system inflammation.