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Introducción: La depresión es un trastorno mental frecuente y una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Determinar la proporción de la depresión y factores relacionados en los estudiantes de la carrera de medi- cina. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo transversal con análisis de asociación, en estudiantes de segundo a séptimo año de medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. El universo fue de 3928 estudiantes. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia; 282 estudiantes contestaron los instrumentos de evaluación. Se utilizó la escala Depresión de Beck para medir y clasificar el grado de depresión. Resultados: La proporción de depresión fue 74% (IC 95%, 69- 79). Entre los participantes se encontraron 31% (87) estudiantes con ideación suicida y 6% (17) con intento suicida. Factores que aumentaron el riesgo de depresión: Ser soltero 96.1% (OR = 4.0, IC 95%, 1.5-10.7); Ser dependiente económicamente 82% (OR = 2.1, IC 95%, 1.1-3.8); sexo femenino 68% (OR = 3.2, IC 95%, 1.8-5.6); tener historia familiar de depresión 52% (OR = 2.0, IC 95%: 1.2-3.6); haber sufrido de violencia 45% (OR = 3.1, IC 95%, 1.6-5.8); Afirmar que la violencia le afecta 32% (OR = 4.4, IC 95%, 1.9-10.2); haber sido diagnosticado con depresión 21% (OR = 9.2, IC 95%, 2.2-39.0). Discusión: Los resultados de este estudio evidencian alta proporción de depresión en esta población, en comparación con estudios similares que reportan 9.3-55.9%. Esto debe de ser una alarma para ampliar las investigaciones y generar estrategias para prevenir depresión...(AU)

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Resumo: Este artigo busca problematizar como o discurso sobre a depressão, nas três primeiras edições do Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais , efetuou a apropriação da contradição sofrimento-patologia. Para tanto, a análise foi orientada pelos princípios da análise de discurso francesa, de Michel Pêcheux, desenvolvida, no Brasil, por Eni Orlandi. O estudo salienta que: 1) as duas primeiras edições do manual apresentavam a depressão como efeito; a partir da terceira há um entendimento da depressão enquanto causa; 2) nas duas primeiras edições do manual, sofrimento e patologia são um único e mesmo objeto, já na terceira edição ocorre uma cisão entre essas esferas; 3) o mecanismo discursivo da antecipação pode contribuir para a compreensão do processo de apagamento do sujeito da enunciação pelo sujeito do enunciado nos manuais diagnósticos.

Abstract: This paper problematizes how the discourse on depression upheld by the first, second and third editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders appropriated the distress-pathology contradiction. Based on the principles of Michel Pêcheux's French Discourse Analysis, developed, in Brazil by Eni Orlandi, the study emphasizes that: 1) the manual's first and second editions understood depression as an effect, whereas the third depicted it as a cause; 2) in the first and second editions distress and pathology were one and the same, but the third edition splits them into two different spheres; 3) anticipation, as a discursive mechanism, can help to comprehend the process by which the subject of enunciation is suppressed by the subject of the statement in the diagnostic manuals.

Résumé : Cet article problématise la façon dont le discours sur la dépression soutenu par les trois premières éditions du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux s'est approprié la contradiction souffrance-pathologie. Basée sur les principes de l'analyse du discours français de Michel Pêcheux, développée au Brésil par Eni Orlandi, l'étude souligne que : 1) les deux premières éditions du manuel considèrent la dépression comme un effet, alors que la troisième la décrit comme une cause ; 2) dans les deux premières éditions, la souffrance et la pathologie sont une seule et même chose, tandis que la troisième édition sépare ces sphères ; 3) l'anticipation, en tant que mécanisme discursif, peut aider à comprendre les processus par lequel le sujet de l'énonciation est supprimé par le sujet de l'énoncé dans les manuels diagnostiques.

Resumen: Este artículo busca problematizar cómo el discurso sobre la depresión, en las tres primeras ediciones del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , se apropió de la contradicción sufrimiento-patología. Para ello, el análisis se guio por los principios del análisis del discurso francés, de Michel Pêcheux, desarrollado por Eni Orlandi en Brasil. El estudio destaca que: 1) las dos primeras ediciones del manual presentaban la depresión como un efecto, a partir de la tercera hay una comprensión de la depresión como causa; 2) en las dos primeras ediciones del manual, el sufrimiento y la patología son un mismo objeto, por otro lado, en la tercera edición hay una escisión entre estas esferas; 3) el mecanismo discursivo de anticipación puede contribuir a la comprensión del proceso de supresión del sujeto de la enunciación por el sujeto del enunciado en los manuales diagnósticos.

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Introducción: La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana representa un problema de salud pública en el mundo. La adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral es necesaria para alcanzar un estado de supresión viral máxima y disminuir la tasa de infecciones oportunistas. Sin embargo, diversos son los factores que pueden influir en la adherencia terapéutica. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mala adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en pacientes con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos: Se empleó un estudio con diseño observacional, analítico, de tipo casos y controles. El tamaño muestral fue de 276, a partir del cual 138 fueron casos y 138 controles. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados utilizando métodos de estadística descriptiva y estadística inferencial. Resultados: El análisis multivariado determinó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la variable adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y las variables depresión (odds ratio OR ajustado= 2,15), esquema de terapia antirretroviral alternativo (OR ajustado= 2,40), efectos secundarios (OR ajustado= 4,24) y cambio en la adherencia durante el estado de emergencia (OR ajustado= 5,67), independientemente de las otras variables intervinientes. Conclusiones: La depresión, el uso del esquema de terapia antirretroviral alternativo, la presencia de efectos secundarios a terapia antirretroviral y el cambio en la adherencia durante el estado de emergencia aumentan el riesgo de mala adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral(AU)

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infection represents a public health public problem in the world. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is necessary to achieve a state of maximum viral suppression and decrease the rate of opportunistic infections. However, there are several factors that can influence therapeutic adherence. Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A study with an observational, analytical, case-control type design was used. The sample size was 276, from which 138 were cases and 138 controls. The collected data was analyzed using methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results: The multivariate analysis determined a statistically significant association between the variable adherence to antiretroviral treatment and the variables depression (adjusted Odds Ratio OR = 2.15), alternative antiretroviral therapy scheme (adjusted OR= 2.40), side effects (adjusted OR= 4.24), and change in adherence during the state of emergency (adjusted OR= 5.67) independently of the other intervening variables. Conclusions: Depression, the use of alternative antiretroviral therapy regimens, the presence of side effects to antiretroviral therapy, and the change in adherence during the state of emergency increase the risk of poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy(AU)

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El Consorcio Internacional para la Medición de Resultados en Salud (ICHOM, por sus siglas en inglés) se especializa en el desarrollo de conjuntos de medidas de resultado de tratamientos para condiciones de salud con el objetivo de mejorar la práctica clínica. ICHOM desarrolló una propuesta de medidas de resultado para depresión, ansiedad, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y trastorno por estrés postraumático, en población infanto-juvenil de entre 6 y 24 años que fue publicada el 2021. Un grupo de trabajo internacional de 27 personas expertas en clínica, en investigación y por experiencia vivida, alcanzó el consenso a través del método Delphi adaptado con votación anónima iterativa, apoyada por insumos de investigación. Se propone evaluar síntomas, pensamientos y conductas suicidas y funcionalidad a través de siete medidas de resultado informadas primariamente por el o la paciente. Las recomendaciones fueron validadas a través de una encuesta que involucró a 487 participantes en 45 países. Este artículo presenta sugerencias para su aplicación en Chile.

Abstract: The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) specializes in developing sets of outcome measures for health conditions with the goal of improving clinical practice. ICHOM developed a proposal for outcome measures for depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and young people aged 6 to 24 years that was published in 2021. An international working group of 27 clinical, research, and lived experience experts, reached consensus through the adapted Delphi method, and iterative anonymous voting, supported by research inputs. It is proposed to assess symptoms, suicidal thoughts, and behavior, and functioning through seven primarily patient-reported outcome measures. The recommendations were validated through a survey involving 487 participants across 45 countries. This article presents suggestions for their application in Chile.

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Antecedentes: La violencia contra la mujer (VCM) y la pandemia por COVID-19 son problemáticas que han afectado la salud mental de las mujeres, con secuelas como la depresión. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia del tratamiento breve de activación conductual (BATD) y la terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) con adaptaciones culturales administradas online (telesalud) para la depresión en víctimas de VCM durante la COVID-19 en México. Método: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 20 mujeres mexicanas de 18-60 años con depresión que experimentaron VCM en los últimos seis meses durante la COVID-19. Las participantes fueron asignadas de manera aleatorizada 1:1 a los grupos BATD y TCC. Para el análisis de datos se aplicaron las pruebas Friedman y U de Mann-Whitney, y se estimó el Índice de Cambio Confiable. Resultados: Se encontró una disminución en síntomas depresivos (p < .001) e incremento en los niveles de activación (p < .001) a favor del grupo BATD, al término de la intervención y en el seguimiento en contraste con la TCC. Conclusiones: La BATD mostró ser eficaz en crisis de emergencia sanitaria en contextos de VCM. Aunar evidencia de intervenciones eficientes para esta población contribuye a mitigar las afecciones de salud mental.

Background: Violence against women (VAW) and the COVID-19 pandemic are issues that have affected women's mental health, with sequela such as depression. Objective: To compare the efficacy of brief behavioral activation therapy (BATD) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with cultural adaptations administered online by telehealth for depression in victims of VAW during COVID-19 in Mexico. Method: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 20 Mexican women aged 18-60 years with depression who experienced VAW in the last six months during COVID-19. Participants were randomized 1:1 to the BATD and CBT groups. For data analysis, Friedman and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied, and the Reliable Change Index was estimated. Results: A decrease in depressive symptoms (p < .001) and an increase in activation levels (p < .001) were found in favor of the BATD group at the end of the intervention and at follow-up, in contrast to CBT. Conclusions: BATD was shown to be effective in health emergency crises in VAW contexts. Gathering evidence of efficient interventions for this population contributes to mitigating mental health conditions.

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El diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) en mujeres presenta importantes complejidades, desafíos y particularidades. Históricamente se ha planteado que este trastorno es más frecuente en hombres, existiendo, además, un sesgo hacia el género masculino en el screening y criterios diagnósticos. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico a fin de revisar las dificultades y particularidades asociadas al proceso diagnóstico de TEA en mujeres. Discusión: Las investigaciones a la fecha han planteado que muchas niñas no encajan en el perfil tradicional de TEA. Se han descrito características específicas del cuadro clínico en el sexo femenino, varias de las cuales se evidencian en el caso clínico presentado. Por otro lado, existen altas tasas de comorbilidades, tanto con patologías médicas como psiquiátricas, las cuales son siempre relevantes de evaluar. Conclusiones: Como en muchos otros aspectos, las mujeres también han sido invisibilizadas en lo que respecta al TEA. Es relevante que se continúe estudiando el tema para lograr un diagnóstico e intervención precoces en esta población.

The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in women presents with significant complexities and challenges. It has been mentioned that the disorder is more prevalent in males, and there is also a bias towards the male gender in screening and diagnostic criteria. Objectives: To present a clinical case in order to review difficulties and peculiarities associated with the diagnostic process of ASD in women. Discussion: It has been suggested that many girls do not fit the traditional profile of ASD. Specific characteristics of the female gender phenotype have been described, several of which are illustrated in the clinical case presented. On the other hand, there are high rates of comorbidities, both with medical and psychiatric conditions, which are always relevant to assess and recognize. Conclusions: As in various other aspects, women have also been unrecognized and misdiagnosed when it comes to ASD. It is relevant that we keep understanding this issue, in order to achieve an early diagnosis and provide proper interventions to this population.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of sedentary behavior/screen time on mental health of college students by Meta-analysis based on the results of literature retrieval and provide theoretical basis for the improvement of college students' mental health. Methods: The original research literatures about sedentary behavior (including screen time) and college students' mental health published as of 14 July 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang data. Data were extracted from the included studies and scored by one author in accordance with the proposed programme, and quality score was reviewed by another author. The literature that met the inclusion criteria was systematically reviewed and Meta-analysis was carried out by software Stata 14.2 based on the data from the literatures. Results: A total of 36 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 35 observational studies and 1 interventional study. There are 4 papers about the effects of sedentary behavior and 9 papers about the effects of screening time on depression in college students and 4 papers about the effects of sedentary behavior/screening time on anxiety in college students were used for a Meta-analysis, and the other studies were also analyzed. The Meta-analysis on the effects of sedentary behavior on depression in college students showed that there was a significant positive correlation between higher level sedentary behavior and increased risk for depression (OR=1.07,95%CI:1.05-1.10). Subgroup analysis indicated that there was no significant correlation between higher level sedentary behavior and depression (OR=1.74, 95%CI:0.93-3.25) in the unadjusted confounding factor model, but there was significance positive correlation after adjusting confounding factors (OR=2.15, 95%CI:1.18-3.90). Meta-analysis on the effects of screen time on depression in college students showed that longer screen time were significantly positively correlated with higher depression level (OR=1.03, 95%CI: 1.02-1.05). The results of subgroup analysis showed that in both unadjusted confounding factor model and adjusted confounding factor model, longer screen time was significantly positively correlated with depression (OR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.13-1.42; OR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.18-1.79) , respectively. Meta-analysis on the effects of sedentary behavior on anxiety showed that longer screen time was significantly positively correlated with increased anxiety risk (OR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.31-1.58). The results of subgroup analysis showed that in both unadjusted confounding factor model and adjusted confounding factor model, there was a significant positive correlation between longer screen time and anxiety (OR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.31-1.65; OR=1.38, 95%CI:1.17-1.62). The analysis for the literatures which were not eligible for Meta-analysis found that sedentary behavior/screen time was significantly associated with stress and other mental health in college students. Conclusions: Sedentary behavior or screen time is significantly negatively correlated with college students' mental health, in particular, resulting in depression and anxiety. These effects might be be different between weekdays and weekend days.

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Depression syndromes(anxiety and depression), as typical psychological disorders, often coexist with and mutually influence coronary heart disease(CHD). They constitute a psycho-cardiology disease involving both the blood vessels of the heart and the spirit of the heart. Based on the theory of "coexistence of diseases and depression syndromes", it was proposed that CHD and depression syndromes coexisted independently and were causally related. The factors of depression syndromes go through the entire course of CHD and have different causal relationships at different stages, leading to a pathogenic process of "depression causing disease" or "disease causing depression". In the chronic latent period, phlegm predominates, with depression leading to the production of phlegm. Phlegm accumulation and Qi stagnation initiate a mutual damage process of psycho-cardiology, marking the onset of the disease. In the pathological development period, blood stasis becomes predominant. Depression leads to blood stasis, which further obstructs Qi circulation, accelerating disease progression. In the acute attack period, toxicity becomes crucial. Depression transforms into toxicity, damaging Qi and blood, disturbing the balance of the mind, and inducing a sudden and severe exacerbation of the disease. Based on this, the approach of treating phlegm and depression together, treating blood stasis and depression together, and treating toxicity and depression together by stages was established. Research has found that this approach can simultaneously improve organic damage and emotional disorders, and also has a regulating effect on micro-level syndrome indicators, achieving harmonization of psycho-cardiology in the treatment.

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Introdução: A depressão é um transtorno incapacitante e causa prejuízos funcionais, além de altos custos para o sistema de saúde e previdência social. No Brasil, os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial são serviços de base comunitária, prioritários para o cuidado, a fim de possibilitar a reinserção social dos sujeitos adoecidos mentalmente. Objetivos: Investigar os custos diretos e indiretos da depressão no Brasil entre 2010 e 2018, e a oferta de cuidados em saúde dos CAPS a indivíduos com depressão, entre 2013-2019. Métodos: Estudo de custo da doença baseado na prevalência, com abordagem top-down, sob a perspectiva da sociedade, e estudo descritivo, ecológico, de série temporal, com dados secundários de bancos de dados nacionais, com adultos de 18 anos ou mais de idade, com diagnóstico de depressão. Foram incluídos custos diretos (hospitalares e ambulatoriais), provenientes dos Sistemas de Informação Hospitalar e Ambulatorial, e indiretos (absenteísmo), do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social, além dos atendimentos efetuados nos CAPS, provenientes dos Registros das Ações Ambulatoriais de Saúde (RAAS psicossocial). Os custos foram calculados por ano, de 2010 a 2018. A cobertura presumida de CAPS foi calculada para 2013 e 2019, com base nos serviços cadastrados e ativos. Resultados: O custo da depressão foi de Int$ 2.288.511.607,39 no período analisado, com custo médio anual de Int$ 254.279.067,49. De 2014 a 2018, houve queda acentuada no custo da depressão (-44,24%), principalmente nos custos indiretos (-55,83%). No período investigado, os custos indiretos representaram 74,85% do custo total. Com o tempo, o ambulatório superou o custo hospitalar. Em 2017 e 2018, os custos ambulatoriais representaram, respectivamente, 43,22% e 39,57% dos custos totais. Em todos os anos analisados, predominaram os custos e atendimentos nos CAPS para o sexo feminino (77%). Houve um aumento de 107% no número de pacientes com depressão atendidos nos CAPS entre 2013 e 2019. Prevaleceram, entre os atendidos, aqueles de cor/raça branca (38%) e parda (34%), na faixa etária de 41-60 anos (49%). Foram mais frequentes o diagnóstico de episódios depressivos (65%) e o atendimento individual (75%). A cobertura presumida dos CAPS foi de 71% e 87% no país em 2013 e 2019, respectivamente, embora com disparidades acentuadas entre os estados. Conclusões: A depressão é uma doença com elevada carga econômica para o sistema de saúde. Foram identificados avanços na implementação dos CAPS no país, no período 2013-2019. No entanto, ainda são necessários investimentos, tal como maior cobertura dos serviços, pois ainda permanecem desigualdades entre as unidades federativas, além de serem reduzidos os atendimentos em grupos e familiares, sendo necessária a capacitação de equipes multiprofissionais e de profissionais de saúde aptos para a atenção psicossocial.

Introduction: Depression is a disabling disorder and it causes functional damages, in addition to high costs to the health system and social previdence. In Brazil, the Psychosocial Atention Centers are services of communitarian base intented to care and enable the social reinsertion of mentally diseased individuals. Objectives: To investigate depression's direct and indirect costs in Brazil between 2010 and 2018, and CAPS' offer of medical care to individuals with depression, between 2013-2019. Methods: Study of cost based on prevalence, with top-down approach, under the perspective of society, and descriptive, ecological study of temporal series, with secondary data from national data banks, with adults over 18 years old or more, diagnosed with depression. Direct costs (hospital and outpatient) that came from Hospital and Outpatient Information Systems and indirect ones (absenteeism) that came from the National Institute of Social Security were included, in addition to the performed medical cares in CAPS, which can be found on the Records of Outpatient Health Actions (psychosocial RAAS). The costs were calculated by year, from 2010 to 2018. CAPS' presumed coverage was calculated for 2013 and 2019, based on registered and active services. The cost of depression was from Int$ 2.288.211.607,39 in the analyzed period, with an average annual cost of Int$ 254.279.067,49. From 2014 to 2018, there was an elevated decrease in the cost of depression (-44,24%), mainly in indirect costs (-55,83%). In the investigated period, the indirect costs represented 74,85% of the total cost. With time, the outcare overcame the hospital cost. In 2017 and 2018, outcare costs represented, respectively, 43,22% and 39,57% of total costs. During all the analyzed years, the costs and medical cares in CAPS were mostly for the feminine sex (77%). There was an increase of 107% in the number of patients with depression that received medical care in CAPS between 2013 and 2019. Those that received medical cares the most were of white color-race (38%) and brown (34 %), between the ages of 41 and 60 years old (49%). The diagnose of depressive episodes (65%) and the individual medical care (75%) were most frequent. The presumed CAPS' coverage was of 71% and 87% in the country, respectively, although with accentuated disparities between the states. Conclusion: Depression is a disease with elevated economical charge to the health system. Advancements were identified in the implementation of CAPS in the country, during 2013-2019. However, investments are still necessary, just as a bigger coverage of the services, because there are still inequalities bwtween the federative unities, in addition to reduced medical cares for groups and families, making the training of multi-professional and professional health teams that are able to pychosocial attention, necessary.

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Objetivo: identificar o estado depressivo e ideação entre idosos em Instituições de Longa Permanência dos municípios da região do Seridó/RN, Brasil. Método: estudo transversal e descritivo, desenvolvido entre os meses de agosto a novembro de 2020, nas Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Resultados: a amostra final foi composta por 45 idosos, predominando idosos do sexo feminino, com idade maior ou igual a 80 anos, solteiros, não alfabetizados, brancos, aposentados e com tempo de institucionalização maior do que 1 ano. Observou-se um maior quantitativo do sexo feminino, 64,4% com idade maior ou igual a 80 anos. Quanto ao estado depressivo, visto que houve significância e as variáveis "grau de depressão" e "ideação suicida" com p-valor < 0,1 (p-valor = 0,07). Considerações finais: observa-se uma considerável ocorrência de graus de depressão e ideação suicida na população estudada.

Objetivo: identificar el estado depresivo y la ideación entre las personas mayores residentes en los Establecimientos de Larga Estadía de los municipios de la región de Seridó/RN, Brasil. Método: estudio transversal y descriptivo, desarrollado entre los meses de agosto y noviembre de 2020, en los Establecimientos de Larga Estadía para Adultos Mayores. Resultados: la muestra final fue compuesta por 45 adultos mayores, predominantemente del sexo femenino, con edad igual o superior a 80 años, solteros, analfabetos, blancos, jubilados y con tiempo de institucionalización superior a 1 año. Se observó un mayor número de mujeres, 64,4%, con 80 años o más. En cuanto al estado depresivo, hubo significación y las variables "grado de depresión" e "ideación suicida" con p-valor < 0,1 (p-valor = 0,07). Consideraciones finales: se observa una considerable ocurrencia de grados de depresión e ideación suicida en la población estudiada.

Objective: to identify the depressive state and ideation among older adults in Long-Stay Institutions in the cities of the Seridó/RN region, Brazil. Method: cross-sectional and descriptive study, developed between the months of August and November 2020, in the Long Stay Institutions for Older Adults. Results: the final sample was composed of 45 older adults, predominantly females, aged 80 years old or more, single, non-literate, white, retired and with a time of institutionalization longer than 1 year. We observed a higher number of females, 64.4%, aged 80 years or older. As for the depressive state, there was significance and the variables "degree of depression" and "suicidal ideation" with p-value < 0.1 (p-value = 0.07). Final considerations: a considerable occurrence of degrees of depression and suicidal ideation is observed in the population studied

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Medical schools are known to be stressful environments for students, and hence medical students have been believed to experience greater incidences of depression and anxiety than the general population or students from other spe-cialties. The present study investigates the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms together with factors as-sociated with them among medical students in a federal public university in the south of Brazil. A descriptive study was performed using self-administered questionnaires to access socio-demographic, institutional, and health variables in association with two scales - Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) - designed to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. The research sample consisted of 152 subjects. The depres-sive symptoms prevalence was 65.1% (BDI > 9), state-anxiety was 98.6%, and trait-anxiety was 97.4% (STAI > 33). Among women, 37.8% demonstrated moderate/severe depressive symptoms. High levels of state-anxiety symptoms and trait-anxiety symptoms were found in 44.7% of students under the age of 20. In the group with the lowest month-ly income, it was observed the highest distributions for moderate/severe depressive symptoms, high state and high trait-anxiety symptoms, corresponding to 47.4%, 57.9%, and 47.4%, respectively. Students attending the third term of medical school had the highest percentage of moderate/severe depressive symptoms (62.5%) and high state-anxiety symptoms (50%). In addition, students who had both financial aid programs presented the highest percentages of moderate/severe depressive symptoms (46.2%), highstate-anxiety symptoms (61.5%), and high trait-anxiety symptoms (46.2%). We also observed a correlationbetween depression and trait-anxiety symptoms (P = 0.037). In conclusion, it was identified as risk factors for depressive symptoms the previous depression diagnosis, previous search for health service due to psychological symptoms, being in financial aid programs, dissatisfaction with the medical school, and inadequate psychological help offered by it. For state-anxiety symptoms and trait-anxiety outcome, there is an increased risk among low-income or students who have financial help from financial aid programs and younger age students. (AU)

Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e fatores associados a eles entre es-tudantes de medicina de uma universidade pública do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo através de questionários autoaplicáveis para avaliar variáveis sociodemográficas, institucionais e de saúde, associa-das a duas escalas - Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e Inventário de Traço-Estado de Ansiedade (STAI) - para avaliar os sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, respectivamente. Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas depres-sivos foi de 65,1% (BDI > 9), estado de ansiedade foi de 98,6% e traço de ansiedade de 97,4% (STAI > 33). Uma correlação significativa foi encontrada entre depressão e traço de ansiedade. Diagnóstico prévio de depressão, busca prévia por serviços de saúde, insatisfação com o curso de medicina e ter auxílio de baixa renda e bolsa de iniciação científica foram identificados como fatores de risco para depressão. Estudantes com baixa renda mensal e menores de 25 anos apresentaram maior risco para estado de ansiedade. Idade, ano da faculdade de medicina e programa de ajuda financeira provaram ser um fator de risco para traço de ansiedade. Conclusão: Esses resultados mostram fatores significativos relacionados à saúde mental de estudantes de uma faculdade de medicina recém-fundada no interior do Brasil. (AU)

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Introducción: la pandemia COVID-19 ha tenido un gran impacto en la vida y en especial en las personas mayores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar un protocolo de cribado online para detectar tempranamente Deterioro Cognitivo Leve en personas mayores. Métodos: fue de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo. La muestra fue de 22 personas mayores de las comunas de Coronel y Lota, Región del Bio-bio. El protocolo estaba compuesto por: Cuestionario sociodemográfico, Test del Reloj Versión Cacho, Moca versión validada en Chile, Escala Depresión Yesavage y Test Acentuación de Palabras. El procedimiento consistió en la aplicación del protocolo a través de un Tablet o Laptop. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría no presentaba deterioro cognitivo, pero si depresión. Conclusiones: se discute sobre la aplicación de un protocolo de diagnóstico online en personas mayores y los indicadores de depresión que podrían estar dado por la situación actual de pandemia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact in the world, more so in the lives of elderly people. The objective of this study was to explore an online screening protocol to detect early Mild Cognitive Impairment. The method was both quantitative and qualitative, the sample included 22 elderly people from the Coronel y Lota, Biobio region. The protocol was integrated with a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Clock Drawing Test (Cacho Version), MOCA (validated in Chile version), Yesavage Depression Scale (Reduced version) and the Word Accentuation Test. The evaluation involved applying the protocol online in a tele neuropsychological assessment. The results showed that most of the elder people evaluated did not present cognitive impairment but did have depression. The application of an online diagnostic protocol in older people and the indicators of depression that could be given by the current pandemic situation are discussed.

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Objetivo: Describir y analizar si el apoyo social percibido modera la relación entre antecedente de depresión (AD) o síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y desarrollo de síntomas de depresión posparto (SDPP), evaluado prospectivamente. Método: Diseño longitudinal de tres tiempos: antes del parto (n = 458), primer mes posparto (n = 406) y tercer mes posparto (n = 426). Se utilizaron la Escala de Depresión Posparto de Edimburgo (EPDS), la Escala de Síntomas de Estrés Postraumático (PCL-C) y la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MOS). Se realizó un análisis de ocho modelos jerárquicos de regresión lineal múltiple, por cada tiempo de evaluación en el estudio. Resultados: Se encontró una asociación significativa entre síntomas de TEPT y puntaje de SDPP en los tres tiempos. El apoyo social percibido es un factor protector significativo para los SDPP en los tiempos 1 y 2, mientras que el AD es un factor de riesgo significativo en los tiempos 2 y 3. Los resultados no apoyan las hipótesis de interacción. Conclusiones: El apoyo social es un factor protector significativo, que puede disminuir los SDPP; sin embargo, disminuye con el tiempo. El apoyo social no logra revertir la asociación de los síntomas de TEPT con el puntaje en SDPP.

Objective: Describe and analyze if the perceived social support moderates the relationship between depression history or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the development of symptoms of postpartum depression, prospectively evaluated. Method: Longitudinal design of three times: before partum (n = 458), one month (n = 458) and 3 months postpartum (n = 458). The version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the version of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and the version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS) were used. Analysis of eight hierarchical multiple linear regression models. Results: A significant association was found between symptoms of post-traumatic stress and postpartum depression, in the three times measured. The perceived social support variable was found to be a significant protective factor for perinatal depression in times 1 and 2, and history of depression was significant in times 2 and 3. The results do not support the interaction hypothesis. Conclusions: Social support is a significant protective factor, which can reduce the symptoms of postpartum depression, nevertheless the significance decreases over time. However, social support fails to reverse the association of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with symptoms of postpartum depression score.

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RESUMEN: Introducción: La sintomatologia depresiva en profesionales de la salud asociado a crisis virales es de alta prevalencia a nivel global, siendo su detección una prioridad por lo cual, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la validez convergente y consistencia interna del cuestionario de salud del paciente-2 (PHQ-2) en profesionales sanitarios. Método: Estudio eSalud donde se recopilaron datos transversales en línea (n=725), de 281 médicos generales, 237 médicos especialistas y 207 enfermeras durante la cuarentena colombiana, entre el 20 de abril y el 10 de agosto de 2020. Edad promedio 41,3 años (± 8,76). El 38,4% eran hombres (278) y el 61.6% mujeres (447). El 66.1% del personal sanitario atendió pacientes contagiados por coronavirus y el 33,9% no prestó estos servicios. Se administró la versión de 9 ítems del PHQ, validada en población colombiana junto a la versión de 2 ítems del PHQ. Resultados: Se encontró una alta correlación entre las escalas (r=.860, P<0.001), demostrando la validez convergente del PHQ-2 para medir la sintomatología depresiva. La consistencia interna del PHQ-2 fue adecuada, con un Alpha de Cronbach de 0.80 (I.C.= 0.76 - 0.83). Conclusiones: El PHQ-2 presenta adecuados estándares psicométricos de confiabilidad y validez, por lo que su rápida administración, fácil calificación e interpretación, lo convierte en un instrumento confiable y valido para la detección rápida, sin sobrecargas laborales, de los síntomas depresivos en médicos y enfermeras que atiendan o no pacientes en condiciones de brotes virales.

ABSTRACT Background: Depressive symptomatology in health professionals associated with viral crises is highly prevalent globally, being its detection a priority. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze the convergent validity and internal consistency of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) in healthcare professionals. Method: E-Health study where cross-sectional data was collected online (n = 725), from 281 general practitioners, 237 specialist doctors and 207 nurses during the Colombian quarantine, between April 20 and August 10, 2020. Average age 41.3 years (± 8.76). 38.4% were men (278) and 61.6% women (447). 66.1% of health personnel treated patients infected with coronavirus and 33.9% did not provide these services. The 9-item version of the PHQ was administered, validated in the Colombian population together with the 2-item version of the PHQ. Results: A high correlation was found between the scales (r = .860, P <0.001), demonstrating the convergent validity of the PHQ-2 to measure depressive symptomatology. The internal consistency of the PHQ-2 was adequate, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.80 (I.C. = 0.76 - 0.83). Conclusions: The PHQ-2 has adequate psychometric standards of reliability and validity, so its rapid administration, easy qualification and interpretation, makes it a reliable and valid instrument for the rapid detection, without work overload, of depressive symptoms in doctors and nurses whether or not they care for patients with viral outbreaks.

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RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue describir la producción científica sobre estudios psicométricos de instrumentos de tamizaje para la depresión en población peruana. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de la literatura científica en Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed y SciELO, con descriptores para depresión, propiedades psicométricas y Perú. Luego del proceso de revisión se incluyeron 22 estudios. Se encontraron validaciones de instrumentos de tamizaje en adultos mayores, adultos, adultos con depresión, mujeres adultas, mujeres embarazadas, profesionales de salud, estudiantes universitarios, estudiantes de secundaria y niños. El Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) fue el instrumento más estudiado. A pesar de que los estudios psicométricos cubren la mayoría de las poblaciones, quedan pendientes los pueblos originarios y poblaciones clínicas. El PHQ-9, por sus características, podría implementarse en las políticas de salud mental del Perú.

ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to describe the scientific output of psychometric studies on screening instruments for depression in the Peruvian population. We carried out a descriptive study of the scientific literature in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and SciELO, with descriptors for depression, psychometric properties, and Peru. After the review process, we included 22 studies. We found validations of screening instruments for older adults, adults, adults with depression, adult women, pregnant women, health professionals, university students, high school students and children. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was the most widely used instrument. Psychometric studies cover most populations; however, native people and clinical populations remain to be studied. The PHQ-9, due to its characteristics, could be implemented in mental health policies in Peru.

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Abstract The prevalence of depression varies from 1 to 17% in different geographic regions, and its incidence is 70% higher in women than men. Today, depression affects more than 300 million people worldwide, affecting twice as many women from adolescence to adulthood. In addition to this earlier onset, depression in women tends to be more severe. Cardiovascular disease and depression are chronic diseases that have a major impact on cardiovascular and all-cause morbidity and mortality, with evidence of a two-way relationship between them, in which depression is a predictor of cardiovascular disease and vice versa. In females, the degree of illness and prognosis are more severe when both diseases are present, than when diagnosed alone. In patients with acute or chronic cardiovascular disease, especially women, a systematic screening for depression should be considered as a preventive strategy of cardiovascular events, aiming to reduce the risk of future events. There are still no clinical studies designed to assess the impact of antidepressant treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women.

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BACKGROUND: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a public health problem of increasing severity in Chile. However, prevalence studies of MDD yield discordant results. Reconciling these discordances, at least in part, requires improving the estimate of MDD prevalence in Chile. AIM: To improve the estimate of MDD prevalence in Chile, by combining data from the 2016/17 Chilean National Health Survey (ENS) with data from the mandatory notifications of users of the Explicit health guaranties (GES acronym in Spanish) program of the Ministry of Health for MDD treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 2016/17 ENS, applied a Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) module (n = 3,403), to diagnose individuals with MDD. This article presents an approach that combines the CIDI/ENS diagnoses with GES depression notifications for this period. This dataset combination was applied first to individual macro-zones, then at a national level. RESULTS: The analysis with ENS 2016/17 data only, yields a prevalence of MDD in subjects 18 years or older of 6.19% (95% CI: 4.51-8.43). However, the analysis of the combined data sources yields a prevalence that increases to 6.65% (95% CI: 4.63-8.67). In terms of number of cases, this prevalence increase translates into 63,474 additional MDD cases per year. CONCLUSIONS: The MDD prevalence that results from combining ENS 2016/17 and GES data is greater than the prevalence reported by the ENS 2016/17 alone. This increase in cases allows policymakers to improve budgeting and implementation of public policies concerning the prevention and treatment of MDD.

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OBJECTIVE: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic and disabling disorder associated with various impairments and shows a significant prevalence in the worldwide and Brazilian populations. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship of two symptoms relevant to the disorder (worry and depressive symptoms) in the context of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) by using a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) analysis. METHODS: A total of 92 adult patients with GAD were randomized to receive ten sessions of either acceptance­based group behavioral therapy (ABBT) or nondirective supportive group therapy (NDST). Treatment had four time-point measures. Worries were measured using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and depression was measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-D). RESULTS: The NDST model revealed significant paths from worry to depression (first wave) and from depression to worry (second wave). There was no other significant cross-lagged effect. These data show that there was an influence between symptoms only during one of the treatment groups, and without a homogeneous and constant pattern in any of the cross-lagged routes. CONCLUSION: A supportive group psychotherapy potentially interferes with the pattern of the direct relationship between worries and depressive symptoms in adults with GAD.

OBJETIVO: O transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) é um diagnóstico crônico e incapacitante, associado a diversos prejuízos e com relevante prevalência na população mundial e na brasileira. Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar a relação longitudinal de duas manifestações relevantes para o transtorno (preocupação e sintomas depressivos), utilizando uma análise cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) por meio de dados de um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR). MÉTODOS: Um total de 92 pacientes adultos com TAG foi randomizado para duas psicoterapias em grupo: terapia comportamental baseada em aceitação (TCBA) ou terapia de apoio não diretiva (TAND). Cada grupo teve duração de 10 sessões, distribuídas em 14 semanas. O tratamento teve quatro tempos de medida: linha de base, meio do tratamento, pós-tratamento e seguimento de três meses. As variáveis investigadas foram: preocupações, medidas pelo Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), e sintomas depressivos, medidos pela Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-D). Os modelos CLMP foram gerados pelo programa Mplus. RESULTADOS: O modelo do grupo TAND revelou duas rotas significativas: preocupação para sintomas depressivos (primeira onda) e sintomas depressivos para preocupação (segunda onda). Não houve outro efeito cross-lagged que obteve significância estatística. Esses dados mostram que houve influência alternada entre os sintomas somente durante o período de um dos dois tratamentos testados, configurando um padrão heterogêneo das rotas cross-lagged. CONCLUSÃO: A psicoterapia suportiva em grupo potencialmente interfere no padrão da relação direta entre preocupação e sintomas depressivos em adultos com TAG.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, occurring main-ly in the young, socioeconomically active age group. Both the recurrent-remitting course of symptoms and the chronicity of the disease impact patients' quality of life (QoL). Objective: determine the contributing factors asso-ciated with QoL in IBD patients in a tertiary service. Methods: a cross-sectional study of patients seen at the IBD outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Pelotas from January to November 2020, with clinical and laboratory data collection. Disease assessment was performed using Crohn's Disease Activity Index for Crohn's disease and Mayo score for ulcerative colitis and quality of life through the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). Results: the presence of a history of depression resulted in a significant impact on the overall QoL (p = 0.005) and mainly in the systemic symptoms (p = 0.04), social (p <0.001), and emotional (p = 0.008) domains. Regarding disease activity, statistical significance was evidenced in the intestinal symptoms domain (p <0.001) and overall QoL (p <0.001). Conclusion: a history of psychiatric illness and IBD disease activity were predictors of poorer QoL assessed by the IBDQ (AU)

A doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) é um distúrbio inflamatório crônico do trato gastrointestinal ocorrendo prin-cipalmente na faixa etária jovem socioeconomicamente ativa. Tanto o curso recorrente-remitente dos sintomas quanto a cronicidade da doença impactam a qualidade de vida (QoL) dos pacientes. Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com DII em um serviço terciário. Métodos: estudo transversal de pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de DII da Universidade Federal de Pelotas no período de janeiro a novembro de 2020, com coleta de dados clínicos e laboratoriais. A atividade de doença foi avaliada pelo Crohn's Disease Activity Index para os casos de Doença de Crohn e escore de Mayo para os casos de retocolite ulcerativa e QoL por meio do Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). Resultados: a presença de história de depressão resultou em impacto significativo na QoL (p = 0,005) e principalmente nos domínios sintomas sistêmicos (p = 0,04), social (p < 0,001) e emocional (p = 0,008). Em relação à atividade da doença, evidenciado significância estatística nos domínios sintomas intes-tinais (p < 0,001) e qualidade global (p < 0,001). Conclusão: há evidências de que os pacientes com história de depressão e não remissão da DII apresentam maior impacto na qualidade de vida avaliados pelo IBDQ (AU)

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Abstract The study aimed to investigate the association between social capital indicators and depressive symptoms among university students from Brazil. The study drew on a sample of 579 randomly selected university students, from a greater crossnational study conducted in 2018. Students completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing depressive symptoms, indicators of social capital and lifestyle behaviors. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. Indicators of social capital included trust, group membership and frequency of meeting friends. Four social capital indicators were significantly associated with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Students who agreed that people are likely to take advantage of one another were more likely to report depressive clinically relevant symptoms (OR: 1.80, 95%CI: 1.00 - 3.23) as well as students who agreed that people are not willing to help in case needed (OR: 2.11, 95%CI: 1.02 - 4.36). Perceived stress, smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption were not associated with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Social capital plays an important role in explaining depressive symptoms among Brazilian university students. The study suggests that creating trust and enhancing participation in social networks can be an important strategy for promoting mental health among university students investigated in this study.

Resumo O estudo investigou a associação entre indicadores de capital social e sintomas depressivos entre estudantes universitários do Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com uma amostra de 579 estudantes universitários selecionados randomicamente em 2018. Os estudantes completaram questionários auto-administrados para avaliar sintomas depressivos, indicadores de capital social e comportamentos de estilos de vida. Os dados foram analisados usando modelos de regressão logística multivariada. Indicadores de capital social incluíam confiança, associações em grupos, frequência de encontrar com os amigos, entre outros. Quatro indicadores de capital social se associaram significativamente com relevantes sintomas clínicos de depressão. Estudantes que disseram que as pessoas tendem a tirar mais vantagens umas das outras eram mais propensas a relatar sintomas clínicos relevantes de depressão (OR: 1.80, 95%CI: 1.00 - 3.23), assim como estudantes que relataram que as pessoas não estão dispostas a ajudar caso precise de ajuda (OR: 2.11, 95%CI: 1.02 - 4.36). A autopercepção de estresse, o consumo de álcool e o fumo não se associaram aos sintomas clínicos de depressão. O capital social desempenha um papel importante na explicação dos sintomas depressivos entre os universitários brasileiros. O estudo sugere que promover confiança e aumentar a participação nas redes sociais pode ser uma estratégia importante para a promoção da saúde mental entre os universitários investigados neste estudo.