Prevalência e distribuição de traumatismos dentários em âmbito hospitalar / Prevalence and distribution of dental trauma in the hospital environment / Prevalencia y distribución del trauma dental en el ámbito hospitalário

O objetivo deste estudo quantitativo, transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo é conhecer a prevalência e a distribuição de traumatismo dentário (TD) em dois hospitais escola do Paraná, entre 2013 e 2021. Os dados (variáveis sociodemográficas; Classificação Internacional de Doenças; tipo e motivo do TD; número de dentes envolvidos e momento da ocorrência do trauma) foram extraídos dos prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientes com TD, por dois pesquisadores utilizando ficha padronizada, e descritos por frequências absolutas e relativas. Dentre 1.216 prontuários analisados, apenas 51 evidenciaram TD. Os homens (n=41/80,4%) representaram a maior parte dos pacientes. A fratura de coroa foi o tipo de TD mais encontrado (n=13/25,5%) e a queda, a maior motivação para os eventos (n=18/35,3%). A maior parte dos TD ocorreu antes da internação (n=46/90,2%) e 33 pacientes (64,7%) apresentaram até dois dentes acometidos por TD. Em razão do número reduzido de prontuários encontrados, sugere-se que estejam ocorrendo subnotificações dos casos de TD nos hospitais pesquisados. A inserção recente do cirurgião-dentista no ambiente hospitalar, associada à carência técnica de profissionais da equipe para a identificação de TD, e a análise específica de traumas dentários, sem a inclusão de eventos faciais, podem estar atreladas a essa subnotificação... (AU)

The objective of this quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study is to know the prevalence and distribution of dental trauma (DT) in two teaching hospitals in Paraná, between 2013 and 2021. Data (sociodemographic variables; International Classification of Diseases; type and reason of the DT; number of teeth involved and time of trauma occurrence) were extracted from the electronic medical records of patients with DT, by two researchers using a standardized form, and described by absolute and relative frequencies. Among 1,216 medical records analyzed, only 51 showed DT. Men (n=41/80.4%) represented the majority of patients. Crown fracture was the most common type of DT (n=13/25.5%) and falls were the greatest motivation for the events (n=18/35.3%). Most DTs occurred before admission (n=46/90.2%) and 33 patients (64.7%) had up to two teeth affected by DTs. Due to the small number of medical records found, it is suggested that there are underreporting of DT cases in the surveyed hospitals. The recent insertion of dentists in the hospital environment, associated with the technical lack of team professionals to identify DT, and the specific analysis of dental trauma, without the inclusion of facial events, may be linked to this underreporting... (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio cuantitativo, transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo es conocer la prevalencia y distribución del trauma dental (TD) en dos hospitales docentes de Paraná, entre 2013 y 2021. Datos (variables sociodemográficas; Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades; tipo y motivo de la TD; número de dientes involucrados y tiempo de ocurrencia del trauma) fueron extraídas de las historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes con TD, por dos investigadores utilizando un formulario estandarizado, y descritas por frecuencias absolutas y relativas. De las 1.216 historias clínicas analizadas, solo 51 presentaban TD. Los hombres (n = 41/80,4%) representaron la mayoría de los pacientes. La fractura de corona fue el tipo más común de TD (n = 13/25,5%) y las caídas fueron la mayor motivación para los eventos (n = 18/35,3%). La mayoría de TD ocurrieron antes del ingreso (n = 46/90.2%) y 33 pacientes (64.7%) tenían hasta dos dientes afectados por TD. Debido a la pequeña cantidad de historias clínicas encontradas, se sugiere que hay subregistro de casos de TD en los hospitales encuestados. La reciente inserción de odontólogos en el ámbito hospitalario, asociada a la falta técnica de equipo de profesionales para identificar TD, y el análisis específico del trauma dental, sin la inclusión de eventos faciales, pueden estar vinculados a este subregistro... (AU)

Changes in the Craniomaxillofacial Growth and Development of Sprague Dawley Rats Subjected to Permanent Experimental Unilateral Nasal Obstruction / Cambios en el Crecimiento y Desarrollo Cráneo Maxilo Facial de Ratas Sprague Dawley Sometidas a Obstrucción Nasal Unilateral Experimental Permanente

SUMMARY: Breathing is considered a vital function dependent on factors such as adequate permeability of the nasal route, which is linked to physiological functions, intellectual processes, and craniofacial growth. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the craniomaxillofacial growth and bone development of Sprague Dawley rats subjected to permanent experimental unilateral nasal obstruction. Twenty-four newborn rats were used, randomized, and divided into experimental and control groups. The right nostril was obstructed, and weight, length, and Lee's index measurements were recorded at 8 and 16 weeks. Craniomandibular x-rays were taken of each animal, obtaining linear neuro- and viscerocranial measurements. Then, a biochemical analysis was performed to measure the alkaline phosphatase concentration. The results were analyzed in the SPSS software, performing a descriptive analysis, using a t-test for independent samples, comparing basal, cephalometric, and biochemical characteristics between the control and experimental groups, considering a significance range of 5%. When comparing the experimental and control groups, the variables length, weight, and Lee's index presented no significant differences. In the x-ray analysis, at 8 weeks, the Co-L1 and Co-Mn measurements were reduced, whereas the Ba-So increased, with significant differences. At 16 weeks, the L1-O, Po-Ba, and E-Mu measurements decreased; however, Co-Gn registered a greater value with significant differences. The alkaline phosphatase levels fell significantly at week 16 in the experimental group. In conclusion, the reduction of permanent nasal respiratory flow is related to modifications in facial growth at 8 and 16 weeks and to the reduction of alkaline phosphatases at 16 weeks.

La respiración se considera una función vital, dependiente de factores como la permeabilidad adecuada de la vía nasal, vinculada con funciones fisiológicas, procesos intelectuales y crecimiento cráneofacial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los cambios en el crecimiento y desarrollo óseo cráneo maxilo facial de ratas Sprague Dawley sometidas a obstrucción nasal unilateral experimental permanente. Se utilizaron 24 ratas macho neonatas, randomizadas y divididas en grupo control y experimental. Fue realizada obstrucción nasal de la narina derecha y realizadas mediciones de peso, longitud e índice de Lee a las 8 y 16 semanas. Se efectuaron radiografías cráneomandibulares a cada animal, obteniendo medidas lineales de neuro y viscerocráneo. Posteriormente se realizó análisis bioquímico, para medir la concentración de fosfatasa alcalina. Los resultados fueron analizados en el software SPSS, realizándose análisis descriptivo, empleando prueba T para muestras independientes comparando características basales, cefalométricas y bioquímicas entre los grupos control y experimental, considerando un umbral de significancia de 5 %. Al comparar los grupos control y experimental, las variables longitud, peso e índice de Lee no presentaron diferencias significativas. En el análisis radiográfico, a las 8 semanas, las medidas Co-L1 y Co-Mn presentaron reducción, mientras que Ba-So aumentó, con diferencias significativas. A las 16 semanas, las medidas L1-O, Po-Ba y E-Mu disminuyeron, sin embargo, Co-Gn registró un mayor valor, con diferencias significativas. Los niveles de fosfatasa alcalina disminuyeron significativamente en la semana 16 en el grupo experimental. En conclusión, la reducción de flujo respiratorio nasal permanente se relaciona con modificaciones del crecimiento facial a las 8 y 16 semanas y con la reducción de ALK en análisis a las 16 semanas.

Displasia frontonasal / Frontonasal dysplasia

Los trastornos del desarrollo son aquellos padecimientos que se manifiestan por defectos en la embriogénesis de la región afectada. La cara del ser humano comienza su formación alrededor de la cuarta semana de vida intrauterina y se manifiesta gracias a la fusión de cinco prominencias: dos pares conocidas como maxilar y mandibular, y una impar conocida como frontonasal. Cuando esta fusión no se lleva a cabo de una forma óptima, aparecen numerosas alteraciones del desarrollo como el labio y paladar hendido, y la displasia frontonasal. La displasia frontonasal produce frecuentemente afecciones oculares, nasales y orales. Dentro de las manifestaciones orales destacan una forma atípica de hendidura labial o palatina, afecciones dentales y alteraciones en el crecimiento de la cara. Dada la gran relación que este padecimiento tiene con la cavidad oral resulta importante que el odontólogo conozca la etiología y las características clínicas de este trastorno (AU)

Developmental disorders are those conditions that are manifested by defects in the embryogenesis of the affected region. The human face begins its formation around the fourth week of intrauterine life and is manifested thanks to the fusion of five prominences: two pairs known as maxillary and mandibular and odd one known as frontonasal. When this fusion is not carried out in an optimal way, numerous developmental alterations appear, such as cleft lip and palate and frontonasal dysplasia. Frontonasal dysplasia frequently produces ocular, nasal and oral affections. Among the oral manifestations, and atypical form of clef lip and/or palate, dental affections and alterations in the growth of the face stand out. Given the great relationship that this condition has with the oral cavity, it is important for the dentist to know the etiology and clinical characteristics of this disorder (AU)

Impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital / Impacto del COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's behavior. Aim: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital. Methods: This research involved a 4-year descriptive, comparative, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Patients surgically treated between March 1 and December 31, 2020 (COVID-19 period) were compared with those who had undergone surgery between the same date in the years 2017-2019 (non-pandemic period). Age, sex, residence, year, month, alcohol consumption at the time of trauma, etiology, fractures types, and number of fractures per patient were recorded. Results: A decline in patients with maxillofacial fractures in 2020 (n=25) was observed when compared to equivalent periods in the three previous years (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectively, with an annual average reduction of 31.19 percent. Interpersonal violence was found to be the paramount etiological factor for maxillofacial fractures during the comparison periods (2017-2019); however, road traffic accident prevailed in the 2020 (n=12; 48 percent). There was a small increase in the number of alcohol-related fractures (56 percent in 2020 vs 46.34 percent, 41.94 percent, and 51.35 percent in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 impacted on the epidemiology maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in this Cuban university hospital (AU)

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en el comportamiento de la población. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano. Métodos: Esta investigación consistió en un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, retrospectivo y transversal de 4 años de duración. Se compararon los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre el 1 de marzo y el 31 de diciembre de 2020 (periodo COVID-19) con los intervenidos entre la misma fecha en los años 2017-2019 (periodo no pandémico). Se registraron edad, sexo, residencia, año, mes, consumo de alcohol en el momento del traumatismo, etiología, tipos de fracturas y número de fracturas por paciente. Resultados: Se observó un descenso de pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales en 2020 (n=25) en comparación con periodos equivalentes de los tres años anteriores (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectivamente, con una reducción media anual del 31,19 poe ciento. Se observó que la violencia interpersonal fue el factor etiológico primordial de las fracturas maxilofaciales durante los periodos de comparación (2017-2019); sin embargo, el accidente de tráfico prevaleció en el 2020 (n=12; 48 por ciento). Hubo un pequeño aumento en el número de fracturas relacionadas con el alcohol (56 por ciento en 2020 frente a 46,34 por ciento, 41,94 por ciento y 51,35 por ciento en 2019, 2018 y 2017, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La COVID-19 impactó en la epidemiología de fracturas maxilofaciales atendidas quirúrgicamente en este hospital universitario cubano (AU)

Decompensation effectiveness and alveolar bone remodeling analysis of mandibular anterior teeth after preoperative orthodontic treatment in high-angle patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the decompensation effectiveness and alveolar bone remodeling of mandibular anterior teeth after preoperative orthodontic treatment in high-angle patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion using lateral cephalogram and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).@*METHODS@#Thirty high-angle patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion who had received preoperative orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology between Ja-nuary 2017 and August 2022 and had taken lateral cephalogram and CBCT before and after preoperative orthodontic treatment were selected. Items were measured with lateral cephalogram including: The lower central incisor (L1)-Frankfort plane angle (L1-FH), the L1-mandibular plane angle (L1-MP), the L1-nasion-supramental angle (L1-NB) and the vertical distance from the incisal edge of lower central incisor to NB line (L1-NB distance), etc. The incidence of dehiscence/fenestration and the length of dehiscence at labial side (d-La) and lingual side (d-Li) were measured using CBCT. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between the changes of d-Li of L1 and age, duration of preoperative orthodontic treatment and the cephalometric measurements before preoperative orthodontic treatment to screen out risk factors affecting the periodontal risk of preoperative orthodontic treatment in high-angle patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusions.@*RESULTS@#After preoperative orthodontic treatment, L1-FH, L1-MP, L1-NB and L1-NB distances changed by 11.56°±5.62°, -11.13°±5.53°, -11.57°±5.43° and (-4.99±1.89) mm, respectively, and the differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). Among the 180 measured mandibular anterior teeth, 45 cases with labial dehiscence/fenestration before preoperative orthodontic treatment (T0) had no longer labial dehiscence/fenestration after preope-rative orthodontic treatment (T1); 142 cases without lingual dehiscence/fenestration at T0 had lingual dehiscence/fenestration at T1. After preoperative orthodontic treatment, the d-La of lower lateral incisors (L2), lower canines (L3) and lower anterior teeth (L1+L2+L3) decreased by (0.95±2.22) mm, (1.20±3.23) mm and (0.68±2.50) mm, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); the d-Li of L1, L2, L3 and L1+L2+L3 increased by (4.43±1.94) mm, (4.53±2.35) mm, (3.19±2.80) mm and (4.05±2.46) mm, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The increase of d-Li of L1 was positively correlated with L1-FH (r=0.373, P=0.042).@*CONCLUSION@#This study showed that high-angle patients with skeletal class Ⅱ ma-locclusion could achieve ideal decompensation effect of mandibular anterior teeth after preoperative orthodontic treatment with bilateral mandibular first premolars extracted, but the lingual periodontal risk of mandibular anterior teeth was increased. This risk could be correlated to L1-FH before preoperative orthodontic treatment, which should be paid more attention in the design of orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment.

Clinical and pathological features and differential diagnosis of fibro-osseous tumors and dysplasias / 中华口腔医学杂志

Fibro-osseous lesions is a class of diseases with obvious similarities in clinical manifestations and pathological features, which has been attracting the attention of clinicians and pathologists. The latest WHO 2022 Classification (5th edition) included six of these diseases (cemento-osseous dysplasia, segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia, fibrous dysplasia, juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma, psammomatoid ossifying fibroma and familial gigantiform cementoma) in the " fibro-osseous tumours and dysplasias ", and put forward new ideas on the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. According to the latest WHO 2022 Classification (5th edition), the clinical and pathological features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these six diseases were described.

Desordens hiperostóticas em American Bully / Hiperostotic disorders in american bully

O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

Manejo de las fracturas maxilofaciales y sus complicaciones / Management of maxillofacial fractures and its complications

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el trauma maxilofacial corresponde a toda lesión traumática del macizo facial. Actualmente representa uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en el mundo. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis de nuestra experiencia en las intervenciones realizadas en pacientes internados y sus complicaciones. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de 205 pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales desde el año 2011 hasta el año 2019. Resultados: el 81,46% fueron hombres (n: 167) y el rango etario más afectado osciló entre los 21 y 30 años con el 38,54% (n:79). El accidente de tránsito 56,1% (n:115) fue el mecanismo de trauma más frecuente. Los tipos de fracturas faciales fueron: panfaciales 12,2% (n: 25), tercio superior 1,46% (n:3), tercio medio 72,2% (n:148) y tercio inferior 14,15% (n:29). Dentro del tercio superior, el 66,67% (n:2) fueron fracturas del seno frontal asociadas al hueso frontal, en el tercio medio las combinadas en un 54,73% (n:81) y en el tercio inferior, las complejas en el 34,48% (n:10). Fueron intervenidos 199 pacientes (97,07%). Solo el 11,56% (n:23) presentó alguna complicación. No se observaron complicaciones graves. Discusión: según nuestra serie, la mayoría de los pacientes fueron hombres jóvenes; la causa más frecuente, el accidente de tránsito, y el tercio medio, el más afectado, resultados estos similares a los de otros estudios publicados. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente reducción abierta y fijación con material de osteosíntesis de titanio, un procedimiento seguro y fiable, que permite restablecer la funcionalidad previa al traumatismo, con un índice muy bajo de complicaciones posoperatorias.

ABSTRACT Background: Maxillofacial trauma corresponds to all traumatic injuries affecting the facial bones. Nowadays, it represents one of the main healthcare issues worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze our experience in the interventions performed in hospitalized and their complications. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective and observational study of 205 patients with maxillofacial fractures from 2011 to 2019. Results: 81.46% were men (n = 167) and 38.54% (n = 79) of the patients were between 21 and 30 years of age. Traffic collision was the most common mechanism of trauma (56,1%, n = 115). The types of facial fractures were panfacial (12.2%; n = 25), of the upper-third (1.43%; n = 3), of the middle-third (72.2%; n = 148) and of the lower third (14.15%; n = 29). In the upper third of the face frontal sinus fractures associated with the frontal bone were the most common (66.67%; n =2); in the middle-third combined fractures were most prevalent (54.73%; n = 81) while complex fractures were most frequent in the lower third (34,48%; n = 10). One-hundred and ninety-one patients were operated on (97.07%). Complications occurred in only 11.56% (n = 23) and were not serious. Discusion: In our series, most patients were young men, traffic collisions were the most common cause of trauma, and the middle third of the face was the most affected region. These results are similar to our publications. Surgical management, mostly by open reduction and fixation with titanium-based osteosynthesis material, is an effective, safe and reliable procedure, which allows the restoration of pre-trauma function, with very low rate of postoperative complications.

Análise epidemiológica das fraturas dos ossos da face em um hospital público no nordeste do Brasil / Análisis epidemiológico de las fracturas de los huesos de la cara en un hospital público del noreste de Brasil / Epidemiological analysis of face bone fractures in a public hospital in northeast Brazil

As fraturas dos ossos da região maxilofacial são ocorrências que podem se apresentar como quadros de urgência e/ou emergência na rotina das unidades de pronto atendimento e hospitais do mundo inteiro, principalmente em localidades com altos índices de violência interpessoal e infrações de trânsito. Um grande número de traumatismos na face, tanto em tecidos moles como duros acontece devido à enorme exposição e a pouca proteção desta região o que acarreta frequentemente lesões graves. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência das fraturas no complexo maxilofacial em uma unidade hospitalar pública, a partir de um estudo epidemiológico, sendo analisados os fatores relacionados a ocorrência do trauma, agente etiológico, distribuição das fraturas, gênero e idade dos indivíduos acometidos. Metodologia: O presente estudo do tipo transversal retrospectivo, onde foram avaliados 268 prontuários de pacientes diagnosticados com fraturas dos ossos da face atendidos no Hospital Regional Justino Luz, localizado na cidade de Picos, no estado do Piauí, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2015 até janeiro de 2017, os prontuários foram analisados no setor de arquivo médico do HRJL. Resultados: os fatores etiológicos mais observados foram os acidentes motociclísticos, seguidos de agressão física e quedas da própria altura, o tipo de fratura mais comum foi a do Complexo Orbito-Zigomático-Maxilar (33,2%), seguido da Mandíbula (23,7%) e dos Ossos Próprios do Nariz (17%), sendo o gênero masculino o mais acometido por fraturas. Conclusão: a partir desse estudo podemos concluir que os acidentes motociclísticos configuram-se como o principal fator etiológico relacionado as fraturas de face, sendo o gênero, masculino o mais atingido e o tipo de fratura mais prevalente foi a fratura do Complexo Orbito-Zigomático-Maxilar... (AU)

Bone fractures in the maxillofacial region are occurrences that can present themselves as urgent and/or emergencies in the routine of emergency care units and hospitals around the world, especially in locations with high rates of interpersonal violence and traffic violations. A large number of injuries to the face, both in soft and hard tissue, occur due to the enormous exposure and poor protection of this region, which often leads to serious injuries. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of fractures in the maxillofacial complex in a public hospital, based on an epidemiological study, analyzing the factors related to the occurrence of trauma, etiological agent, fracture distribution, gender, and age of patients affected individuals. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated 268 medical records of patients diagnosed with fractures of the facial bones treated at the Justino Luz Regional Hospital, located in the city of Picos, in the state of Piauí, Brazil, in January 2015 until January 2017, the medical records were analyzed in the medical file sector of the HRJL. Results: the most observed etiological factors were motorcycle accidents, followed by physical aggression and fall from own height, the most common type of fracture was the Orbit-zygomatic-Maxillary Complex (33,2%), followed by the mandible (23,7%) and the nose bonés (17%), being the male gender the most affected by fractures. Conclusion: from this study, we can conclude those motorcycle accidents are the main etiological factor related to facial fractures, with the male gender being the most affected and the most prevalent type of fracture was the fracture of the orbit-zygomatic-maxillary complex... (AU)

Las fracturas óseas en la región maxilofacial son eventos que pueden presentarse como urgentes y/o emergencias en la rutina de las unidades de atención de emergencia y hospitales de todo el mundo, especialmente en lugares con altos índices de violencia interpersonal e infracciones de tránsito. Un gran número de lesiones en la cara, tanto en tejidos blandos como duros, se producen debido a la enorme exposición y escasa protección de esta región, lo que a menudo conduce a lesiones graves. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de fracturas en el complejo maxilofacial en un hospital público, a partir de un estudio epidemiológico, analizando los factores relacionados con la ocurrencia del trauma, agente etiológico, distribución de la fractura, sexo y edad de los pacientes afectados. Metodología: Este estudio transversal retrospectivo evaluó 268 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de fracturas de los huesos faciales atendidos en el Hospital Regional Justino Luz, ubicado en la ciudad de Picos, en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, en enero de 2015 hasta enero de 2017. , las historias clínicas fueron analizadas en el sector de expediente médico del HRJL. Resultados: los factores etiológicos más observados fueron los accidentes de motocicleta, seguido de agresión física y caída de propia altura, el tipo de fractura más común fue el Complejo Órbita-cigomático-Maxilar (33,2%), seguido de la mandíbula (23,7 %) y la nariz bonés (17%), siendo el género masculino el más afectado por las fracturas. Conclusión: de este estudio podemos concluir que los accidentes de motocicleta son el principal factor etiológico relacionado con las fracturas faciales, siendo el género masculino el más afectado y el tipo de fractura más prevalente fue la fractura del complejo orbitario-cigomático-maxilar... (AU)

Loss of KDM4B impairs osteogenic differentiation of OMSCs and promotes oral bone aging / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Aging of craniofacial skeleton significantly impairs the repair and regeneration of trauma-induced bony defects, and complicates dental treatment outcomes. Age-related alveolar bone loss could be attributed to decreased progenitor pool through senescence, imbalance in bone metabolism and bone-fat ratio. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from oral bones (OMSCs) have distinct lineage propensities and characteristics compared to MSCs from long bones, and are more suited for craniofacial regeneration. However, the effect of epigenetic modifications regulating OMSC differentiation and senescence in aging has not yet been investigated. In this study, we found that the histone demethylase KDM4B plays an essential role in regulating the osteogenesis of OMSCs and oral bone aging. Loss of KDM4B in OMSCs leads to inhibition of osteogenesis. Moreover, KDM4B loss promoted adipogenesis and OMSC senescence which further impairs bone-fat balance in the mandible. Together, our data suggest that KDM4B may underpin the molecular mechanisms of OMSC fate determination and alveolar bone homeostasis in skeletal aging, and present as a promising therapeutic target for addressing craniofacial skeletal defects associated with age-related deteriorations.

Fratura condilar em paciente pediátrico: um relato de caso condilar / Fracture in pediatric patient: a case report

As fraturas faciais em crianças são raras, já que os ossos faciais pediátricos têm maior elasticidade, menos pneumatização, tecido adiposo circundante mais espesso e mais estabilização da mandíbula e maxila pelos dentes não irrompidos. Em geral, lesões nos tecidos moles são mais comuns em crianças do que fraturas esqueléticas. Entre as fraturas faciais pediátricas, as fraturas da mandíbula são as mais comuns, sendo o côndilo a área mais acometida em pacientes pediátricos. O côndilo é considerado o principal centro de crescimento da mandíbula em crianças, assim é de suma importância a definição do tratamento adequado, pautado em diversos critérios de avaliação, com o intuito de erradicar possíveis complicações advindas da fratura condilar. Assim o objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de fratura de côndilo unilateral em uma criança, na qual realizou-se abordagem cirúrgica com fixação interna, afim de elucidar e discutir as possíveis condutas terapêuticas acerca de tratamentos a serem aplicados, visto que esses ainda são bastante controversos na literatura e os resultados das diversas condutas são os mais diversos, apresentando variados aspectos que interferem na evolução dos pacientes(AU)

Facial fractures in children are rare, since pediatric facial bones have greater elasticity, less pneumatization,thicker surrounding adipose tissue and more stabilization of the jaw and jaw by unerupted teeth.In general, soft tissue injuries are more common in children than skeletal fractures.Among pediatric facial fractures, mandible fractures are the most common, with condyl being the most affected area in pediatric patients.The condyl is considered the main center of mandible growth in children, so it is of Paramount importance to define the appropriate treatment, based on several evaluationcriteria, in order to eradicate possible complications resulting from the condilar fracture.Thus, the aim of this study is to report a case of unilateral condyl fracture in a child, in which a surgical approach with internal fixation was performedin order to elucidate and discuss the possible therapeutic approaches about treatments to be applied, since these are still quite controversial in the literature and the results of the various behaviors are the most diverse,presenting several aspects that interfere in the evolution of patients(AU)

Etiologia do trauma facial: uma análise aprofundada entre 2016 e 2019 em Florianópolis/SC / Etiology of facial trauma: an in-depth analysis of cases occurred in Florianópolis, SC from 2016 to 2019

Introdução: Pensando em melhoria na saúde das populações, é indispensável para as equipes de CTBMF e gestores de saúde o conhecimento dos perfis epidemiológicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi estratificar etiologias, ossos mais afetados e possíveis padrões recorrentes entre 2016 e 2019, contabilizá los, analisá-los e então fundamentar sistemas de gestão e ferramentas de melhorias a fim de aumentar eficiência operacional da cadeia de saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que analisou 233 pacientes vitimados com trauma facial e necessitaram de abordagem cirúrgica entre dezembro de 2016 e dezembro de 2019 no Hospital Governador Celso Ramos. Resultados: Ao total de 447 fraturas, 85,83% ocorreram no sexo masculino. A média de idade foi 32,42 e o grupo etário mais acometido o de 21 aos 30 anos. Etiologia mais prevalente foi agressão física, representando 42% dos pacientes. Em comparação com os anos, houve uma tendência preocupante de ascensão nos índices. Conclusões: Os níveis de violência impressionam. Este trabalho direciona um alerta sobre danos graves evitáveis relacionados a agressões e acidentes de trânsito. É imperativo que as gestões públicas desenvolvam políticas no intuito de mitigar riscos e desperdício de recursos, assegurando tratamento, reabilitação e sobretudo prevenção eficaz... (AU)

Introduction: To think over population health improvement, it is all-important that OMFS teams and health managers have knowledge on epidemiological profiles. The aim of this study was to stratify etiologies, the most affected bones and possible recurrent patterns between 2016 and 2019, and based on the records and analyses of the cases, develop management systems and improvement tools to increase the healthcare chain operational efficiency. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study that examined 233 patients who suffered maxillofacial trauma and needed a surgical approach between December 2016 and December 2019 at the Hospital Governador Celso Ramos. Results: From a total of 447 fractures, 85.83% occurred in males. Mean age was 32.42 years, and the predominant injured individuals were between 21 and 30 years old. The most prevalent etiology was physical aggression, representing 42% of the patients. In the comparison of the years, there was a worrying upward trend in violence rates. Conclusions: The levels of violence are impressive, alarming. This work places red flag alert on serious preventable injuries caused by physical violence and traffic accidents. It is imperative that public administrations develop policies designed to mitigate risks and resource wastes, ensuring treatment, rehabilitation and, above all, effective prevention... (AU)

Acesso borboleta para tratamento cirúrgico de fratura de osso frontal: relato de caso / Butterfly wing-type of incision for surgical treatment of front bone fracture: case report

Quando comparado aos demais ossos da face, o osso frontal é raramente acometido por fraturas, sendo essa menor ocorrência relacionada à sua maior resistência. Nosso estudo relata um caso clínico de paciente do gênero masculino, 27 anos, vítima de acidente motociclístico, encaminhado ao Hospital da Restauração - Governador Paulo Guerra com fraturas complexas do terço superior e médio da face. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar a resolução cirúrgica dessas fraturas de face, por meio da utilização do acesso supraciliar com incisão em "asa de borboleta" e infraorbital possibilitando a redução e fixação. Todas as abordagens cirúrgicas para redução do osso frontal têm como objetivo promover respostas estéticas, restaurar a função e prevenir complicações cirúrgicas, não dependendo apenas da gravidade da fratura, mas também, do paciente e da preferência do cirurgião. O acesso supraciliar em "asa de borboleta" é feito a partir de uma incisão linear na região da glabela, com extensões laterais para as sobrancelhas. Dessa maneira ele garante boa visualização e exposição do campo operatório com acesso direto e simples. Por fim, o acesso borboleta mostrou-se uma boa opção de abordagem para fraturas da parede anterior do osso frontal, apesar de demonstrar desvantagem estética na ponte nasal segundo a literatura, no presente caso essa filosofia não é compartilhada, já que a "camuflagem" da incisão linear na ruga nasal mostrou-se esteticamente satisfatória... (AU)

Osteoporosis en los maxilares y sus métodos de diagnóstico: Revisión de literatura / Osteoporosis of the Jaws and its Diagnostic Methods: Review of the Literature

Resumen: La osteoporosis es una enfermedad sistémica y metabólica ósea, multifactorial, crónica, silenciosa, caracterizada por una baja densidad mineral ósea y alteración de su micro arquitectura, con un alto índice de fracturas, con trauma mínimo o sin trauma (cadera, columna vertebral y antebrazos). La osteoporosis se puede dar en ambos sexos y en todas las edades, considerándose principalmente un problema de salud femenino después de la menopausia, con riesgo de fracturas por encima de los 50 años. Esto aumenta la morbilidad, la mortalidad y los costos de atención médica, considerándose un problema significativo de salud pública. El hueso normal tiene características de equilibrio entre formación de hueso por los osteoblastos y la resorción de hueso por los osteoclastos. En la osteoporosis este equilibrio se altera y hay mayor tendencia a la resorción. Los factores de riesgo para la osteoporosis son varios, entre los que destacan la edad, sexo, factores genéticos, menopausia temprana, inadecuado consumo de calcio, falta de ejercicios, alcoholismo y tabaquismo; pueden estar asociado a ciertas enfermedades endocrinas como el hiperparatiroidismo, insuficiencia renal crónica, enfermedad hepática, malabsorción y fármacos como el glucocorticoide oral. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es brindar información actualizada y específica sobre la osteoporosis en los maxilares y sus métodos de diagnóstico, que permitan al odontólogo y radiólogo, reconocer, prevenir y/o derivar al especialista indicado los casos que puedan presentarse con esta condición.

Abstract: Osteoporosis is a chronic, silent, multifactorial and metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density and altered micro architecture, presenting a high fracture rate with minimal trauma or without trauma (hip, spine and forearms). Osteoporosis can occur in both sexes and in all ages; mainly considered a problem for postmenopausal women, with higher risk of fracture over 50 years old. This increases the morbidity, mortality and costs of the health system, considering it a significant public health issue. Healthy bone has equilibrium characteristics between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. In osteoporosis this balance is altered, showing a greater tendency to resorption. The most important risk factors for osteoporosis are age, sex, genetic factors, early menopause, inadequate calcium intake, lack of exercise, alcoholism, and smoking; it can also be associated with some endocrine diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, kidney failure chronic, liver disease, malabsorption and drugs, including oral glucocorticoids. The objective of this bibliographic review is to provide updated and specific information about osteoporosis in the jaws and its diagnostic methods, which allow the dentist and radiologist to recognize, prevent and / or refer to the specialist indicated cases that may arise with this condition.

Fratura do complexo zigomático orbitário: relato de caso / Fracture of the Zygomatic Orbital Complex: Case report

Fraturas faciais podem ocorrer de forma isolada ou concomitante a outras lesões. O complexo zigomático orbitário (CZO) ocupa uma posição proeminente da face, deixando-o bastante susceptível a traumas de alto e baixo impacto, que podem causar afundamento facial. O trauma de face frequentemente resulta em danos ao tecido ósseo, tecido mole e elementos dentários, causando prejuízo na função e estética do paciente. Os acidentes automobilísticos são uma das causas mais significativas de traumas faciais. As fraturas do terço médio da face incluem as que afetam a maxila, o zigoma e complexo NOE. O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar o caso clínico de um paciente de 47 anos, sexo masculino, vítima de acidente automobilístico (carro x carro). Diagnosticado com fratura do CZO direito, classe IV. Foi realizada redução incruenta da fratura de arco zigomático; redução e fixação interna rígida de fratura de parede lateral de órbita e pilar zigomático com instalação de camadas de surgicel na região para melhora do contorno, resultando em regressão do afundamento malar e consequente reestabelecimento estético funcional. Estudos como este podem ser fonte de referência em busca constante pelo aprimoramento profissional, objetivando completo domínio teórico-prático das formas de condutas e tratamentos específicos à situação em questão... (AU)

Facial fractures may occur in isolation or concomitantly with other injuries. The zygomatic orbital complex (ZOC) occupies a prominent position of the face, leaving it quite susceptible to high and low impact trauma, which can cause facial sinking. Face trauma often results in damage to bone tissue, soft tissue and dental elements, causing injury to the patient's function and aesthetics. Auto accidents are one of the most significant causes of facial trauma. Fractures of the middle third of the face include those affecting the maxilla, the zygoma, and the NOE complex. The present study aims to report the clinical case of a 47-year-old male patient, victim of an automobile accident (car x car). Diagnosed with right CZO fracture, class IV. A non-invasive reduction of the zygomatic arch fracture was performed; reduction and rigid internal fixation of lateral wall orbital fracture and zygomatic pillar with installation of surgicel layers in the region to improve the contour, resulting in regression of the malar sinking and consequent functional aesthetic reestablishment. Studies like this can be a source of reference in constant search for professional improvement, aiming at a complete theoretical-practical domain of the forms of conduct and treatments specific to the situation in question... (AU)

Orthodontic camouflage as a treatment alternative for skeletal Class III

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal Class III malocclusion is a deformity of complex treatment, with few intervention alternatives, which are further limited in nongrowing patients. In most cases, orthognathic surgery is the ideal treatment for adults, an option often refused by patients. Mild to moderate skeletal Class III malocclusions and acceptable facial esthetics can benefit from a course of treatment in which dental movements are used to compensate for the skeletal discrepancy. Objective: This study aimed to discuss orthodontic camouflage as an option for adult patients with Class III malocclusion, emphasizing its indications, implications and expected results.

RESUMO Introdução: A má oclusão esquelética de Classe III é uma deformidade de difícil tratamento e com poucas alternativas de intervenção, que ficam ainda mais limitadas em pacientes sem crescimento. Na maior parte dos casos, o tratamento ideal para adultos é a cirurgia ortognática, opção muitas vezes recusada pelo paciente. As más oclusões esqueléticas de Classe III leve a moderada e com estética facial aceitável podem se beneficiar de um plano de tratamento no qual movimentações dentárias são realizadas para compensar a discrepância esquelética. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir a camuflagem ortodôntica como opção para pacientes adultos com má oclusão de Classe III, ressaltando suas indicações, implicações e resultados esperados.

Functional recovery time after facial fractures: characteristics and associated factors in a sample of patients from southern Brazil / Tempo de recuperação funcional após fraturas faciais: perfil e fatores associados em amostra de pacientes do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Understanding the cause, severity, and elapsed time for the restoration of the functions of maxillofacial injuries can contribute to the establishment of clinical priorities aiming at effective treatment and further prevention of facial trauma. The objective of this study was to understand the factors associated with the restoration of mastication, ocular, and nasal functions in the face of trauma victims, estimating their recovery time after surgical treatment. We analyzed 114 medical records of patients treated at the Hospital Montenegro, who attended follow-up consultations for up to 180 days. For analysis of the recovery time, we performed survival analysis, followed by COX analysis. We observed that half of the patients recovered their functions within 20 days. The average time for recovery from trauma in the zygomatic-orbital-malar-nasal complex was 11 days, and in the maxillary-mandibular complex, 21 days (HR: 1.5 [0.99 2.3], p = 0.055). Although functional reestablishment has reached high rates after the surgical approach, it is necessary to analyze the failing cases, as well as the economic impacts and the prevention strategies associated with facial trauma, to improve the service to the population.

RESUMO O entendimento da causa, da gravidade e do tempo decorrido para o restabelecimento das funções de lesões maxilofaciais pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de prioridades clínicas objetivando o efetivo tratamento e prevenção dos traumatismos de face. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender quais os fatores associados ao restabelecimento das funções mastigatórias, oculares e nasais em vítimas de trauma de face, estimando o tempo para recuperação das funções, após o tratamento cirúrgico. Foram analisados 114 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Montenegro que compareceram às consultas de acompanhamento por até 180 dias. Para a análise do tempo para a recuperação, foi realizada a análise de sobrevida, seguida da análise de COX. Observou-se que metade dos pacientes recuperaram as funções em até 20 dias, sendo que o tempo médio para recuperação dos traumas no complexo zigomático-orbitário-malar-nasal foi de 11 dias e do complexo maxilo - mandibular de 21 dias (HR: 1,5 (0,99 - 2,3) p=0,055). Embora o restabelecimento das funções tenha atingido taxas elevadas após abordagem cirúrgicas, faz-se necessária a análise dos casos de insucessos bem como os impactos econômicos e as estratégias de prevenção associados aos traumas de face a fim de qualificar o serviço prestado à população.

Evaluación orofacial de los niños Síndrome Prader-Willi / Avaliação orofacial de crianças com Síndrome de Prader-Willi / Orofacial assessment of children with Prader-Willi Syndrome

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el estado de salud bucal y el crecimiento craneofacial de pacientes con síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW), en comparación con niños obesos que no padecen SPW. Métodos y resultados: Se seleccionaron 40 niños con SPW y 40 controles obesos de 10,9 años de edad (control: 11,89 años) y un IMC de 22,72 kg / m2 (control de 36,43 kg / m2). La evaluación de la salud oral ha incluído el número de dientes, tipo de dentición, presencia de caries, sangrado gingival, maloclusión, acumulación de placa, erosión dental, hiperplasia gingival e hipoplasia del esmalte. Los cuestionarios evaluaron los hábitos de higiene oral. Las radiografías panorámicas evaluaron el crecimiento craneofacial. El grupo de casos tenía un 6,8% menos de dientes en comparación con el grupo de control. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el sangrado gingival, la erosión dental y la hipoplasia del esmalte (p = 0,009; p = 0,02 y p = 0,006, respectivamente). Aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas, se observó un número aumentado de lesiones cariosas y apiñamiento dental en niños con SPW (p = 0,35 y p = 0,07). Ambos grupos mostraron mala higiene dental. Los niños con SPW mostraron un crecimiento de la rama mandibular aumentada en comparación con el control (p = 0.03). Conclusión: Los niños con SPW tenían hemorragia gingival estática aumentada e hipoplasia del esmalte que los controles con obesidad no SPW. Los niños con SPW pueden presentar un crecimiento vertical craneofacial

Objetivo: Avaliar a saúde bucal e o crescimento craniofacial de pacientes pediátricos com SíndromedePrader-Willi(SPW),emcomparação a crianças obesas não-sindrômicas. Métodos e resultados: Foram selecionadas 40 crianças com SPW e 40 controles não obesos com SPW, com idade de 10,9 anos (controle: 11,89 anos) e IMC 22,72 kg / m2 (controle 36,43 kg / m2). Foram avaliados o número de dentes, tipo de dentição, presença de cárie, sangramento gengival, má oclusão, acúmulo de placa bacteriana, erosão dentária, hiperplasia gengival e hipoplasia do esmalte. Os questionários avaliaram os hábitos de higiene bucal. Radiografias panorâmicas avaliaram o crescimento craniofacial. O grupo caso teve um número 6,8% menor de dentes em comparação ao grupo controle. Observouse diferença estatisticamente significante no sangramento gengival, erosão dentária e hipoplasia do esmalte (p = 0,009; p = 0,02 e p = 0,006, respectivamente). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante, observou-se um número aumentado de lesões de cárie e apinhamento dentário em crianças com SPW (p = 0,35 e p = 0,07). Ambos os grupos apresentaram má higiene dental. As crianças com SPW apresentaram crescimento aumentado do ramo mandibular com diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,03). Conclusão: As crianças com SPW apresentaram sangramento gengival estatisticamente aumentado e hipoplasia do esmalte do que os controles não obesos com SPW. Crianças com SPW podem apresentar crescimento vertical craniofacial aumentado. Mais investigações são necessárias para essa população.

Aim: To assess the oral health status and craniofacial growth of patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), compared to obese non-PWS children controls. Methods and Result: 40 PWS children and 40 non-PWS obese controls, aged 10.9 years (control: 11.89 years) and BMI 22.72 kg/m2 (control 36.43 kg/m2) were selected. The number of teeth, type of dentition, presence of caries, gingival bleeding, malocclusion, plaque accumulation, dental erosion, gingival hyperplasia, and enamel hypoplasia were assessed. Questionnaires assessed oral hygiene habits. Panoramic radiographs assessed craniofacial growth. The study group had a 6.8% lower number of teeth compared to the control group. A statistically significant difference was seen in gingival bleeding, dental erosion and enamel hypoplasia (p=0,009; p=0,02 and p=0,006; respectively). There were no statistically significant differences, it was observed an augmented number of carious lesions and Although a higher prevalence of carious lesions and dental crowding was observed in PWS children, the difference was not satisctically significant (p=0.35 and p=0.07 respectively). Both groups showed poor dental hygiene. PWS children showed augmented mandibular ramus growth with a statistically significant difference (p=0.03). Conclusion: PWS children had statically augmented gingival bleeding and enamel hypoplasia than non-PWS obese controls. PWS children may present increased craniofacial vertical growth. Further investigations are needed for this population.

Comprehensive correction of maxillofacial bone deformity-consideration and combined application of orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery / 华西口腔医学杂志

The maxillofacial skeleton is the basis of the contour of the face. Orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery change jaw tissue and affect facial appearance in different manners. Orthognathic surgery is the main method to correct dental and maxillofacial deformities. It changes the shape of the jaw and improves the occlusal relationship by changing the three-dimensional position of the jaw. Facial contouring surgery mainly adopts the method of "bone reduction", which changes the "amount"of the jawbone by cutting a part of the bone tissue to improve the facial appearance, generally without changing oral function. The combined use of orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice. This also requires oral and maxillofacial surgeons to have a holistic consideration of the comprehensive correction of maxillofacial bone deformity, and to perform comprehensive analysis of jaw deformities and jaw plastic surgery to achieve the most ideal results. The author's team has been engaged in the clinical work of orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery and accumulated rich clinical experience in the comprehensive correction of maxillofacial bone deformity. In this article, the indications, treatment goals, treatment modes, treatment methods, and key points in the surgical operations of comprehensive maxillofacial bone surgery were summarized.

Severe hypothyroidism after orthognathic surgery: a case report / 华西口腔医学杂志

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disease with reduced systemic metabolism, but the initial diagnosis is rare in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Due to the nonspecific symptoms, it is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed diagnosis which results in serious consequences. This paper presents a case of severe hypothyroidism which was characterized by airway obstruction, facial swelling, unexplained anaemia and bipedal edema after orthognathic surgery. With review of relevant literatures, this article discusses the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of hypothyroidism.