National Early Warning Score 2 ­ versão brasileira: validade preditiva para adultos com COVID-19* / National Early Warning Score 2 ­ versión brasileña: validez predictiva para adultos con COVID-19 / National Early Warning Score 2 ­ Brazilian version: predictive validity for adults with COVID-19

Objetivo: realizar a validade preditiva do National Early Warning Score 2 ­ versão brasileira (NEWS 2 ­ BR) nos desfechos alta e óbito em pacientes com COVID-19. Método: estudo transversal com análise de validade preditiva. Variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, desfechos e os componentes do escore foram coletados em prontuário eletrônico e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: incluíram-se 400 pacientes, com mediana de idade de 61 anos. O escore na admissão teve mediana de 5 pontos, com amplitude de 0 a 21. Houve associação entre escores mais altos com o desfecho óbito e escores mais baixos com a alta. A validade preditiva do NEWS 2 ­ BR para o óbito foi realizada pela análise de curva ROC e o ponto de corte de maior acurácia foi de seis pontos. Conclusão: a versão brasileira do NEWS 2 é um escore válido para avaliação de pacientes com COVID-19.

Objective: perform the predictive validity of National Early Warning Score 2 ­ Brazilian version (NEWS 2 ­ BR) in discharge and death outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Method: cross-sectional study with predictive validity analysis. Social-demographical and clinical variables, outcomes and the score components were collected with an electronic health record and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Outcomes: 400 patients were included, with median age of 61 years. The score, at the moment of admission, had a median of 5 points, with a range from 0 to 21. There is an association between the highest scores and the death outcome and the lowest scores and the discharge outcome. The predictive validity of NEWS 2 ­ BRfor death was established by the analysis of the ROC curve and the most accurate cut-off point was six points. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of NEWS 2 is a valid score to assess patients with COVID-19.

Objetivo: realizar la validez predictiva del National Early Warning Score 2 ­ versión brasileña (NEWS 2 ­ BR) en los resultados alta y fallecimiento en pacientes con COVID-19. Método: estudio transversal con análisis de validez predictiva. Variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, resultados y los componentes del score fueron recolectados en prontuario electrónico y analizados por medio de la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: se incluyeron 400 pacientes, con mediana de edad de 61 años. El score en la admisión tuvo mediana de 5 puntos, con amplitud de 0 a 21. Hubo asociación entre scores más altos con el resultado fallecimiento y scores más bajos con el alta. La validez predictiva del NEWS 2 ­ BR para el fallecimiento fue realizada por el análisis de curva ROC y el punto de corte de mayor precisión fue de seis puntos. Conclusión: la versión brasileña del NEWS 2 es un score válido para la evaluación de pacientes con COVID-19.

A critical analysis of discovery health's claims-based risk adjustment of mortality rates in South African private sector hospitals

In 2019, Discovery Health published a risk adjustment model to determine standardised mortality rates across South African private hospital systems, with the aim of contributing towards quality improvement in the private healthcare sector. However, the model suffers from limitations due to its design and its reliance on administrative data. The publication's aim of facilitating transparency is unfortunately undermined by shortcomings in reporting. When designing a risk prediction model, patient-proximate variables with a sound theoretical or proven association with the outcome of interest should be used. The addition of key condition-specific clinical data points at the time of hospital admission will dramatically improve model performance. Performance could be further improved by using summary risk prediction scores such as the EUROSCORE II for coronary artery bypass graft surgery or the GRACE risk score for acute coronary syndrome. In general, model reporting should conform to published reporting standards, and attempts should be made to test model validity by using sensitivity analyses. In particular, the limitations of machine learning prediction models should be understood, and these models should be appropriately developed, evaluated and reported.

Impact of Covid-19 on diabetic adults: systematic review / Impacto da Covid-19 em adultos diabéticos: revisão sistemática

Aim: to identify which complications and prognosis of diabetic patients, hospitalized, who acquired COVID-19, through a systematic review. Methods: a systematic review based on the PRISMA flowchart, including cohort studies, available in Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, and Mandarin, published from 2019 to 2020, using the PICOS strategy, in the databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus and Science Direct, which in addition to the inclusion criteria after questionnaires to assess methodological quality and risk of bias. Results: of the 811 articles researched, 6 were included in this research. These studies showed that patients with COVID-19 and higher DM with worse prognosis, spent more time in the ICU, constantly needed indifference, greater complications when related to other comorbidities, high mortality rate, and glycemic control associated with advanced age directly affected patients. Outcomes even of non-diabetic subjects. Conclusion: this review identified the severity of the pathophysiological association is related to older age and biochemical and inflammatory factors linked to the two pathogens and that these subjects are more prone to specialized hospital care, which, however, result in high rates of hospital mortality.

Objetivo: identificar quais complicações e prognósticos dos pacientes diabéticos, internados, que adquiriram COVID-19, por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão sistemática baseada no fluxograma PRISMA, incluindo estudos de coorte, disponíveis em português, inglês, espanhol, francês e mandarim, publicados de 2019 a 2020, utilizando a estratégia PICOS, nas bases de dados: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus e Sciece Direct. Além dos critérios de inclusão passam por questionários para avaliar a qualidade metodológica e risco de viés. Resultados: dos 811 artigos pesquisados, 6 foram incluídos nesta pesquisa. Esses estudos mostraram que pacientes com COVID-19 e DM apresentam pior prognóstico, maior permanência em UTI, necessidade constante de ventilação invasiva, maiores complicações quando relacionadas a outras comorbidades, elevado índice de mortalidade, e o controle glicêmico associado à idade avançada afetavam diretamente os desfechos inclusive de pacientes não diabéticos. Conclusão: esta revisão identificou que a gravidade da associação fisiopatológica está relacionada à idade mais avançada e aos fatores bioquímicos e inflamatórios ligados aos dois patógenos e que esses sujeitos são mais propensos ao atendimento hospitalar especializado, o que, no entanto, resulta em altas taxas de mortalidade hospitalar.

Factores relacionados a mortalidad por Covid 19, hospital la portada, La Paz - Bolivia, 2020 / Factors related to Covid 19 mortality, hospital la portada, La Paz - Bolivia, 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN: la reciente aparición del COVID-19 implica comprender de los patrones de transmisión, la gravedad, las características clínicas y los factores de riesgo de infección, ya sea entre la población general, entre el personal médico o en el entorno familiar. Los estudios para evaluar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los casos en diferentes contextos resultan esenciales para profundizar y comprender mejor este virus y la enfermedad asociada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el propósito del estudio fue determinar los factores de riesgo relacionados a mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes internados en el Hospital de la Portada durante el periodo de la gestión 2020 mediante un estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyó a todos los pacientes internados, desde abril a agosto del 2020, utilizando las fichas epidemiológicas RESULTADOS: las categorías asociadas, fueron el sexo masculino (p = 0,000) duplicando la posibilidad de muerte respecto a las mujeres (OR =2,46) y la eritrocitosis, (p = 0,002), triplicando la posibilidad de muerte respecto a no padecerla (OR = 3,11). La probabilidad de fallecer por COVID 19 con el antecedente de padecer eritrocitosis fue de 55,17%. Los casos de mortalidad más frecuentes fue en población adulta y tercera edad, del sexo masculino. Los antecedentes patológicos más frecuentes fue la hipertensión arterial. Se dejaron de vivir 2179,5 años. La tasa de mortalidad alcanzo a 8,3 muertes por cada 100.000 habitantes. CONCLUSIÓN: es importante considerar el sexo y la eritrocitosis acompañadas de otras patologías de base como factor fundamental, a la mortalidad por COVID 19.

INTRODUCTION: the recent emergence of COVID-19 implies an understanding of transmission patterns, severity, clinical features, and risk factors for infection, whether among the general population, among medical personnel, or in the family setting. Studies to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases in different settings are essential to deepen and better understand this virus and the associated disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the purpose of the study was to determine the risk factors related to COVID-19 mortality in patients hospitalized at the Hospital de la Portada during the period of the 2020 administration by means of an analytical cross-sectional study. All hospitalized patients were included, from April to August 2020, using epidemiological records. RESULTS: the associated categories were male sex (p = 0.000), doubling the possibility of death with respect to women (OR = 2.46) and erythrocytosis (p = 0.002), tripling the possibility of death with respect to not having it (OR = 3.11). The probability of dying from COVID 19 with a history of erythrocytosis was 55.17%. The most frequent cases of mortality were in the adult and elderly male population. The most frequent pathological history was arterial hypertension. A total of 2179.5 years of life were lost. The mortality rate was 8.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: it is important to consider sex and erythrocytosis accompanied by other underlying pathologies as a fundamental factor in mortality due to COVID 19.

Factors associated with mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 / Fatores associados à mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19 / Factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes críticos con COVID-19

Background and objectives: COVID-19 is a life-threatening disease. Recognizing the main characteristics of the disease and its main complications will help future interventions, care, and management of health services since territorial and population diversities directly influence health outcomes. Our main objective is to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and factors associated with mortality of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit of a public and tertiary hospital. Methods: Cohort study, conducted from March 1 to September 30, 2020. Poisson regression was performed to investigate the variables of hospital treatment as potential risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Results: Of the 283 eligible patients in this study, the hospital mortality rate was of 41.7% (n=118). The most common outcomes were acute respiratory distress syndrome, nosocomial infection, and septic shock. Factors independently associated with increased risk of death were age greater than 51 years old (RR=1.7, 95%CI=1.0-2.8), especially over 70 years old (RR=2.9, 95%CI=1.7-2.8), current smoker (RR=1.8, 95%CI=1.1-2.9), requiring the use of inotrope (RR=1.4, 95%CI=1.0-2.0), and presenting potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/l on admission (RR=1.3, 95%CI=1.0-1.7). Conclusion: Mortality was associated with older age, being a current smoker, inotrope use, and presenting potassium greater than 5.0 on hospital admission.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: A COVID-19 é uma doença ameaçadora à vida. Reconhecer as características da doença e suas principais complicações nesta população auxiliará em futuras intervenções, cuidados e gestão dos serviços de saúde, uma vez que a diversidade territorial e populacional influencia diretamente nos resultados de saúde. O objetivo principal do presente estudo é descrever as características clínicas, desfechos e fatores associados à mortalidade de pacientes com COVID-19 internados na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público e terciário. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, realizado de 1º de março a 30 de setembro de 2020. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson para investigar variáveis de apresentação hospitalar como potenciais fatores de risco para mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Resultados: Dos 283 pacientes elegíveis neste estudo, o dado de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 41,7% (n=118). Os desfechos mais comuns foram síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, infecção hospitalar e choque séptico. Os fatores independentemente associados ao aumento do risco de morte foram idade superior a 51 anos (RR=1,7, IC 95%=1,0-2,8), principalmente acima de 70 anos (RR=2,9, IC 95%=1,7-2,8), tabagismo atual (RR=1,8, IC 95%=1,1-2,9), necessidade de inotrópico (RR=1,4, IC 95%=1,0-2,0) e potássio maior que 5,0 mEq/l (RR=1,3, IC 95%=1,0- 1.7) na admissão. Conclusão: A mortalidade esteve associada à idade avançada, tabagismo atual, uso de inotrópicos e potássio maior que 5,0 na admissão hospitalar.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad potencialmente mortal. Reconocer las características de la enfermedad y sus principales complicaciones en esta población ayudará a futuras intervenciones, atención y gestión de los servicios de salud, ya que las diversidades territoriales y poblacionales influyen directamente en los resultados de salud. El objetivo principal de este estudio es describir las características clínicas, los resultados y los factores asociados a la mortalidad de los pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital público y de tercer nivel. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte, realizado del 1 de marzo al 30 de septiembre de 2020. Se realizó regresión de Poisson para investigar variables en la presentación hospitalaria como potenciales factores de riesgo para la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Resultados: De los 283 pacientes elegibles en este estudio, el 41,7% (n=118) tuvo mortalidad hospitalaria. Los desenlaces más comunes fueron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, infección nosocomial y shock séptico. Los factores independientemente asociados a mayor riesgo de muerte fueron edad mayor de 51 años (RR=1,7, IC95%=1,0-2,8), especialmente mayores de 70 años (RR=2,9, IC95%=1,7-2,8), tabaquismo actual (RR=1,8, IC95%=1,1-2,9), necesidad de inotrópico (RR=1,4, IC95%=1,0-2,0) y potasio mayor que 5,0 mEq/l (RR=1,3, IC95%=1,0-1,7). Conclusión: La mortalidad estuvo asociada a la edad avanzada, tabaquismo actual, uso de inotrópico y potasio mayor a 5,0 en la admisión hospitalaria.(AU)

Análise dos óbitos entre pacientes críticos: comparação da mortalidade estimada pelo saps-3 e mortalidade observada / Análisis de las muertes entre pacientes críticos: comparación de la mortalidad estimada por el saps-3 y mortalidad observada / Analysis of deaths among critical patients: comparison of estimated mortality by saps-3 and observed mortality

Objetivo:comparar a mortalidade estimada pelo SAPS-3 com a mortalidade observada entre os pacientes críticos admitidos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e identificar os fatores associados ao óbito. Métodos: estudo longitudinal realizado com dados secundários de 400 pacientes críticos. Realizou-se a comparação damortalidade estimada e observada, e os fatores associados ao óbito. Resultados:houve predomínio de pacientes idosos (média de 65,5 anos)do sexo masculino (50,5%), com internação financiada peloSistema Único de Saúde (78,0%).Os pacientes que apresentaram maior pontuação no escore de gravidade e maior mortalidade estimada foram os que evoluíram a óbito (p<0,001). O óbito esteve associado às internações por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (p<0,001), enquanto a maior parte dos pacientes internados por causas externas receberam alta (p<0,001). Conclusão:os pacientes com maior gravidade pelo SAPS-3 foram os que evoluíram a óbito, predominando o desfecho negativo entre os internados por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias.

Objective:to compare the mortality estimated by the SAPS-3 with the observed mortality among critically ill patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit and to identify the factors associated with death. Methods:longitudinal study carried out with secondary data from 400 critically ill patients. Estimated and observed mortality and the factors associated with death were compared. Results:there was a predominance of elderly patients (mean age 65.5 years) male (50.5%), with hospitalization financed by the Unified Health System (78.0%). The patients with the highest severity score and the highest estimated mortality were those who died (p<0.001). Death was associated with hospitalizations for infectious and parasitic diseases (p<0.001), while most patients hospitalizedfor external causes were discharged (p<0.001). Conclusion:the patients with the highest severity by SAPS-3 were those who died, with a predominant negative outcome among those hospitalized for infectious and parasitic diseases

Objetivo:comparar la mortalidad estimada por el SAPS-3 con la mortalidad observada en pacientes críticos ingresados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e identificar los factores asociados a la muerte. Métodos:estudio longitudinal realizado con datos secundarios de 400 pacientes críticos. Se comparó la mortalidad estimada y observada y los factores asociados a la muerte. Resultados:hubo predominio de pacientes adultos mayores (edad media 65,5 años) del sexo masculino (50,5%), con hospitalización financiada porel Sistema Único de Salud (78,0%). Los pacientes con mayor puntuación de gravedad y mayor mortalidad estimada fueron los que fallecieron (p<0,001). La muerte se asoció con las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (p<0,001), mientras que la mayoría de los pacientes hospitalizados por causas externas fueron dados de alta (p<0,001). Conclusión:los pacientes con mayor gravedad por SAPS-3 fueron los que fallecieron, con desenlace negativo predominante entre los hospitalizados por enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias.

Aplicación del índice de mortalidad pediátrica 3 y evaluación de falla orgánica secuencial pediátrica en una unidad de cuidados intensivos en México / Implementation of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 and the pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment in an intensive care unit in Mexico

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el índice de mortalidad pediátrica 3 (PIM 3) y la evaluación de falla orgánica secuencial pediátrica (pSOFA) para predicción de muerte. Métodos. Estudio observacional prospectivo; se incluyeron pacientes de 1 mes a 17,9 años. La precisión se evaluó con el área bajo la curva (AUC) y se estimó la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada. Resultados. Se estudiaron 244 ingresos; la mediana de edad fue 60 meses. Los diagnósticos principales fueron neoplasias sólidas o hematológicas (26,5 %). La mortalidad por ingresos fue del 18 % (44/244). Para PIM 3 el AUC fue de 0,77 y para pSOFA, de 0,81; ambas escalas mostraron adecuada calibración (p > 0,05). La tasa de mortalidad estandarizada fue de 1,91. Conclusiones. Identificamos que las escalas de evaluación de mortalidad PIM 3 y pSOFA muestran capacidad de discriminación aceptable. En pacientes con neoplasias sólidas o hematológicas, PIM 3 no mostró adecuada calibración.

Introduction. The study objective was to analyze the Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM 3) and the pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) for the prediction of mortality. Methods. Observational, prospective study; patients aged 1 month to 17.9 years were included. Assessment of area under the curve (AUC) accuracy and estimation of standardized mortality rate. Results. A total of 244 admissions were studied: median age was 60 months. The main diagnoses were solid or hematologic neoplasms (26.5%). The mortality by admission was 18% (44/244). The AUC was 0.77 for PIM 3 and 0.81 for pSOFA; both scales showed an adequate calibration (p > 0.05). The standardized mortality rate was 1.91. Conclusions. We identified that the PIM 3 and pSOFA have an acceptable discrimination power. The calibration of the PIM 3 was not adequate in patients with solid or hematologic neoplasms.

Profile of patients hospitalized by COVID-19: the importance of hospital epidemiological surveillance / Perfil dos pacientes internados por COVID-19: a importância da vigilância epidemiológica hospitalar / Perfil de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19: la importancia de la vigilancia epidemiológica hospitalaria

Rationale: Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-Cov-2, also called COVID-19, has spread rapidly across countries, making it one of the biggest health challenges of this century. In Brazil, it was declared a public health emergency in March 2020. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of patients hospitalized by COVID-19 in an emergency hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the factors associated with in-hospital death. Methods: Retrospective observational study, which included patients hospitalized between March and December 2020 with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. The epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects were extracted from the epidemiological investigation files and the hospital chart. Results: 582 suspected cases of COVID-19 were hospitalized and 317 were confirmed, of which 182 (57.5%) were male, and most were residents in the north of Rio de Janeiro (42.5%). Main tomographic or radiological findings: ground glass (34.7%) and pulmonary infiltrate (15.4%), and more than half of those hospitalized (64.0%) had at least one comorbidity. Among hospitalized patients, the overall lethality was 53.6%, and among those admitted to the ICU, this percentage was 84.5%. Age and use of ventilatory support and ICU were the variables that showed a statistically significant association with in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: This study reinforces the importance of epidemiological surveillance, in a hospital setting, especially for diseases in which the passive surveillance system may not be able to adequately report, as in the case of COVID-19.(AU)

Justificativa: Desde dezembro de 2019, o novo coronavírus SARS-Cov-2, também chamado COVID-19, tem se espalhado rapidamente pelos países, tornando-se um dos maiores desafios sanitários deste século. No Brasil, ele foi declarado como una emergência de saúde pública em março de 2020. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil dos pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 em um hospital de emergência no município de Rio de Janeiro, bem como os fatores associados ao óbito hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo, que incluiu pacientes internados entre março e dezembro de 2020 com um diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. Os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, e laboratoriais foram extraídos das fichas de investigação epidemiológica e do prontuário hospitalar. Resultados: Foram internados 582 casos suspeitos de COVID-19 e 317 foram confirmados, dos quais 182 (57,5%) eram do sexo masculino, e a maioria era residente na zona norte do Rio de Janeiro (42,5%). Principais achados 'tomográficos ou radiológicos': vidro fosco (34,7%) e infiltrado pulmonar (15,4%), e mais da metade dos hospitalizados (64,0%) apresentava pelo menos uma comorbidade. Entre os pacientes hospitalizados, a letalidade geral foi de 53,6% sendo que entre os internados na UTI esse percentual foi de 84,5%. Idade e uso de suporte ventilatório e UTI foram as variáveis que mostraram associação estatisticamente significante com mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Conclusão: Este estudo reforça a importância da vigilância epidemiológica, em âmbito hospitalar, principalmente para as doenças em que o sistema de vigilância passivo pode não ser capaz de reportar adequadamente, como no caso da COVID-19.(AU)

Justificación: Desde diciembre de 2019, el coronavirus SARS-Cov-2, también llamado COVID-19, se ha extendido rápidamente por los países, convirtiéndose en uno de los mayores retos sanitarios de este siglo. En Brasil, se declaró una emergencia de salud pública en febrero de 2020. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el perfil de los casos hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un hospital de urgencias de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, así como los factores asociados a la muerte hospitalaria. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, que incluyó pacientes hospitalizados entre marzo y diciembre de 2020 con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. Los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de laboratorio fueron extraídos del formulario de investigación epidemiológica y de los registros hospitalarios. Resultados: Se hospitalizaron 582 casos sospechosos de COVID-19 y se confirmaron 317, de los cuales 203 (57,5%) eran hombres, la mayoría residentes en el norte de Río de Janeiro (42,5%). Los principales hallazgos tomográficos o radiológicos: vidrio deslustrado (34,7%) e infiltrado pulmonar (15,4%) y más de la mitad de los hospitalizados (64%) tenían al menos 1 comorbilidad. La letalidad global entre los hospitalizados fue del 53,6% y entre los ingresados en la UCI, este porcentaje fue del 84,5%. Las variables que mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria fueron la edad, el uso de soporte ventilatorio y el uso de la UCI. Conclusiones: El estudio refuerza la importancia de la vigilancia epidemiológica en el ámbito hospitalario, especialmente para aquellas enfermedades en las que el sistema de vigilancia pasiva puede no informar adecuadamente, como es el caso de la COVID-19.(AU)

Predicción de mortalidad en pacientes oncológicos en terapia intensiva. Un estudio de centro único / Mortality prediction in cancer patients in intensive care. A single center study

In troducción:La mortalidad de los pacientes con cáncer,ingresados en unaunidad de terapia intensiva puede ser estimada usando las escalas de sepsis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una prueba diagnóstica entre las principales escalas en un grupo de pacientes oncológicos de un centro de referencia de Guayaquil-Ecuador.Met odología: Se realizó un estudio transversal, en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Instituto Oncológico Nacional "Dr Juan Tanca Marengo" de SOLCA-Guayaquil, en el período octubre 2019a noviembre del 2020. La muestrafue probabilística, de pacientes con diagnóstico oncológicos clínicos ingresado en UCI. Se registró edad, tipo de cáncer, antecedentes familiares, mortalidad y las escalas SOFA y APACHE II. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva, se realiza una prueba diagnóstica y un análisis de supervivencia.R esultados: Se analizan 99 casos, de 57 ± 16 añosde edad, 37 hombres (37.4%). Con Hipertensión arte-rial (39.4%) y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (17.1%). 12.1 %casos de linfoma no Hodgkiny cáncer intestinal 11.1%; 17 fallecimientos (17.2%). La puntuación global SOFA fue de 6.8 ± 3.0. La puntuación global APACHE II de 18.6 ± 7.0. El riesgo de mortalidad fue estadísticamente significativo a partir del 5to día. La puntuación SOFA >6 tuvo una sensibilidad del 88.24 %, valor predictivo (VP) positivo fue muy bajo, así como la especificidad; el VP negativo fue de 97%. La escala APACHE II, tuvo una sensibilidad del 94.12 %, con una especificidad de 96.34 %; VP positivo, comparada a la escala SOFA fue el doble.Co nclusión: La escala APACHE II en pacientes oncológicos clínicos ingresados en UCI predice de la ma-nera más exacta la mortalidad cuando la puntuación es mayor a 18

Caracterización y supervivencia de pacientes con linfoma de Hodgkin. Un reporte de 7años de un centro único / Characterization and survival of patients with Hodg-kin lymphoma. A 7-Year single-center study

Introducción: El Linfoma de Hodgkin (LH), es una neoplasia hematológica poco frecuente, donde las células neoplásicas forman una minoría del tumor y están rodeados por un medio inflamatorio reactivo que incluye linfocitos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos, histiocitos y células plasmáticas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir una población con esta patología y su supervivencia en 7 años de seguimiento. Metodología Este estudio longitudinal, se realizó en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, de Quito, Ecuador, del período 2013-2019, con una muestra no probabilística, de pacientes con LH. Se registraron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio, clasificación Ann Arbor, clasificación histológica, tratamiento y respuesta, mortalidad y tiempo de supervivencia. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva; bivariado y un análisis de supervivencia. Resultados: Se analizan 73 casos, 43 hombres (58.9 %). El grupo de 61 a 70 años fue el más prevalente con 19 casos (26%). 1 caso (4.1 %) con VIH, 7 casos (9.6%) con inmunosupresores. Síntomas B en 49 casos (67.1%). Adenomegalias en 15 casos (20.5 %). Masa Bulky 5 casos (6.8 %). Fallecieron 22 casos (30.1 %). Supervivencia de 52.8 meses, el 83.6% de recibieron Adriamicina, Bleomicina, Vincristina y Dacarbazina como 1ra línea de tratamiento, con remisión completa en el 61.7%. El estadio IV de Ann Arbor con Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.47,(IC95%: 1.20 ­6.11, P= 0.04), depleción linfocitaria HR: 4.98 (IC95%: 1.31 ­9.47, P= 0.04).Hemoglobina < 10.5 g/dL HR: 2.40,(IC95%: 1.47­5.94, P= 0.03), Albúmina < 4 g/dL HR: 4.02, IC95%: 1.94­7.26, P= 0.01) y linfocitos < 600 células/µL HR: 4.57, (IC95%: 1.85 ­11.28, P= 0.001)Conclusión: La prevalencia de LH fue ligeramente mayor en hombres, con una relación de 1.1: 1. LA incidencia fue bimodal, entre 31-40 años y entre 61-70 años, con síntomas B y adenomegalias. Los estadios II y III (Ann Arbor) fueron los más frecuentes. La Hemoglobina y albúmina fue menor en los fallecidos. El tratamiento de primera línea tuvo remisión completa en el 61.7% de los casos. La ausencia de síntomas B, se relacionó con una mayor supervivencia; los estadios avanzados se relacionaron con peor supervivencia; la supervivencia fue mayor en pacientes que obtuvieron remisión completa con la primera línea de tratamiento; la supervivencia general fue menor a la encontrada en países desarrollados

In troduction: Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) is a rare hematological neoplasm where neoplastic cells form a minority of the tumor and are surrounded by a reactive inflammatory medium that includes lympho-cytes eosinophils, neutrophils, histiocytes, and plasma cells. The objective of the present study was to describe a population with this pathology and its survival in 7 years of follow-up.Met hodology: This longitudinal study was carried out at the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital, in Quito, Ec-uador, from 2013-2019, with a non-probabilistic sample of patients with HL. Demographic, clinical, labor-atory variables, Ann Arbor classification, histological classification, treatment and response, mortality, and survival time were recorded. Descriptive statistics are used; bivariate and survival analysis.R esults: 73 cases were analyzed, 43 men (58.9%). The group of 61 to 70 years was the most prevalent, with 19 cases (26%). 1 case (4.1%) with AIDS and 7 cases (9.6%) with immunosuppressants. B symp-toms in 49 cases (67.1%). Enlarged lymph nodes in 15 cases (20.5%). Bulky mass 5 cases (6.8%). 22 cases died (30.1%). Survival of 52.8 months, 83.6% received Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vincristine, and Dacarbazine as1st line of treatment, with complete remission in 61.7%. Ann Arbor stage IV with Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.47, (95% CI: 1.20 ­6.11, P= 0.04), lymphocyte depletion HR: 4.98 (95% CI: 1.31 ­9.47, P= 0.04). Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL HR: 2.40, (95% CI: 1.47 ­5.94, P= 0.03), Albumin < 4 g/dL HR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.94 ­7.26, P= 0.01) and lymphocytes < 600 cells/ µL HR: 4.57, (95% CI: 1.85 ­11.28, P= 0.001).C o nclusion: The prevalence of HL was slightly higher in men, with a ratio of 1.1: 1. The incidence was bimodal, between 31-40 years and between 61-70 years, with B symptoms and enlarged lymph nodes. Stages II and III (Ann Arbor) were the most frequent. Hemoglobin and albumin were lower in the de-ceased. First-line treatment had complete remission in 61.7% of cases. The absence of B symptoms was related to more remarkable survival; advanced stages were related to worse survival; survival was higher in patients who achieved complete remission with the first line of treatment; overall survival was lower than that found indeveloped countries

The Medical Burden of Heart Failure: A Comparative Delineation with Cancer in Brazil

Abstract Background: Due to its poor prognosis and mortality rates, heart failure (HF) has been recognized as a malignant condition, comparable to some cancers in developed countries. Objectives: To compare mortality from HF and prevalent cancers using data from a nationwide database in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study using secondary data obtained from Brazilian administrative databases of death records and hospitalization claims maintained by the Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed according to main diagnosis, year of occurrence (2005-2015), sex and age group. Descriptive analyses of absolute number of events, hospitalization rate, mortality rate, and in-hospital mortality rate were performed. Results: The selected cancers accounted for higher mortality, lower hospitalization and higher in-hospital mortality rates than HF. In a group analysis, HF showed mortality rates of 100-150 per 100,000 inhabitants over the period, lower than the selected cancers. However, HF had a higher mortality rate than each type of cancer, even when compared to the most prevalent and deadly ones. Regarding hospitalization rates, HF was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization when compared to cancer-related conditions as a group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that HF has an important impact on mortality, hospitalization and in-hospital mortality, comparable to or even worse than some types of cancer, representing a potential burden to the healthcare system.

Análisis de causas de muerte intrahospitalarias mal definidas e imprecisas / Analysis of ill-defined and imprecise in-hospital causes of death

Introducción: la información sobre las causas de muerte es de gran importancia tanto para los países como para las instituciones sanitarias, en la medida en que contribuye a la evaluación y el seguimiento del estado de salud de la población y a la planificación de intervenciones sanitarias. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la proporción de causas de muerte mal definidas e imprecisas y su relación con el día de la semana y período lectivo de médicos residentes en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA) durante 2020. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal a partir de certificados médicos de defunción de pacientes fallecidos en el ámbito intrahospitalario, evaluando las causas de muerte mal definidas (términos médicos que no aportan información desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico) y las imprecisas (no resultan lo suficientemente específicas como para identificar entidades nosológicas que permitan establecer acciones de prevención y control). Resultados: se analizaron 1030 certificados de defunción, con una proporción de certificados con causa básica de muerte mal definida del 2,3% (n = 24), mientras que en el 17,4% (n = 180) fue imprecisa. No se hallaron diferencias entre la proporción de causas básicas mal definidas y las imprecisas según el día de la semana o período lectivo. Al extender el análisis a todas las causas (básicas, mediatas e inmediatas), la proporción de causas mal definidas fue del 1,6% (n = 40) y la de imprecisas del 51% (n = 1212). Conclusiones: los resultados definen al HIBA como un centro de mediana calidad estadística en el registro de causas de muerte. Se concluye que es necesario mejorarla, para lo que resulta de interés la creación de un plan de capacitación y entrenamiento de los médicos en el grado y el posgrado. (AU)

Introduction: information on causes of death is of great importance both for countries and for health institutions, as it contributes to the evaluation and monitoring of the health status of the population and to the planning of health interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of ill-defined and imprecise causes of death and its relationship with the day of the week and academic calendar during 2020 at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out from data recorded in the death certificates of patients who died in the intrahospital setting, evaluating ill-defined causes of death (medical terms that do not provide clinical or epidemiological information) and imprecise ones (not specific enough to identify nosological entities susceptible to prevention or control). Results: 1030 death certificates were analyzed. The proportion of certificates with ill-defined underlying causes of death was 2.3% (n=24), while 17.4% (n=180) was imprecise. No significant differences were found between the ill-defined and imprecise underlying causes of death and the day of the week and academic calendar. When extending the analysis to all causes (underlying, intermediate, and immediate) the percentage of ill-defined causes was 1.6% (n=40) and 51% (n=1212) was imprecise. Conclusions: results define our hospital as of medium statistical quality on medical death certification. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the quality of the registry, for which the creation of a training plan for undergraduate and graduate physicians is of interest. (AU)

Índice leucoglucémico en pacientes con infarto miocárdico con elevación del ST / Leuko-glycemic index in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction

Introducción: la mortalidad asociada a infarto del miocardio (IM) no solo se debe a complicaciones cardiovasculares, sino también a complicaciones intrahospitalarias no cardiovasculares (CIHNC). El índice leuco-glucémico (ILG) se ha utilizado como un marcador pronóstico para el desarrollo de complicaciones cardiovasculares en el IM. Centramos este estudio en identificar el punto de corte de ILG para el desarrollo de CIHNC en pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). Material y métodos: en este diseño de un solo centro y transversal, incluimos pacientes con IAMCEST. El análisis bioquímico incluyó glucosa y leucocitos; se calculó ILG. Se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados, curva ROC y análisis multivariado para el desarrollo de IAMCEST. Resultados: incluimos 1294 pacientes, 79.8% hombres y 20.2% mujeres. Las principales comorbilidades fueron: hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes mellitus y dislipidemia. Seiscientos cuarenta y cuatro pacientes (49.8%) presentaron CIHNC. El ILG > 1200 con área bajo la curva (AUC) 0.817 predice el desarrollo de CIHNC en pacientes con IAMCEST. Las variables que aumentaron el desarrollo de CIHNC fueron: ILG > 1200, creatinina > 0.91 mg/dL, diabetes mellitus y edad > 65 años. La neumonía intrahospitalaria y las complicaciones cardiovasculares aumentaron el riesgo de muerte entre los pacientes con IAMCEST. Conclusión: un LGI > 1200 aumentó más de nueve veces el riesgo de desarrollo de CIHNC en pacientes con IAMCEST.

Background: The myocardial infarction-associated (MI) mortality is not only due cardiovascular complications, but intrahospital non-cardiovascular complications (IHnCVCs). The leuko-glycemic index (LGI) has been used as a prognostic marker for the development of cardiovascular complications in MI. We focused this study on identifying the cut-off point of LGI for the IHnCVCs development in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Material and methods: In this single-center and cross-sectional design, we included patients with STEMI. The biochemical analysis included glucose and leucocytes; with them we calculated the LGI. Receiver operating characteristic curve, univariate and bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis for IHnCVCs development were performed. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We included 1294 patients, 79.8% were men and 20.2% women. The main comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Six hundred forty-four (49.8%) patients presented IHNCVCs. The LGI > 1200 (AUC 0.817) predict the IHNCVCs development in STEMI patients. The variables that increased the IHNCVCs development were LGI > 1200, creatinine > 0.91 mg/dL, diabetes mellitus and age > 65 years. Hospital acquired pneumonia and cardiovascular complications increase the risk of death among STEMI patients. Conclusion: A LGI > 1200 increased, just over nine times, the risk of IHnCVC development in STEMI patients.

Mortalidade infantil em menores de cinco anos em um hospital público de Campo Grande/MS: uma descrição temporal / Mortalidad infantil en menores de cinco años en un hospital público de Campo Grande / MS: descripción temporal / Infant mortality in children under five years old in a public hospital in Campo Grande/MS: a temporal description

Objetivos: identificar a causa de morte infantil hospitalar, correlacionando-a com as causas evitaveís de mortalidade e associando-a com a prevalência do município. Métodos: a pesquisa foi realizada utilizando como base de informações as certidões de óbitos e prontuários arquivados no Hospital Regional do Mato Grosso do Sul, dos quais foram selecionados os óbitos do período de 2012 a 2017 de crianças menores de 5 anos e foram analisados as variáveis sociodemográficas e causas das mortes. Resultados: ocorreram 364 mortes infantis no período, sendo que 75% dos óbitos registrados são classificados como causas evitáveis de óbitos infantis. Conclusão: são necessárias ações para a qualificação de recursos humanos e estruturas de saúde no âmbito hospitalar com enfoque nas causas evitáveis, sendo mandatório a atualização dos indicadores de mortalidade infantil, visto que representam a efetividade dos serviços de saúde e fazem parte da vigilância epidemiologia no âmbito da saúde coletiva.(AU)

Objectives: to identify the cause of infant death in hospital, correlating it with preventable causes of mortality and associating it with the prevalence in the municipality. Methods: the research was conducted using death certificates and medical records filed at the Regional Hospital of Mato Grosso do Sul as a basis of information, from which deaths from 2012 to 2017 of children under 5 years were selected and the variables were analyzed sociodemographic factors and causes of death. Results: there were 364 infant deaths in the period, and 75% of registered deaths are classified as preventable causes of infant deaths. Conclusion: actions are needed for the qualification of human resources and health structures in the hospital environment with a focus on preventable causes, and it is mandatory to update the infant mortality indicators, as they represent the effectiveness of health services and are part of the epidemiology surveillance in the scope of collective health.(AU)

Objetivos: identificar la causa de muerte infantil en el hospital, correlacionarla con las causas prevenibles de mortalidad y asociarla con la prevalencia en el municipio. Métodos: la investigación se realizó utilizando como base de información los certificados de defunción y las historias clínicas archivadas en el Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul, a partir de la cual se seleccionaron las defunciones de 2012 a 2017 de niños menores de 5 años y se analizaron las variables factores sociodemográficos y causas de muerte. Resultados: hubo 364 defunciones infantiles en el período y el 75% de las defunciones registradas se clasifican como causas evitables de defunción infantil. Conclusión: se requieren acciones para la calificación de los recursos humanos y las estructuras de salud en el ámbito hospitalario con foco en las causas prevenibles, y es obligatorio actualizar los indicadores de mortalidad infantil, ya que representan la efectividad de los servicios de salud y son parte de la epidemiología vigilancia en el ámbito de la salud colectiva(AU)

Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background The wide range of clinical presentations of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) makes it indispensible to use tools for risk stratification and for appropriate risks management; thus, the use of prognosis scores is recommended in the immediat clinical decision-making. Objective To validate the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score as a predictor of in-hospital and 6-month post-discharge mortality in a population diagnosed with ACS. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients diagnosed with ACS between May and December 2018. GRACE scores were calculated, as well as their predictive value for in-hospital and 6-month post-discharge mortality. The validity of the model was assessed by two techniques: discriminative power using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and goodness-of-fit, using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, at the 5% level of significance. Results A total of 160 patients were included, mean age 64 (±10.9) years; of which 60% were men. The risk model showed to have satisfactory ability to predict both in-hospital mortality, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.95; p = 0.014), and 6-month post-discharge mortality, with AUC of 0.78 (95%CI, 0.62-0.94), p = 0.002. The HL test indicated good-fit for both models of the GRACE score. Conclusion In this study, the GRACE risk score for predicting mortality was appropriately validated in patients with ACS, with good discriminative power and goodness-of-fit. The results suggest that the GRACE score is appropriate for clinical use in our setting.

Otimização da Terapia de Reperfusão no Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST por Meio de Telemedicina Baseada no WhatsApp® / Reperfusion Therapy Optimization in Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation using WhatsApp®-Based Telemedicine

Resumo Fundamento Cerca de 40% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnível do segmento ST (IAMCSST) no Brasil não recebem terapia de reperfusão. Objetivo A utilização de uma rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp® poderia aumentar a porcentagem de pacientes que recebem terapia de reperfusão. Métodos Estudo transversal do tipo antes e depois da organização de uma rede de telemedicina para envio e análise do eletrocardiograma através do WhatsApp® dos pacientes suspeitos de IAMCSST oriundos dos 25 municípios integrantes do Departamento Regional de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto (DRS−XIII), para hospital terciário que poderia autorizar a transferência imediata do paciente utilizando o mesmo sistema. O desfechos analisados foram a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfusão e a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Considerou-se valor de p <0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram comparados 82 pacientes antes desta rede (1º de fevereiro de 2016 a 31 de janeiro de 2018) com 196 pacientes depois da implantação da mesma (1º de fevereiro de 2018 a 31 de janeiro de 2020). Após a implantação da rede, houve aumento significativo da proporção de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfusão (60% vs. 92%), risco relativo (RR): 1,594 [intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,331 - 1,909], p <0,0001 e redução da mortalidade intra-hospitalar (13,4% vs. 5,6%), RR: 0,418 [IC 95% 0,189 - 0,927], p = 0,028. Conclusão Rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp® associou-se a aumento da porcentagem de pacientes com IAMCSST que receberam terapia de reperfusão e a redução na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.

Abstract Background About 40% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Brazil do not receive reperfusion therapy. Objective The use of a telemedicine network based on WhatsApp® could increase the percentage of patients receiving reperfusion therapy. Methods A cross-sectional study analyzed outcomes before and after the organization of a telemedicine network to send the electrocardiogram via WhatsApp® of patients suspected of STEMI from 25 municipalities that are members of the Regional Health Department of Ribeirão Preto (DRS−XIII) to a tertiary hospital, which could authorize immediate patient transfer using the same system. The analyzed outcomes included the percentage of patients who received reperfusion therapy and the in-hospital mortality rate. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study compared 82 patients before (February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2018) with 196 patients after this network implementation (February 1, 2018 to January 31, 2020). After implementing this network, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients who received reperfusion therapy (60% vs. 92%), relative risk (RR): 1.594 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.331 - 1.909], p < 0.0001 and decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate (13.4% vs. 5.6%), RR: 0.418 [95%CI 0.189 - 0.927], p = 0.028. Conclusion The use of WhatsApp®-based telemedicine has led to an increase in the percentage of patients with STEMI who received reperfusion therapy and a decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate.

Temporal trend analysis of hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths due to female breast cancer in the state of Alagoas from 2009 to 2019: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a common neoplasm in women worldwide. Its varying patterns of incidence and clinical prognosis in Brazil make it an important and complex public health problem that needs to be solved. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the temporal dynamics of hospital admissions and deaths due to female breast cancer in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, from 2009 to 2019. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study including secondary data from hospital admissions and deaths due to female breast cancer in Alagoas. METHODS: A joinpoint regression model was constructed for temporal analysis of hospital admissions and deaths due to female breast cancer in Alagoas, over this period. The hospital information system of the Department of Informatics of the National Health System was used. RESULTS: There were 5,801 hospitalizations and 633 hospital deaths due to neoplasm in Alagoas over the period. The age group from 50 to 59 years old stood out, corresponding to 28.1% of hospitalizations and 31.1% of registered deaths. An increasing trend in the rate of hospital admissions was observed (average annual percentage change, AAPC = 14.0; P-value < 0.001), from 14.9/100,000 inhabitants in 2009 to 53.6 in 2019. There was a growth trend in the in-hospital mortality rate (AAPC = 19.8; P-value < 0.001), from 6.3% in 2009 to 11.0% in 2019. CONCLUSION: The results indicated an increasing trend of hospital admissions and mortality rates in the state of Alagoas, with a higher percentage of hospitalizations and deaths in the 50-59 age group.

Predictors of mortality in patients less than 50 years old with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter experience in Istanbul

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to identify predictors of mortality in young adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and to assess the link between blood type and mortality in those patients. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study, which was conducted in seven training and research hospitals in Istanbul, involved young adults who aged ≥18 and <50 years and hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019. RESULTS: Among 1,120 patients, confusion at admission (p<0.001) and oxygen saturation (p<0.001) were significantly predictive factors of mortality. Blood type O was significantly associated with mortality compared to those discharged from the hospital (p<0.001). Among co-morbidities, the most reliable predictive factors were cerebral vascular disease (p<0.001) and chronic renal failure (p=0.010). Among laboratory parameters, high C-reactive protein (p<0.001) and low albumin (p<0.001) levels were predictors of mortality in young adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019. CONCLUSIONS: SpO2 at admission was the best predictor of mortality in young adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The mortality rate was increased by cerebral vascular disease and chronic renal failure. Also, high C-reactive protein and low albumin levels were predictive factors of mortality. Moreover, blood type O was associated with a higher mortality rate than the other types.