Dolor lumbar crónico y la conducta sedentaria en estudiantes universitarios de medicina / Chronic Low Back Pain and Sedentary Behavior in Medical College Students / Dor lombar crônica e comportamento sedentário em estudantes universitários de medicina

Introducción: el dolor lumbar (dl) es una condición frecuente en los estudiantes de medicina y a partir de ahí se identifican diversos factores de riesgo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre la presencia de dlen los últimos 12 meses y la conducta sedentaria en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico, prospectivo observacional, en el que participaron 167 encuestados. La conducta sedentaria se evaluó junto con la actividad física, a través del Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física; mientras que el dlse midió con el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka de Trastornos Musculoesqueléticos. Además, se valoraron variables demográficas y académicas como sexo, edad y ciclo universitario de los participantes. Resultados: se encontró una frecuencia de dldel 67.7 % y una media de conducta sedentaria de 9.5 horas (dt = 3.04). En el análisis mul-tivariado se halló que para cada hora sentado se aumenta significativamente la probabilidad de padecer dl (or = 1.17; p = 0.013). Los estudiantes que permanecen de 10 a más horas sentados/recostados presentan un aumento de riesgo de padecer dl(ora = 4.13; p = 0.001) frente a los que permanecen menos de 10 horas en estas posiciones. Conclusión: por cada hora en posición sedente/recostado, aumenta en 15 % el odds ratio de sufrir dlen los estudiantes, así como que acumular de 10 a más horas al día en posición sedente/recostado aumenta significativamente el padecer dl en los últimos 12 meses.

Introduction: Low back pain is a common condition among medical students, with various risk factors identified. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between the presence of low back pain in the last 12 months (lbp) and sedentary behavior in medical students at a private university. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical, prospective observational study was conducted with 167 respon-dents (101 women and 66 men). The main measurements in this study included sedentary behavior and low back pain in the last 12 months. Sedentary behavior was assessed along with physical activity through the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (gpaq), while low back pain was measured using the Kuorinka Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. In addition, demographic and academic variables such as gender, age, and academic cycle of the participants were assessed. Results: A frequency of low back pain of 67.7% and an average sedentary behavior of 9.5 hours (sd = 3.04) were found, 70.1% maintain a healthy level of physical activity. Greater sedentary behavior was found to be associated with a greater presence of lbp. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that for each hour seated, the likelihood of suffering lbpsignificantly increased (or = 1.17; p = 0.013). Students who remain seated/reclined for 10 or more hours have an increased risk of suffering low back pain (aor = 4.13; p = 0.001) compared to those who spend less than 10 hours in these positions. Conclusion: It is observed that for each hour in a seated/reclined position, the odds ratio of suffering low back pain in students increases by 15%, and accumulating 10 or more hours a day in a seated/reclined position significantly increases the suffering of low back pain in the last 12 months.

Introdução: a dor lombar é uma condição comum entre os estudantes de medicina, com diversos fatores de risco identificados. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a presença de dor lombar nos últimos 12 meses (dl) e o comportamento sedentário em estudantes de medicina de uma universidade privada. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico, observacional prospectivo com 167 respondentes (101 mulheres e 66 homens). As principais medidas neste estudo incluíram o comportamento sedentário e a dor lombar nos últimos 12 meses. O comportamento sedentário foi ava-liado juntamente com a atividade física através do Questionário Mundial sobre Atividade Física (gpaq), enquanto a dor lombar foi medida usando o questionário nórdico de Kuorinka de transtornos muscu-loesqueléticos. Além disso, foram avaliadas variáveis demográficas e acadêmicas como o sexo, a idade e o ciclo acadêmico dos participantes. Resultados: foi encontrada uma frequência de dor lombar de 67,7% e uma média de comportamento sedentário de 9,5 horas (dp = 3,04), 70,1% mantêm um nível saudável de atividade física. Um maior comportamento sedentário foi encontrado associado a uma maior presença de dl. Na análise multivariada, verificou-se que para cada hora sentada, a probabilidade de sofrer dlaumenta significativamente (or = 1,17; p = 0,013). Estudantes que permanecem sentados/reclinados por 10 ou mais horas têm um risco aumentado de sofrer dor lombar (ora = 4,13; p = 0,001) em comparação com aqueles que passam menos de 10 horas nessas posições. Conclusão: observa-se que para cada hora em posição sentada/reclinada, a razão de chances de sofrer dor lombar nos estudantes aumenta em 15%, e acumular 10 ou mais horas por dia em posição sentada/reclinada aumenta significativamente o sofri-mento de dor lombar nos últimos 12 meses.

Hernia extraforaminal en el espacio L5-S1 tratada por abordaje transfacetario endoscópico. Presentación de un caso y nota técnica / Extraforaminal L5-S1 disc herniation treated by endoscopic transfacet approach. Case report and technical note

Las hernias de disco extraforaminales en el espacio L5-S1 suelen ser difíciles de tratar por su complicado acceso y el riesgo de lesión nerviosa. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con discopatía en L5-S1 izquierda que fue tratado mediante discectomía endoscópica por abordaje símil Wiltse transfacetario. Este tipo de abordaje permite el acceso seguro a las hernias extraforaminales en el espacio L5-S1 evitando la manipulación e irritación de la raíz de L5. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Extraforaminal L5-S1 disc herniations are usually difficult to treat due to their complicated access and risk of nerve injury. We present the case of a patient with left L5-S1 disc disease who was treated by endoscopic discectomy using a transfacet Wiltse-like approach. This method provides safe access to L5-S1 extraforaminal herniations while avoiding manipulation and irritation of the L5 root. Level of Evidence: IV

Rider sitting position widens lumbar intervertebral distance: a prospective observational study

Abstract Background: Reduced lumbar lordosis may make the process of identifying the intervertebral distance easier. The primary aim of this study was to measure the L3-L4 intervertebral space in the same patients undergoing spinal anesthesia in three different sitting positions, including the classic sitting position (CSP), hamstring stretch position (HSP) and rider sitting position (RSP). The secondary aim was to compare ultrasonographic measurements of the depth of the ligamentum flavum and intrathecal space in these three defined positions. Methods: This study is a single-blinded, prospective, randomized study. Ninety patients were included in final analysis. the patients were positioned on the operating table in three different positions to perform ultrasonographic measurements of the spinal canal. The intervertebral distance (IVD), the distance between the skin and the ligamentum flavum (DBSLF) and the intrathecal space (IS) were measured in the L3 -L4 intervertebral space in three different positions. Results: The RSP produced the largest mean distance between the spinous processes. The RSP yielded a significantly larger IVD than did the CSP (p < 0.001) and HSP (p < 0.001). The DBSP was larger in the CSP than in the HSP (p = 0.001). The DBSLF was significantly larger in the RSP than in the HSP (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Positioning the patient in the RSP significantly increased the intervertebral distance between L3 -L4 vertebrae compared to the CSP and HSP, suggesting easier performance of lumbar neuraxial block.

Caracterización de un grupo de pacientes sometidos a herniorrafia lateral con malla retromuscular en un centro de tercer nivel de 2015 a 2019 / Characterization of a group of patients who underwent lateral herniorrhaphy with retromuscular mesh in a third level center from 2015 to 2019

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características de la población y determinar las principales complicaciones de los pacientes que son llevados a cirugía por hernia lateral en el abdomen. Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo, que incluyó a los pacientes sometidos a herniorrafia lateral, entre 2015 y 2019 en un centro de tercer nivel. La información se obtuvo del registro de historias clínicas. Las variables analizadas se clasificaron según las características sociodemográficas de los pacientes, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se hizo una caracterización de acuerdo con los resultados encontrados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 51 pacientes con hernia lateral, 29 de ellos mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 59 años y de índice de masa corporal de 28 kg/m2. El 60 % tenía comorbilidades de base, siendo la hipertensión arterial la más frecuente. La mayoría se clasificaron como ASA II. En cuanto a la localización, la L3 fue la más común (37,2 %). Se presentaron complicaciones postquirúrgicas en el 27,4 % de los pacientes, siendo las más frecuentes seromas, hematomas e infecciones de sitio operatorio. Ningún paciente requirió reintervención para el manejo de las complicaciones. Conclusión. Conocer la población y determinar cuáles son las principales complicaciones postquirúrgicas de un procedimiento permite tomar medidas para disminuir su frecuencia, pero en este caso, se necesitan estudios adicionales para determinar cuáles son los mayores factores asociados a las complicaciones

Introduction. To describe the characteristics of the population and to determine the main complications of patients who undergo surgery for lateral hernia. Methods. We performed a retrospective observational study, including patients who underwent lateral herniorrhaphy between 2015 and 2019 in a third-level medical center, obtaining information through the registration of medical records. The analyzed variables were classified according to the patients' clinical, surgical and sociodemographic characteristics, performing a characterization according to the results found. Results. Fifty-one patients due to lateral hernia were included, 29 of them were women, with a mean age of 59 years and a body mass index of 28 Kg/m2. Of those, 60% presented basic comorbidities, being arterial hypertension the most frequent. Most were classified as ASA II. Regarding the location, the L3 was the most commonly presented hernia, referring to 37.2%. Postoperative complications occurred in 27.4% of the patients, with seromas being the most frequent, followed by hematomas and surgical site infections. No patient required reintervention for the management of complications. Conclusion. By knowing the population and determining which are the main complications, measures can be taken to reduce their incidence. Additional studies are needed to determine which are the main factors associated with complications

Pathogenesis and staging treatment for non-specific low back pain based on the meridian sinew theory / 中国针灸

Based on the physiological and pathological characteristics of meridian sinew theory, the staging treatment of non-specific low back pain (NLBP) is explored to provide the reference of clinical practice. The twelve meridian sinews of the human body communicate with the bones and joints of the whole body, which governs the movement, body protection and defense, and meridian regulation. Physiologically, the meridian sinew maintains the functions of the lumbar region. In pathology, the meridian sinew may encounter stasis and pain, contraction and spasm or "transverse collateral" formation. According to the pathological staging of meridian sinew disorders, the progress of NLBP is divided into 3 phases and the corresponding treatments are provided. Mild stimulation and rapid analgesia is suggested to promote tissue repair at the early phase; muscle spasm is relieved to adjust muscular status at the middle phase; and the "cord-like" muscle foci is removed at the later phase of the disease.

Study on anatomical parameters of adult lumbar intervertebral disc and endplate based on CT / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To provide basic data for clinical application and individualized design of lumbar disc prostheses by measuring the anatomical parameters of lumbar intervertebral discs and endplates in healthy adults with CT three-dimensional reconstruction technology.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 200 males and 200 females with normal lumbar spine who were admitted to the imaging center or outpatient department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from September 2019 to December 2020. The age ranged from 20 to 60 years old, with an average of (40.61±11.22) years old. The measurement segment was L1-S1 intervertebral disc, and the measurement indicators included the axial anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of the intervertebral disc, sagittal anterior, middle and posterior height, coronal left and right height, intervertebral space angle, and transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the upper and lower endplates of each vertebral body.@*RESULTS@#①In terms of gender, the anatomical parameters of L1-S1 disc axial diameter, transverse diameter, sagittal anterior, middle and posterior height, left and right coronal height and intervertebral space angle were all higher in males than in females(P<0.05), and the anatomical parameters of upper and lower endplates of L1-S1 vertebral body were higher in males than in females(P<0.001). ②In comparison of sagittal height of anterior, middle and posterior intervertebral discs, the sagittal height of L1-L5 intervertebral discs was middle-high > anterior-high > posterior-high(P<0.001), while that of L5S1 intervertebral disc was anterior-high > middle-high > posterior-high (P<0.001). ③In the comparison of left and right coronal height, there was no statistical significance in the left and right coronal height of L1-S1 disc between male and female(P>0.05). ④The L1-S1 intervertebral spaces angle between male and female increased with the increase of vertebral body segments. ⑤The anterior and posterior diameters and transverse diameters of upper and lower of L1-S1 vertebral bodies endplates were height in males than in females(P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The results suggest that gender differences should be considered in the design of adult lumbar disc prostheses. The anatomical parameters of the lumbar intervertebral disc varied with the increase of the vertebral body sequence, suggesting that different anatomical parameters of the intervertebral disc should be considered in the design of the artificial intervertebral disc, and the changes in the height of the sagittal position suggest that the design of the intervertebral disc should be wedge-shaped.

Research progress of Wallis dynamic stabilization system for lumbar degenerative diseases / 中国骨伤

Wallis dynamic stabilization system is a surgical approach in the non-fusion technique of lumbar spine, consisting of interspinous blockers and dacron artificial ligaments that provide stability to the spine while maintaining a degree of motion in the affected segment. Recent studies have demonstrated the significant benefits of Wallis dynamic stabilization system in treating lumbar degenerative diseases. It not only improves clinical symptoms, but also effectively delays complications such as adjacent segmental degeneration. This paper aims to review the literature related to the Wallis dynamic stabilization system and degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine to describe the long-term prognostic effect of this system in the treatment of such diseases. This review provides a theoretical basis and reference for selecting surgical methods to treat degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine.

Effectiveness analysis of posterolateral approach lumbar interbody fusion assisted by one-hole split endoscope for L4, 5 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effectiveness of posterolateral approach lumbar interbody fusion assisted by one-hole split endoscope (OSE) and traditional posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in the treatment of L4, 5 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 58 patients with DLS who met the selection criteria admitted between February 2020 and March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, of which 26 were treated with OSE-assisted posterolateral approach lumbar interbody fusion (OSE group) and 32 were treated with PLIF (PLIF group). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender, age, body mass index, Meyerding grade, lower limb symptom side, decompression side, stenosis type, and preoperative low back pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, leg pain VAS score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the height of the anterior and posterior margins of the intervertebral space (P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and complications were compared between the two groups. The low back pain and leg pain VAS scores and ODI before operation, at 1 month, 6 months after operation, and last follow-up, the height of anterior and posterior margins of the intervertebral space before operation, at 6 months after operation, and last follow-up, the modified MacNab criteria at last follow-up after operation were used to evaluate the effectiveness; and the Bridwell method at last follow-up was used to evaluate the interbody fusion.@*RESULTS@#Both groups successfully completed the operation. Compared with the PLIF group, the OSE group showed a decrease in intraoperative blood loss and postoperative hospital stay, but an increase in operation time, with significant differences (P<0.05). In the OSE group, no complication such as nerve root injury and thecal sac tear occurred; in the PLIF group, there were 1 case of thecal sac tear and 1 case of epidural hematoma, which were cured after conservative management. Both groups of patients were followed up 13-20 months with an average of 15.5 months. There was no complication such as loosening, sinking, or displacement of the fusion cage. The low back pain and leg pain VAS scores, ODI, and the height of anterior and posterior margins of the intervertebral space at each time point after operation in both groups were significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05). Except for the VAS score of lower back pain in the OSE group being significantly better than that in the PLIF group at 1 month after operation (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in all indicators between the two groups at all other time points (P>0.05). At last follow-up, both groups achieved bone fusion, and there was no significant difference in Bridwell interbody fusion and modified MacNab standard evaluation between the two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#OSE-assisted posterolateral approach lumbar interbody fusion for L4, 5 DLS, although the operation time is relatively long, but the postoperative hospitalization stay is short, the complications are few, the operation is safe and effective, and the early effectiveness is satisfactory.

Research progress on the influence of Modic changes on lumbar interbody fusion and its treatment measure / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the research progress of Modic changes and its influence on lumbar interbody fusion.@*METHODS@#The domestic and foreign literature related to Modic changes and its influence on lumbar interbody fusion was extensively reviewed. The etiology of Modic changes was summarized, and the treatment measures of Modic changes on lumbar interbody fusion were discussed.@*RESULTS@#The etiology of Modic changes is not clear, which may be related to mechanical factors, autoimmune factors, low toxic infection factors, and genetic factors. Modic changes may lead to fusion failure and cage subsidence after lumbar interbody fusion. Preoperative evaluation of endplate sclerosis, reduction of iatrogenic endplate injury, fine operating of intervertebral space, management of osteoporosis, and selection of appropriate cage can prevent or reduce fusion failure or cage subsidence.@*CONCLUSION@#Modic changes may lead to fusion failure and cage subsidence after lumbar interbody fusion, and active perioperative intervention of Modic changes is helpful to improve the clinical prognosis.

Research status of dural injury types and repair / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the current status of classification and repair methods for dural injury caused by spinal surgery or trauma, providing new strategies and ideas for the clinical repair of dural injury and the development of related materials.@*METHODS@#The literature related to dural injury both at home and abroad in recent years was thoroughly reviewed and analyzed in order to draw meaningful conclusions.@*RESULTS@#There have been numerous retrospective studies on dural injury, but there is a scarcity of prospective and multi-center studies, resulting in a low level of evidence-based research. The incidence and risk factors of dural injury have primarily been studied in relation to common degenerative spinal diseases of the cervical and lumbar spine, with insufficient research on thoracic spine-related diseases. Currently, a universally recognized method for grading and classifying dural injury has not been established, which hampers the development of clinical guidelines for their repair. Furthermore, although there are repair materials and surgical strategies available to address clinical issues such as suture leakage and surgical repair of dural injury in complex locations, there is a lack of comprehensive clinical research and evidence-based data to validate their scientificity and reliability.@*CONCLUSION@#Regardless of the classification of dural injury, suture remains the most important repair method. It is important to further develop new patches or sealants that can meet clinical needs and reduce the difficulty of repair.

Conservative treatment and vitamin d levels in patients with spinal fractures / Tratamento conservador e níveis de vitamina d em pacientes com fraturas toracolombares / Tratamiento conservador y niveles de vitamina d en pacientes con fracturas toracolumbares

ABSTRACT Objectives: Evaluate the evolution of pain, functional capacity, and vitamin D levels in conservatively treated patients with low-energy spinal fractures. Methods: Between January 2017 and March 2021, patients older than 40 years old affected by these fractures were selected and treated conservatively for six months. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores and Cobb angle were evaluated pre- and post-treatment. Serum vitamin D levels were also measured at the first outpatient visit, and it was investigated whether the patient had a previous diagnosis of osteoporosis or previous fractures. Results: A total of 105 patients were analyzed, 70.5% of whom were women, with a mean age of 73.1 years. The average vitamin D level was 25.3 ng/mL, and hypovitaminosis was found in 75% of patients. Eight patients (7.62%) had a previous diagnosis of osteoporosis, and ten (9.52%) reported the occurrence of previous fractures. Regarding the VAS score, there was a mean reduction of 5.5 points of pain; for ODI, there was an average increase of 1 percentage point and an average increase of 4.3º of kyphosis in the fractured segment between pre- and post-treatment. Conclusion: The treatment improved pain, and patients maintained their functional capacity. Low levels of vitamin D were associated with more complex fractures. Level of evidence III; Retrospective Study.

Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar a evolução da dor, capacidade funcional e níveis de vitamina D em pacientes com fraturas toracolombares por trauma de baixa energia tratados conservadoramente. Métodos: No período de janeiro de 2017 a março de 2021, pacientes com mais de 40 anos acometidos por estas fraturas foram selecionados e tratados conservadoramente durante 6 meses. As pontuações da Escala Visual Analógica (VAS), do Índice de Incapacidade de Oswestry (ODI) e o ângulo de Cobb foram avaliados no pré e pós tratamento. Dosagem sérica de vitamina D no primeiro retorno ambulatorial também foi realizada e o paciente foi questionado se tinha diagnóstico prévio de osteoporose ou fraturas prévias. Resultados: Foram avaliados 105 pacientes, sendo 70,5% mulheres, cuja idade média foi de 73,1 anos. O nível sérico médio de vitamina D foi de 25,3 ng/mL, sendo que uma hipovitaminose foi encontrada em 75% dos pacientes. Oito pacientes (7,62%) tinham diagnóstico prévio de osteoporose e dez (9,52%) relataram a ocorrência de fraturas prévias. Em relação à pontuação de VAS, observou-se uma redução média de 5,5 pontos da dor, para ODI houve um aumento médio de 1 ponto percentual e um aumento médio de 4,3º de cifose no segmento fraturado entre o pré e pós tratamento. Conclusão: O tratamento se mostrou eficaz na melhora da dor e os pacientes mantiveram sua capacidade funcional. Baixos níveis de vitamina D estavam associados a fraturas mais complexas. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo.

Resumen: Objetivos: Evaluar la evolución del dolor, capacidad funcional y los niveles de vitamina D en los pacientes con fracturas toracolumbares por trauma de baja energía tratados conservadoramente. Métodos: Entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2021, los pacientes con más de 40 años afectados por estas fracturas fueran seleccionados y tratados de forma conservadora por 6 meses. Las puntuaciones de la escala analógica visual (VAS), el índice de discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI) y el ángulo de Cobb antes y después del tratamiento fueron evaluados. También se realizó la determinación del nivel sérico de vitamina D en la primera consulta y se preguntó al paciente si tenía diagnóstico previo para la osteoporosis o fracturas previas. Resultados: 105 pacientes fueran evaluados, de los cuales 70,5% eran mujeres, con edad promedio de 73,1 años. La media del nivel sérico de vitamina D fue de 25,3 ng/mL y la hipovitaminosis fue encontrada en 75% de los pacientes. Ocho pacientes (7,62%) tenían diagnóstico previo de osteoporosis y diez (9.52%) reportaron la ocurrencia de fracturas previas. Cuanto a la puntuación VAS, hubo una reducción promedio de 5,5 puntos en el dolor, para ODI hubo un aumento promedio de 1 punto porcentual y un aumento promedio de 4,3º de cifosis en el segmento fracturado entre pre y post tratamiento. Conclusión: El tratamiento demostró ser efectivo para mejorar el dolor y los pacientes mantuvieron su capacidad funcional. Los niveles bajos de vitamina D se asociaron con fracturas más complejas. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo.

Morphometric analysis of the surgical corridor in the pre-psoas approach: an mri study in the brazilian population / Análise morfométrica do corredor cirúrgico no acesso pré-psoas: um estudo por ressonância magnética da coluna lombar na população brasileira / Análisis morfométrica del corredor quirúrgico en el acceso prepsoas: un estudio de resonancia magnética de la columna lumbar en la población brasileña

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to perform a morphometric analysis and explore the characteristics of the surgical corridor of the anterior to psoas approach in the Brazilian population through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Two hundred spinal MRI scans of patients aged between 18 and 80 years were evaluated using axial cuts at L2-L5 levels and a sagittal cut, T2 weighted. The relationship between the left psoas muscle and the abdominal aorta or the left common iliac artery was analyzed. The anterior to psoas corridor was defined as the shortest distance between the posterolateral aspect of the aorta or inferior vena cava or the nearest iliac vessel and the anteromedial aspect of the ipsilateral psoas muscle. Results: 104 females and 96 males with a mean age of 49,68±2.04 (range 18-80) years. The mean anterior to psoas distance at the L2-L3 level was 14,17±0.75mm; at the L3-L4 level was 12,08±0.77m,m and at the L4-L5 level was 9,12±0.77mm. The surgical corridors at all levels were larger in the older population. Conclusion: In most Brazilian patients, the anterior to psoas approach can be a good alternative for lumbar intervertebral fusions. As a routine in preoperative examination and surgical planning, lumbar MRI is fundamental in preoperative evaluation for anterior to psoas approach surgery. Level of Evidence IV; Descriptive study.

Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise morfométrica e explorar as características do corredor cirúrgico da via anterior ao psoas na população brasileira, através de exames de ressonância magnética. Métodos: Duzentos exames de ressonância magnética da coluna lombar de pacientes entre 18 e 80 anos foram avaliados, utilizando cortes axiais nos níveis L2-L5 e um corte sagital na ponderação T2. A relação entre o músculo psoas esquerdo e a aorta abdominal ou a artéria ilíaca comum esquerda foi analisada. O corredor anterior ao psoas foi definido como a menor distância entre a face posterolateral da aorta ou veia cava inferior ou o vaso ilíaco mais próximo e a face anteromedial do músculo psoas ipsilateral. Resultados: A população estudada foi de 104 mulheres e 96 homens com idade média de 49,68±2,04 (18-80) anos. A média da distância anterior ao psoas no nível L2-L3 foi de 14,17 ± 0,75mm; no nível L3-L4 foi de 12,08 ± 0,77mm e no nível L4-L5 foi de 9,12 ± 0,77mm. Os corredores cirúrgicos em todos os níveis foram considerados maiores na população idosa. Conclusão: A abordagem anterior ao psoas pode ser uma boa alternativa para a fusão intervertebral lombar na maioria dos pacientes brasileiros. Como rotina no exame pré-operatório e no planejamento cirúrgico, a ressonância magnética lombar tem fundamental importância na avaliação pré-operatória de cirurgias de abordagem anterior ao psoas. Nível de Evidencia IV; Estudo descritivo.

Resumen: Objetivo: El objetivo de estudio es realizar un análisis morfométrico y explorar las características del corredor quirúrgico de la vía anterior al psoas en la población brasileña, a través de resonancias magnéticas (RM). Métodos: Se evaluaron 200 RM de la columna lumbar de pacientes entre 18 y 80 años, utilizando cortes axiales a niveles L2-L5 y un corte sagital, con ponderación T2. Se analizó la relación entre el músculo psoas izquierdo y la aorta abdominal o la arteria ilíaca común izquierda. El corredor anterior al psoas se definió como la distancia más corta entre la cara posterolateral de la aorta o la vena cava inferior o el vaso ilíaco más cercano y la cara anteromedial del músculo psoas ipsilateral. Resultados: La población estudiada estuvo constituida por 104 mujeres y 96 hombres con una edad media de 49,68±2,04 (18-80) años. La distancia media anterior al psoas en nivel L2-L3 fue de 14,17 ± 0,75 mm; en el nivel L3-L4 fue de 12,08 ± 0,77 mm y en el nivel L4-L5 fue de 9,12 ± 0,77 mm. Los corredores quirúrgicos en todos niveles se consideraron más grandes en la población anciana. Conclusión: El abordaje del psoas anterior puede ser una alternativa para la fusión intervertebral lumbar en la mayoría de los pacientes brasileños. Como rutina en examen preoperatorio, la resonancia magnética lumbar es importante en la evaluación preoperatoria de cirugías con abordaje anterior del psoas. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio descriptivo.

Correlation Between Cage Positioning and Lumbar Lordosis in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) / Correlação entre posicionamento do cage e lordose lombar em fusão transforaminal minimamente invasiva (TLIF)

Abstract Objective The present study evaluates radiographic outcomes and the lumbar lordosis achieved with a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) arthrodesis technique according to the positioning of an interbody device (cage) in the disc space. Methods This is a retrospective radiographic analysis of single-level surgical patients with degenerative lumbar disease submitted to a TLIF procedure and posterior pedicle instrumentation. We divided patients into two groups according to cage positioning. For the TLIF-A group, the cages were anterior to the disc space; for the TLIF-P group, cages were posterior to the disc space. Considering the superior vertebral plateau of the lower vertebra included in the instrumentation, cages occupying a surface equal to the anterior 50% of the midline were placed in the TLIF-A group, and those in a posterior position were placed in the TLIF-P group. We assessed pre- and postoperative orthostatic lateral radiographs to obtain the following measures: lumbar lordosis (LL) (angle L1-S1), segmental lordosis (LS) (L4-S1), and segmental lordosis of the cage (SLC). Results The present study included 100 patients from 2011 to 2018; 44 were males, and 46 were females. Their mean age was 50.5 years old (range, 27 to 76 years old). In total, 43 cages were "anterior" (TLIF-A) and 57 were "posterior" (TLIF-P). After surgery, the mean findings for the TLIF-A group were the following: LL, 50.7°, SL 34.9°, and SLC 21.6°; in comparison, the findings for the TLIF-P group were the following: LL, 42.3° (p< 0.01), SL 30.7° (p< 0.05), and SLC 18.8° (p> 0.05). Conclusion Cage positioning anterior to the disc space improved lumbar and segmental lordosis on radiographs compared with a posterior placement.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados radiográficos e comparar a lordose pós-operatória em técnica de artrodese intersomática lombar transforaminal (TLIF, na sigla em inglês), considerando como variável o posicionamento do dispositivo intersomático (cage) em relação ao espaço discal. Métodos Análise retrospectiva radiográfica de pacientes cirúrgicos, em nível único, por doença lombar degenerativa, aplicando-se TLIF e instrumentação pedicular posterior. Os pacientes foram divididos, conforme a posição do cage, em 2 grupos: 1. TLIF-A - cages na posição anterior do espaço discal; e 2. TLIF-P, cages na posição posterior do espaço discal (considerando-se o platô vertebral superior da vértebra inferior incluída na instrumentação, cages que ocuparam a superfície correspondente a 50% anterior da linha média, compuseram o grupo TLIF-A; opostamente, cages em posicionamento posterior compuseram o grupo TLIF-P). Procedeu-se à avaliação dos exames radiográficos ortostáticos em perfil no pré- e pós-operatórios, com a tomada das seguintes medidas: lordose lombar (LL) (ângulo L1-S1); lordose segmentar (LS) (L4-S1) e lordose segmentar do cage (LSC). Resultados Cem pacientes foram incluídos de 2011 a 2018, sendo 44 homens e 46 mulheres, com idade média de 50.5 anos (27-76 anos). Um total de 43 cages foram classificados como "anteriores" (TLIF-A) e 57, "posteriores" (TLIF-P); considerando o grupo TLIF- A, os resultados pós-operatórios médios foram: LL 50.7°, LS 34.9° e LSC 21.6°; para o grupo TLIF-P, comparativamente: LL 42.3° (p< 0,01), LS 30.7° (p< 0,05) e LSC 18.8° (p> 0,05). Conclusão O posicionamento anterior do cage em relação ao espaço discal correlaciona-se a melhora da lordose lombar e segmentar na radiografia em comparação com o posicionamento posterior do implante.

Estudio cuasi experimental: analgesia intratecal Clonidina vs Morfina para manejo del dolor postoperatorio inmediato en cirugías de columna / QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY: CLONIDINE INTRATHECAL ANESTHESIA VS. MORPHINE FOR IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN SPINE SURGERY

Introducción: El manejo inmediato del dolor postoperatorio es esencial para una comodidad y rehabilitación temprana del paciente Este estudio busca evaluar el efecto analgésico postoperatorio inmediato en cirugías de columna lumbosacra por vía posterior, como los efectos adversos con la administración de analgesia intratecal, usando Clonidina contra Morfina. Material y métodos: Es un estudio analítico de intervención, cuasi experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, comparativo, doble ciego. Para comparar la eficacia de la analgesia intratecal post operatoria inmediata en cirugías de columna lumbosacra primarias por vía posterior y los efectos adversos. Los pacientes se distribuyeron en dos grupos previamente designados, a un grupo se le administro Clonidina 0.5 microgramos/kg/peso y a otro grupo Morfina 5 microgramos/Kg/Peso. intratecal, intraoperatorio. Resultados: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa con mejor manejo del dolor postoperatorio en las primeras horas y menor presencia de vómitos en el grupo de pacientes que se utilizó Clonidina intratecal. No existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa de ambas medicaciones intratecales en la valoración de otros efectos adversos. Discusión: El uso de la analgesia intratecal ha ido ganando relevancia en el tiempo y se fueron sumando estudios para ver la eficacia de diferentes medicamentos, diferentes dosis, menor presencia de efectos adversos. El estudio analiza estas variables buscando una mejor opción terapéutica. Tenemos a favor una muestra representativa a pesar de no ser aleatoria, estricto seguimiento, y análisis estadístico adecuado. Conclusión: La Clonidina intratecal es más efectiva para manejo del dolor post operatorio inmediato de cirugías de columna lumbosacra por vía posterior y con menor presencia de efectos adversos

Introduction: Immediate postoperative pain management is essential for the patient's greater comfort and early rehabilitation. Te goal of this study is to evaluate the immediate analgesic postoperative effect in posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, as well as the adverse effects of the administration of intrathecal analgesia, using Clonidine versus Morphine. Material and methods: An analytical, quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal, comparative, double-blinded intervention study was conducted to compare the efficacy of immediate postoperative intrathecal analgesia in primary posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, and the adverse effects. Te patients were divided into two previously designated groups. One group received Clonidine 0.5 microgramos/kg and the other group received Morphine 5 microgramos/kg. Intrathecal, intraoperative. Results: Tere was a statistically significant difference with better postoperative pain management in the first hours and less vomiting in the group of patients who received intrathecal Clonidine. Tere was no statistically significant difference between both intrathecal medications in the evaluation of other adverse effects. Discussion: Te use of intrathecal analgesia, has been on the rise over time and more studies have been conducted to see the efficacy of different drugs, different doses, with fewer adverse effects. Tis study to analyze these variables with a view to finding a better therapeutic option. Te advantage is having a representative if not random sample, strict follow-up, and appropriate statistical analysis Conclusion: Intrathecal Clonidine proved to be more effective in immediate postoperative pain management after posterior lumbosacral spine surgery and with fewer adverse effects

Improvement in Radicular Pain after Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy at Discs with Advanced Degenerative Changes / Melhora da dor radicular após discectomia lombar transforaminal endoscópica em discos com alterações degenerativas avançadas

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the correlation between radiologic changes (Pfirrmann and Modic) and radicular pain intensity in patients who underwent transforaminal endoscopic surgery for lumbar disc herniation. Methods Series of cases with 39 patients, 50 intervertebral discs in preoperative evaluation from January 29, 2018 to August 28, 2019 in an endoscopic spine surgery service. Demographic data, surgical indication, operative details and complications were obtained from medical records. The patients were divided into three groups based on the Modic classification (Modic absence, Modic 1 and Modic 2) and into two groups considering the Pfirrmann classification (Pfirrmann IV and Pfirrmann V). Data were processed in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), with a significance level of p< 0,05. Results There was no difference between genders; age: 50,36 ± 15,05 years old; disease level: L2-L3 1 (2%), L3-L4 2 (4%), L4-L5 9 (18%), L5-S1 8 (16%), L3-L4 + L4-L5 4 (8%), and L4-L5 + L5-S1 26 (52%); location: right foraminal 7 (14%), left foraminal 15 (30%), central 9 (18%) and diffuse 19 (38%); radicular pain: left 25 (50%), right 11 (22%), and bilateral 14 (28%); preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS): 9,5 ± 0,91, postoperative: 2,5 ± 1,79; surgery duration: 100 ± 31,36 minutes; and follow-up: 8,4 ± 6,7 months. Less postoperative sciatica was registered in the Modic 2 versus Modic 1 group (p< 0,05). There was no difference in the postoperative radicular pain between the Pfirrmann groups (IV versus V). Conclusion Although there is no clinical difference between the groups, in advanced stages of disc degeneration, endoscopic transforaminal discectomy proved to be effective in diminishing radicular pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a correlação entre as alterações radiológicas (Pfirrmann e Modic) e a intensidade da dor radicular em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia endoscópica transforaminal para hérnia de disco lombar. Métodos Uma sequência de casos com 39 pacientes, 50 discos intervertebrais em avaliação pré-operatória, no período de 29 de janeiro de 2018 a 28 de agosto de 2019, no serviço de cirurgia endoscópica da coluna vertebral. Os dados demográficos, indicação cirúrgica, detalhes operatórios e complicações foram todos obtidos junto aos prontuários clínicos. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos, com base na classificação Modic (ausência de Modic, Modic 1 e Modic 2) e em dois grupos, considerando a classificação de Pfirrmann (Pfirrmann IV e Pfirrmann V). Os dados foram processados no software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, versão 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA), com nível de significância de p <0,05. Resultados Não houve diferença entre os gêneros; idade: 50,36 ± 15,05 anos; nível da doença: L2-L3 1 (2%), L3-L4 2 (4%), L4-L5 9 (18%), L5-S1 8 (16%), L3-L4 + L4-L5 4 (8%), e L4-L5 + L5-S1 26 (52%); localização: foraminal direito em 7 pacientes (14%), foraminal esquerdo em 15 pacientes (30%), central em 9 pacientes (18%), e difuso em 19 pacientes (38%); dor radicular: esquerda em 25 pacientes (50%), direita em 11 pacientes (22%), e bilateral em 14 pacientes (28%); escala visual analógica (EVA) pré-operatório: 9,5 ± 0,91, pós-operatório: 2,5 ± 1,79; tempo cirúrgico: 100 ± 31,36 minutos; e acompanhamento de 8,4 ± 6,7 meses. Foi registrada menos dor ciática pós-operatória nos grupos Modic 2 versus Modic 1 (p< 0,05). Não houve diferença na dor radicular pós-operatória entre os grupos Pfirrmann (IV versus V). Conclusão Embora não exista diferença clínica entre os grupos, em estágios avançados da degeneração discal, a discectomia transforaminal endoscópica mostrou-se eficaz na redução da dor radicular em pacientes com hérnia de disco lombar.

Retrospective study on the incidence of cats and dogs' spinal injuries by computed tomographic scan. Part II: Thoracolumbar and lumbosacral / Estudo retrospectivo sobre incidência de injúrias em coluna vertebral de cães e gatos por meio de exame tomográfico. Parte II: Toracolombar e Lombossacral

For vertebromedullary injuries, epidemiological knowledge is essential to guide the choice of the most effective diagnostic method. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the epidemiological profile of animals and thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine lesions diagnosed by computed tomography scan. A compilation of CT scan reports for the aforementioned regions performed in a comercial diagnostic center from 04/01/2017 to 04/30/2020, contrasted and non-contrasted, from routine, was performed in order to list the most common lesions and their locations, as well as the species, breeds and ages most affected. There were 1164 CT scans performed in the period evaluated, all of them in dogs, 57,56% (n=670) for the spine, with 89,7% reports accessed (n=601), where the regions mentioned here added up to 73,05% studies (n=439). In both regions, male French Bulldog dogs had the most injuries. For the thoracolumbar region, disk mineralization, followed by extrusion, were the most frequent injuries, while the site was T12-13 and the mean age 6,5±3,63 years old. In the lumbosacral, disk protrusion was most frequent, the most affected site was L7-S1 and age 6,65±3,79 years. It was concluded that the spine is the main target of CT scans, and that lesions related to the intervertebral disk were the main ones identified, with chondrodystrophic animals being more predisposed to injury.

Para lesões vertebromedulares é indispensável o conhecimento epidemiológico para direcionar a escolha do método diagnóstico mais eficaz. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos animais e das lesões em coluna vertebral toracolombar e lombossacral diagnosticadas através de exame tomográfico. Realizou-se a compilação de laudos de tomografias computadorizadas para as referidas regiões realizadas em centro diagnóstico comercial, entre 01/04/2017 a 30/04/2020, contrastadas e não-contrastadas, provenientes da rotina, a fim de relacionar as lesões e seus locais de ocorrência, bem como a espécie, raças e idades mais comuns. Foram realizados 1164 exames tomográficos no período avaliado, sendo 57,56% (n=670) para a coluna, com 89,7% laudos acessados (n=601), nos quais as regiões toracolombar e lombossacral somaram 73,05% dos estudos (n=439). Em ambas as regiões, os cães Bulldog Francês machos foram os que mais apresentaram lesões. Para a região toracolombar, a mineralização de disco, seguida pela extrusão, foram as lesões mais frequentes, enquanto o local foi T12-13 e a média de idade 6,5±3,63 anos. Na lombossacral, a protusão de disco foi mais frequente, o local mais afetado foi L7-S1 e idade de 6,65±3,79 anos. Concluiu-se que a coluna vertebral é o principal alvo de tomografias, e que as lesões relacionadas ao disco intervertebral foram as principais identificadas, sendo os animais condrodistróficos mais predispostos a lesões.

Different entry points of needle knife for lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy and safety among three different entry points of needle knife, including tenderness point, intervertebral foramen point and articular process node, for lumbar disc herniation (LDH).@*METHODS@#A total of 105 patients with LDH were randomly divided into a tenderness point group (35 cases, 1 case dropped off ), an intervertebral foramen point group (35 cases) and an articular process node group (35 cases, 1 case dropped off ). In the three groups, the needle knife was given at positive tenderness points of lumbosacral and hip, the external point of intervertebral foramen and the node of vertebral joint process respectively, once a week for a total of 4 times. The scores of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded before treatment, 2 weeks and 4 weeks into treatment, and 3 months follow-up after treatment, and the clinical efficacy and safety was observed.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the JOA scores in each group were increased 2, 4 weeks into treatment and in the follow-up (P<0.05); 4 weeks into treatment and in the follow-up, the JOA scores in the tenderness point group and the articular process node group were higher than those in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05). Compared before treatment, except for ODI score 2 weeks into treatment in the intervertebral foramen point group, the ODI and VAS scores in each group were decreased 2, 4 weeks into treatment and in the follow-up (P<0.05), and the ODI scores in the tenderness point group and the articular process node group were lower than those in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05). In 2 weeks into treatment, the VAS scores in the tenderness point group and the articular process node group were lower than those in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05); in 4 weeks into treatment and follow-up, the VAS scores in the tenderness point group were lower than the other two groups (P<0.05). After treatment, the clinical efficacy of each group was similar (P>0.05); during the follow-up, the total effective rate in the tenderness point group was higher than that in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05). There were no serious adverse events in each group.@*CONCLUSION@#The three different entry points of needle knife all could improve the symptoms of patients with LDH. The comprehensive effect of improving the subjective symptoms, lumbar function, pain degree and long-term curative effect is better in the tenderness point group.

Single oblique lumbar interbody fusion with robot-assisted posterior internal fixation for lumbar degenerative diseases / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy of single oblique lumbar interbody fusion(OLIF) with robot-assisted posterior internal fixation for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 67 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases treated from September 2019 to December 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into traditional group and robot group. The traditional group received traditional OLIF with posterior fluoroscopy percutaneous nail fixation, and the robot group received OLIF with robot-assisted posterior internal fixation. There were 33 patients in traditional group, including 13 males and 20 females, aged from 44 to 82 years old with an average of (59.7±9.1) years; and 34 cases in robot group, including 7 males and 27 females, aged from 45 to 81 years old with an average of(61.6±8.8) years. The operation time, fluoroscopy time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative out of bed time and hospital stay were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) of low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were compared before operation and 3 days, 3 months after operation between two groups. The accuracy of nail placement was evaluated by postoperative CT scan.@*RESULTS@#Both groups of patients successfully completed the operation and were followed up for more than 3 months. The operation time, fluoroscopy time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative out of bed time and hospital stay in traditional group were(299.85±15.79) min, (62.58±10.83) min, (118.33±10.80) ml, (2.5±0.7) d, (9.67±2.13) d;and robot group was(248.53±14.22) min, (19.47±3.51) min, (115.74±9.86) ml, (2.3±0.6) d, (9.44±1.93) d, respectively. The symptoms of postoperative low back pain, lower limb pain and numbness were significantly improved in all patients. The operation time and fluoroscopy time in robot group were significantly less than those of traditional group. There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative out of bed time, hospital stay, VAS and ODI before and after operation (P>0.05). The accuracy of nail placement in robot group was 98.8% (2/160), which was higher than 89.9% (16/158) in traditional group.@*CONCLUSION@#Treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases with single body position OLIF with robot-assisted posterior minimally invasive internal fixation has less operation time and fluoroscopy time, high nail placement accuracy and accurate surgical effect, which is worthy to be popularized in clinic.

Clinical study on modified Topping-off technology in the treatment of multiple lumbar degenerative diseases / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical effect of the modified Topping-off technique in the treatment of multiple lumbar degenerative diseases.@*METHODS@#From October 2019 to May 2020, 42 patients who underwent modified Topping-off operation (modified Topping-off group) and 42 patients who underwent multilevel total laminectomy and interbody fusion with screw rod system internal fixation (whole laminectomy group) were observed and analyzed. There were 15 males and 27 females in the modified Topping-off group, aged from 28 to 80 years old, with an average of (59.57±11.85)years old. There were 14 males and 28 females in the whole laminectomy group, aged from 45 to 82 years old, with an average of (64.26±9.19) years old. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were evaluated before operation, 1 week, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after operation. The intraoperative blood loss, incision length, operation time, postoperative drainage, weight-bearing time, hospitalization time, intervertebral space height, intervertebral foramen height and lumbar mobility were statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 weeks. The intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage in the modified Topping-off group were significantly less than those in the whole lamina group (P<0.05). The incision length, operation time, weight-bearing time and hospital stay in the modified Topping-off group were shorter than those in the whole lamina group(P<0.05). There were significant differences in intervertebral space height, intervertebral foramen height and lumbar mobility between the two groups at 12 weeks after operation(P<0.05). The modified Topping-off group had significantly lower VAS 1, 6, 12 weeks after operation and ODI 12 weeks after operation compared with rhose before operation. The VAS at 1, 6, 12 weeks in the whole lamina group were significantly lower those that before operation(P<0.05). The ODI at 12 weeks in the whole lamina group were significantly lower than those before operation(P<0.01). There were significant differences in VAS scores between the two groups at 1 week, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after operation(P<0.01). There was significant difference in ODI between the two groups 12 weeks after operation(P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#The application of modified Topping-off technique in the treatment of multi segmental lumbar degenerative diseases can reduce the total length of fusion segments, avoid or slow down the degeneration of adjacent segments, and has a positive effect on maintaining the normal movement of the spine.