Reações adversas medicamentosas em pacientes em quimioterapia e estratégias de intervenções / Adverse drug reactions in chemotherapy patients and intervention strategies / Reacciones adversas a medicamentos en pacientes quimioterápicos y estrategias de intervención

A quimioterapia do câncer pode ocasionar reações adversas medicamentosas (RAM), podendo resultar de interações medicamentosas (IM) e impactar na adesão. O presente estudo relatou as RAM apresentadas por pacientes em quimioterapia (QT) e propôs estratégias de intervenções. Este trabalho foi aprovado em comité de ética (5.160.503), sendo incluídos 23 pacientes em quimioterapia (oral- VO e/ou endovenosa- EV) e todos foram entrevistados. Recebiam apenas o QTEV, 20 pacientes e 2 QTEV e VO, a maioria em tratamento paliativo (50%), predomínio de estadiamento IV, sendo as doenças mais presentes de pâncreas (27,3%), estômago (22,7%) e mama (18,2%) e esquema mais usado foi Carboplatina + Paclitaxel. As principais comorbidades foram diabetes e hipertensão arterial. As interações medicamentosas foram classificadas em graves (45%), moderadas (55%) e intencional (75%), sendo necessário introdução de medicamentos de suporte (61%). Houve RAM de maior gravidade, neutropenia, sendo necessário a suspensão temporária, e de menor gravidade náuseas. Houve um óbito relacionado a evolução de doença e, talvez, o tratamento possa ter contribuído. Ao final, foram feitas as intervenções para cada caso e validado o formulário para a consulta farmacêutica a pacientes oncológicos.

Cancer chemotherapy can cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which can result from drug interactions (IM) and impact adherence. The present study reported the ADRs presented by patients undergoing chemotherapy (CT) and proposed intervention strategies. This work was approved by the ethics committee (5,160,503), and 23 patients on chemotherapy (oral-VO and/or intravenous-IV) were included and all were interviewed. Only received CTIV, 20 patients and 2 CTIV and VO, most in palliative treatment (50%), predominance of stage IV, being the most common diseases of pancreas (27.3%), stomach (22.7%) and breast (18.2%) and the most used regimen was Carboplatin + Paclitaxel. The main comorbidities were diabetes and arterial hypertension. Drug interactions were classified as severe (45%), moderate (55%) and intentional (75%), requiring the introduction of supportive drugs (61%). There were more severe ADRs, neutropenia, requiring temporary suspension, and less severe nausea. There was one death related to the evolution of the disease and, perhaps, the treatment may have contributed. At the end, interventions were made for each case and the form for the pharmaceutical consultation to cancer patients was validated.

La quimioterapia contra el cáncer puede causar reacciones adversas a los medicamentos (RAM), que pueden ser consecuencia de interacciones farmacológicas (IM) y repercutir en la adherencia. El presente estudio reportó las RAM presentadas por pacientes en quimioterapia (QT) y propuso estrategias de intervención. Este trabajo fue aprobado en comité de ética (5.160.503), se incluyeron 23 pacientes en quimioterapia (oral- VO y/o endovenosa-EV) y todos fueron entrevistados. Recibieron sólo QTEV, 20 pacientes y 2 QTEV y VO, la mayoría en tratamiento paliativo (50%), predominio de estadiaje IV, siendo las enfermedades más presentes las de páncreas (27,3%), estómago (22,7%) y mama (18,2%) y el esquema más utilizado fue Carboplatino + Paclitaxel. Las principales comorbilidades fueron la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial. Las interacciones farmacológicas se clasificaron como graves (45%), moderadas (55%) e intencionadas (75%), requiriendo la introducción de fármacos de apoyo (61%). La RAM más grave fue la neutropenia, que requirió la suspensión temporal, y la menos grave las náuseas. Hubo una muerte relacionada con la evolución de la enfermedad y, tal vez, el tratamiento pudo haber contribuido. Al final, se realizaron intervenciones para cada caso y se validó el formulario de consulta farmacéutica a pacientes oncológicos.

Cribado de SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer previo a hospitalización para infusión de quimioterapia / SARS-CoV-2 screening in pediatric cancer patients before hospitalization for chemotherapy infusion

Se realizó un estudio observacional y prospectivo en el Hospital Garrahan, cuyos objetivos fueron conocer la portación asintomática del coronavirus de tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2, por su sigla en inglés) en niños oncológicos y/o en sus cuidadores al hospitalizarse para realizar quimioterapia, y describir el impacto en la continuación del tratamiento en aquellos con prueba positiva para SARS-CoV-2 o con síntomas compatibles con la infección por el virus durante la internación. Se incluyeron los pacientes con enfermedad oncohematológica y sus cuidadores, a quienes se les realizó una prueba de detección de SARS-CoV-2 por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa. Se analizaron 733 hospitalizaciones. La tasa de positividad para SARS-CoV-2 fue del 2,2 % (IC95%: 1,35-3,52). Todos los pacientes con prueba detectable completaron la quimioterapia. El 7,7 % de los pacientes presentó síntomas compatibles de caso sospechoso con prueba no detectable y el 77 % de ellos pudo continuar su tratamiento.

An observational, prospective study was carried out at Hospital Garrahan. Its objectives were to establishtherateofasymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among children with cancer and/or their caregivers during hospitalization for chemotherapy, and describe the impact of ongoing treatment among those positive for SARS-CoV-2 or with symptoms compatible with infection during hospitalization. Patients with onco-hematological disease and their caregivers were included. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 was done. A total of 733 hospitalizations were analyzed. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was 2.2% (95% confidence interval: 1.35-3.52). All patients with a detectable test result completed chemotherapy. Also, 7.7% of patients developed symptoms compatible with a suspected case although they had an undetectable test result, and 77% of them were able to continue treatment.

Riesgo de infección en pacientes oncológicos colonizados por bacterias productoras de p-lactamasas de espectro extendido y enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas / Risk of infection in cancer patients colonized by extended expectrum p-lactamases and carbapenem producing Enterobacteriaceae

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de microorganismos multirresistentes es un problema de salud pública que continúa creciendo a lo largo del mundo. Existe una población principalmente susceptible de ser colonizada y posteriormente infectarse, son los pacientes oncológicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar las características clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes oncológicos y su relación con la infección con microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se condujo un estudio retrospectivo y de carácter analítico entre el primero de enero de 2019 y el 30 de junio de 2020 en tres unidades hemato-oncológicas. RESULTADOS: Incluyó a 3.315 pacientes, de los cuales 217 (6,5%) se encontraban colonizados por microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC; de éstos, 106/217 (48,8%) presentaron al menos un episodio de infección. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae, en 29/106 (27,4%). De los infectados, 18/106 (17%) presentaron infección por el mismo microorganismo colonizador. La mucositis (p = 0,002), edad mayor a 65 años (p = 0,041), hipoalbuminemia (p < 0,01), neutropenia (p < 0,01) y la presencia dispositivos invasivos (p < 0,01) demostraron una relación con el desarrollo de infección. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de hipoalbuminemia (OR 3,3, IC 1,5-7,1, p < 0,01), dispositivos invasivos (OR 5,8, IC 3.0-11,4, p < 0,01) y neutropenia (OR 4,1, IC 1,5-11,4, p < 0,01) predicen el desarrollo de infecciones.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multi-resistant microorganisms is a public health problem that continues to grow globally. There is a population that is mainly susceptible to being colonized and subsequently infected, and these are cancer patients. AIM: To identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of cancer patients and their relationship with infection with ESBL and CPE producing microorganisms. METHODS: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020 in three hematooncological units. RESULTS: We included 3315 patients of which 217 (6.5%) were colonized by microorganisms producing ESBL and CPE. Of these, 106/217 (48.8%) had at least one episode of infection. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae 29/106 (27.4%). Of those infected, 18/106 (17%) presented infection by the same colonizing microorganism. Mucositis (p = 0.002), age over 65 years (p = 0.041), hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.01), neutropenia (p < 0.01) and the presence of invasive devices (p < 0.01) demonstrated a relationship with development of infection. The presence of hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.3, CI 1.5-7.1, P < 0.01), invasive devices (OR 5.8, CI 3.0-11.4, p < 0.01) and neutropenia (OR 4.1, CI 1.5-11.4, p < 0.01) predict the development of infections.

Enterocolitis neutropénica en el paciente oncológico pediátrico / Neutropenic enterocolitis in the pediatric cancer patient

Resumen La enterocolitis neutropénica (ECN) es una enfermedad heterogénea de foco digestivo, pero afectación sistémica, que corresponde a una condición clínica grave que amenaza la vida de pacientes inmunocomprometidos, particularmente oncológicos pediátricos. De patogenia aún poco definida y aunque de causa multifactorial, la ECN se asocia a los efectos citotóxicos de la quimioterapia empleada y se caracteriza por la triada clásica que incluye fiebre, neutropenia y dolor abdominal, donde la principal injuria se localiza en la mucosa intestinal, provocando su alteración como barrera y facilitando la invasión bacteriana intramural. La ECN constituye un reto diagnóstico para el equipo tratante, que requiere ser oportuno y contar con apoyo de un óptimo laboratorio general e imagenológico, para iniciar un completo manejo multidisciplinario en unidades y centros de alta complejidad. Se presenta una revisión actualizada del tema incorporando aspectos epidemiológicos, factores de riesgo, elementos de apoyo diagnóstico, consideraciones terapéuticas y medidas de prevención a fin de aportar en el conocimiento de esta patología, y reducir morbimortalidad en estos pacientes.

Abstract Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a heterogeneous disease of the gastrointestinal tract with systemic response, that corresponds to a severe and life-threatening clinical condition in immunocompromised patients, especially in childhood cancer. The pathologic features are poorly understood, although its multifactorial cause of NEC is well established and it is associated with the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapy agents used and recognized by the classic triad of fever, neutropenia, and abdominal pain, secondary to gastrointestinal injuries that alters mucosal permeability and helps intramural bacterial invasion. NEC is truly a clinical challenge that requires an early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach including basic laboratory and imagological tests in high complexity centers. We present a current review, adding epidemiological aspects, risks factors, diagnostic support elements, therapeutic considerations, and preventive measures in order to provide knowledge of this disease and help to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with it.

Cutaneous adverse events to systemic antineoplastic therapies: a retrospective study in a public oncologic hospital

Abstract Background: Mucocutaneous adverse events are common during anticancer treatment, with variable consequences for the patient and their therapeutic regimen. Objective: To evaluate the most common adverse events, as well as the drugs associated with their appearance and the consequences for cancer treatment. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out through the analysis of patients treated at the Clinical Dermatology Unit of a public oncologic hospital. Results: A total of 138 patients with 200 adverse events were evaluated. The most commonly identified adverse events were nail and periungual changes (20%), papulopustular eruptions (13%), acneiform eruptions (12%), hand-foot syndrome (6.5%), hand-foot skin reaction (6%), and xerosis (6%). The most frequently associated antineoplastic treatment groups were classical chemotherapy (46.2%), target therapy (32.3%), and other non-antineoplastic drugs used in neoplasia protocols (16.5%). Of the total number of patients, 17.4% had their treatment suspended or changed due to a dermatological adverse event. Study limitations: Retrospective study and analysis of patients who were referred for specialized dermatological examination only, not allowing the assessment of the actual incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: A wide variety of dermatological manifestations are secondary to antineoplastic treatment with several different drugs resulting, not rarely, in the interruption or modification of therapeutic regimens.

La inhibición de los puntos de control inmunológico, una terapia en evolución: remembranza del Premio Nobel de Medicina 2018 / Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a breakthrough in cancer therapy

Professors James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo were awarded with the 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their contributions in cancer immunotherapy. The latter is a breakthrough in cancer therapy, aimed to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression, leading to the reactivation of the immune system against cancer cells. Under physiological conditions, the CTLA-4 and PD-1 proteins expressed on T-cells and discovered by the awarded scientists, lead to immune tolerance. Cancer cells exploit these control points to enhance the inhibition of T-cells. The expression of PD ligands (PD-L1) in tumor cells and CTLA-4 ligands in antigen presenting cells, which bind the PD-1 receptor and CTLA-4 respectively, block anti-tumor immunity. This situation led to a biotechnological race focused on the development of effective antibodies able to "turn-on" the immune system cheated by the tumor. Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies improve life-expectancy in cancer patients. In this review, we perform an historical overview of Professors Allison and Honjo contribution, as well as the immunological basis of this new and powerful therapeutic strategy, highlighting the clinical benefits of such intervention.

Qualidade de vida da população infantojuvenil oncológica com e sem fadiga / Calidad de vida de la población infantojuvenil oncológica con y sin fatiga / Quality of life of cancer children-adolescents with and without fatigue

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os escores de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) de crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados com câncer que apresentaram e não apresentaram fadiga e correlacionar fadiga e QVRS. Método Estudo transversal realizado durante 48 meses no setor de onco-hematologia de hospital público localizado no interior paulista, com 63 crianças e adolescentes com câncer. Para mensurar a fadiga e a QVRS, os participantes preencheram, respectivamente, os instrumentos Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Escala Multidimensional do Cansaço e Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Inventário Pediátrico de Qualidade de Vida, versão acute, no módulo genérico e módulo câncer. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, bivariada e multivariada. Resultados As médias dos escores total de fadiga (61,2±16,3) e QVRS (genérica: 61,5±20,5; câncer: 61,2±16,3) foram baixas, demonstrando que as crianças e os adolescentes com câncer se apresentam fadigados (p=0,000) e com baixa qualidade de vida (p=0,000). No modelo de regressão, a fadiga pôde ser explicada em 61,25% pelas variáveis funcionamento emocional (p=0,0110), funcionamento escolar (p=0,0004) e dificuldades cognitivas (p=0,0017). Participantes sem fadiga apresentaram melhor escore médio de QVRS quando comparado ao grupo com fadiga. Conclusão Crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados com câncer apresentam baixa qualidade de vida e altos níveis de fadiga. Ainda, é positiva a relação entre algumas dimensões da QVRS com a fadiga, indicando que, quanto pior for o funcionamento escolar e emocional e maiores forem as dificuldades cognitivas, maior também será a fadiga.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar las puntuaciones de calidad de vida relacionadas con la salud (CVRS) de niños y de adolescentes hospitalizados con cáncer que presentaron y que no presentaron fatiga y correlacionar la fatiga y la CVRS. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado durante 48 meses en el sector de oncohematología de un hospital público ubicado en el interior del estado de São Paulo, con 63 niños y adolescentes con cáncer. Para medir la fatiga y la CVRS, los participantes rellenaron, respectivamente, los instrumentos Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Escala Multidimensional del Cansacio y Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida Pediátrica, versión acute, en el módulo genérico y en el módulo cáncer. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva, bivariada y multivariada. Resultados Los promedios de las puntuaciones total de fatiga (61,2±16,3) y CVRS (genérica: 61,5±20,5; cáncer: 61,2±16,3) fueron bajas, demostrando que los niños y los adolescentes con cáncer se muestran fatigados (p=0,000) y con baja calidad de vida (p=0,000). En el modelo de regresión, se puede explicar la fatiga en el 61,25 % por las variables funcionamiento emocional (p=0,0110), funcionamiento escolar (p=0,0004) y dificultades cognitivas (p=0,0017). Participantes sin fatiga presentaron mejor puntuación promedio de CVRS al compararlos con el grupo sin fatiga. Conclusión Niños y adolescentes hospitalizados con cáncer presentan baja calidad de vida y altos niveles de fatiga. Aun así, es positiva la relación entre algunas dimensiones de la CVRS con la fatiga, indicando que, cuanto peor sea el funcionamiento escolar y emocional y mayores sean las dificultades cognitivas, mayor será también la fatiga.

Abstract Objective To compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores of children and adolescents hospitalized with cancer who had and did not have fatigue and to correlate fatigue and HRQoL. Method This is a cross-sectional study carried out for 48 months in the onco-hematology sector of a public hospital located in the interior of São Paulo, with 63 children and adolescents with cancer. To measure fatigue and HRQoL, participants completed the instruments Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - acute version - in the generic module and cancer module. Data were analyzed using descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics. Results The means of the total fatigue scores (61.2±16.3) and HRQoL (generic: 61.5±20.5; cancer: 61.2±16.3) were low, demonstrating that children and adolescents with cancer are fatigued (p=0.000) and with low quality of life (p=0.000). In the regression model, fatigue could be explained in 61.25% by the variables emotional functioning (p=0.0110), school functioning (p=0.0004) and cognitive difficulties (p=0.0017). Participants without fatigue had better mean HRQoL score when compared to the group with fatigue. Conclusion Children and adolescents hospitalized with cancer have a low quality of life and high levels of fatigue. Furthermore, the relationship between some HRQoL dimensions and fatigue is positive, indicating that the worse the school and emotional functioning and the greater the cognitive difficulties, the greater the fatigue.

Novos Rumos da Política de Controle do Câncer no Brasil / New Trends of the Cancer Control Policy in Brazil / Nuevas Direcciones de la Política de Control del Cáncer en Brasil

As últimas estimativas mundiais de incidência e mortalidade relacionadas ao câncer apontam para a necessidade de adoção de medidas sustentáveis de prevenção e controle do câncer, especialmente nos países com baixo nível de desenvolvimento econômico e naqueles em desenvolvimento, onde se inclui o Brasil1. Essas estratégias perpassam, necessariamente, pela adoção e fortalecimento de políticas públicas que apoiem o planejamento e a priorização de medidas de controle do câncer

Sustainable measures for cancer prevention and control are deemed necessary as the recent world estimates of cancer-related incidence and mortality indicate, mostly for low economic income countries and in development as Brazil1. Necessarily, these strategies beget the adoption and strengthening of supportive public policies for planning and prioritization of cancer control

Assistência Farmacêutica a Pacientes Oncológicos em Uso de Anticorpos Monoclonais em um Hospital de Referência do Oeste de Santa Catarina / Pharmaceutical Assistance to Oncological Patients Using Monoclonal Antibodies in a Reference Hospital in the west of Santa Catarina / Asistencia Farmacéutica a Pacientes Oncológicos que Utilizan Anticuerpos Monoclonales en un Hospital de Referencia en el Oeste de Santa Catarina

Introdução: A utilização dos anticorpos monoclonais vem sendo incorporada aos protocolos de tratamento para câncer, uma vez comprovada sua eficácia. Essa modalidade de terapia é onerosa, e sua aquisição ainda constitui um obstáculo para o paciente. Objetivo: Descrever a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais no que tange à forma de aquisição, regulação e judicialização, efeitos adversos e causas de interrupção da terapia. Método: Estudo descritivo com avaliação de pacientes (n=169) em tratamento para câncer, em um hospital público, no período de 1 de agosto de 2017 a 31 de julho de 2019. Resultados: A população estudada foi majoritariamente feminina (n=115). As principais neoplasias encontradas foram de mama (n=64, 36,16%), linfomas (n=53, 29,94%) e mieloma múltiplo de plasmócito/plasmocitoma (n=25, 14,12%). Os anticorpos monoclonais mais utilizados foram o trastuzumabe (n=65, 35,71%) e rituximabe (n=54, 29,67%). Foram observadas quatro formas de aquisição dos fármacos. As aquisições por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (n=103, 56,59%) e judicial (n=72, 39,56%) prevaleceram. A maioria dos pacientes não apresentou efeitos adversos à terapia (60,3%); mas, entre os que apresentaram, os principais efeitos foram vômitos e náuseas, astenia, diarreia, dor, neutropenia e mucosite. Efeitos adversos/toxicidade (n=15), falta de medicamento (n=11) e atraso na liberação (n=10) foram as causas mais comuns de interrupção do tratamento. Conclusão: Os anticorpos monoclonais são mais específicos e apresentam menores efeitos. Aos fármacos indisponíveis pelo SUS, a judicialização mostra-se como uma ferramenta importante

Introduction: The use of monoclonal antibodies has been incorporated into cancer treatment protocols, once their effectiveness has been proven. This type of therapy is costly and its acquisition is still an obstacle for the patient. Objective: To describe the use of monoclonal antibodies in the perspective of purchasing, regulation and judicialization, adverse effects and causes of therapy discontinuation. Method: Descriptive study evaluating patients (n=169) undergoing treatment for cancer in a public hospital, from August 1, 2017 to July 31, 2019. Results: The population investigated consisted mostly of females (n=115). The main neoplasms found were breast (n=64, 36.16%), lymphomas (n=53, 29.94%) and plasma cell/plasmacytoma multiple myeloma (n=25, 14.12%). The most used monoclonal antibodies were trastuzumab (n=65, 35.71%) and rituximab (n=54, 29.67%). Four forms of drug purchase were observed. The purchases through the National Health System (SUS) (n=103, 56.59%) and law-mandated (n=72, 39.56%) prevailed. Most patients had no therapy-related adverse effects (60.3%), but among those who did, the main effects were vomiting and nausea, asthenia, diarrhea, pain, neutropenia and mucositis. Adverse effects/toxicity (n=15), lack of medication (n=11) and delayed approval (n=10) were the most common causes of treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: Monoclonal antibodies are more specific and have lesser effects. For drugs unavailable at SUS, judicialization is an important tool

Introducción: El uso de anticuerpos monoclonales se ha incorporado a los protocolos de tratamiento del cáncer, una vez comprobada su eficacia. Este tipo de terapia es costosa y su adquisición sigue siendo un obstáculo para el paciente. Objetivo: Describir el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales en términos de adquisición, regulación y judicialización, efectos adversos y causas de interrupción de la terapia. Método: Estudio descriptivo que evaluó a pacientes (n=169) en tratamiento por cáncer, en un hospital público, desde el 1 de agosto de 2017 al 31 de julio de 2019. Resultados: La población estudiada fue mayoritariamente femenina (n=115). Las principales neoplasias encontradas fueron mama (n=64, 36,16%), linfomas (n=53, 29,94%) y mieloma múltiple de células plasmáticas/plasmocitomas (n=25, 14,16%). Los anticuerpos monoclonales más utilizados fueron trastuzumab (n=65, 35,71%) y rituximab (n=54, 29,67%). Se observaron cuatro formas de adquisición de fármacos. Predominaron las adquisiciones a través del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) (n=103, 56,59%) y judiciales (n=72, 39,56%). La mayoría de los pacientes no presentaron efectos adversos a la terapia (60,3%), pero entre los que sí los tuvieron, los principales efectos fueron vómitos y náuseas, astenia, diarrea, dolor, neutropenia y mucositis. Los efectos adversos/toxicidad (n=15), la falta de medicación (n=11) y la liberación retardada (n=10) fueron las causas más frecuentes de interrupción del tratamiento. Conclusión: Los anticuerpos monoclonales son más específicos y tienen menos efectos. Para los medicamentos no disponibles en el SUS, la judicialización es una herramienta importante

Assistência Farmacêutica a Pacientes Oncológicos em Uso de Anticorpos Monoclonais em um Hospital de Referência do Oeste de Santa Catarina / Pharmaceutical Assistance to Oncological Patients Using Monoclonal Antibodies in a Reference Hospital in the west of Santa Catarina / Asistencia Farmacéutica a Pacientes Oncológicos que Utilizan Anticuerpos Monoclonales en un Hospital de Referencia en el Oeste de Santa Catarina

Introdução: A utilização dos anticorpos monoclonais vem sendo incorporada aos protocolos de tratamento para câncer, uma vez comprovada sua eficácia. Essa modalidade de terapia é onerosa, e sua aquisição ainda constitui um obstáculo para o paciente. Objetivo: Descrever a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais no que tange à forma de aquisição, regulação e judicialização, efeitos adversos e causas de interrupção da terapia. Método: Estudo descritivo com avaliação de pacientes (n=169) em tratamento para câncer, em um hospital público, no período de 1 de agosto de 2017 a 31 de julho de 2019. Resultados: A população estudada foi majoritariamente feminina (n=115). As principais neoplasias encontradas foram de mama (n=64, 36,16%), linfomas (n=53, 29,94%) e mieloma múltiplo de plasmócito/plasmocitoma (n=25, 14,12%). Os anticorpos monoclonais mais utilizados foram o trastuzumabe (n=65, 35,71%) e rituximabe (n=54, 29,67%). Foram observadas quatro formas de aquisição dos fármacos. As aquisições por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (n=103, 56,59%) e judicial (n=72, 39,56%) prevaleceram. A maioria dos pacientes não apresentou efeitos adversos à terapia (60,3%); mas, entre os que apresentaram, os principais efeitos foram vômitos e náuseas, astenia, diarreia, dor, neutropenia e mucosite. Efeitos adversos/toxicidade (n=15), falta de medicamento (n=11) e atraso na liberação (n=10) foram as causas mais comuns de interrupção do tratamento. Conclusão: Os anticorpos monoclonais são mais específicos e apresentam menores efeitos. Aos fármacos indisponíveis pelo SUS, a judicialização mostra-se como uma ferramenta importante

Introduction: The use of monoclonal antibodies has been incorporated into cancer treatment protocols, once their effectiveness has been proven. This type of therapy is costly and its acquisition is still an obstacle for the patient. Objective: To describe the use of monoclonal antibodies in the perspective of purchasing, regulation and judicialization, adverse effects and causes of therapy discontinuation. Method: Descriptive study evaluating patients (n=169) undergoing treatment for cancer in a public hospital, from August 1, 2017 to July 31, 2019. Results: The population investigated consisted mostly of females (n=115). The main neoplasms found were breast (n=64, 36.16%), lymphomas (n=53, 29.94%) and plasma cell/plasmacytoma multiple myeloma (n=25, 14.12%). The most used monoclonal antibodies were trastuzumab (n=65, 35.71%) and rituximab (n=54, 29.67%). Four forms of drug purchase were observed. The purchases through the National Health System (SUS) (n=103, 56.59%) and law-mandated (n=72, 39.56%) prevailed. Most patients had no therapy-related adverse effects (60.3%), but among those who did, the main effects were vomiting and nausea, asthenia, diarrhea, pain, neutropenia and mucositis. Adverse effects/toxicity (n=15), lack of medication (n=11) and delayed approval (n=10) were the most common causes of treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: Monoclonal antibodies are more specific and have lesser effects. For drugs unavailable at SUS, judicialization is an important tool

Introducción: El uso de anticuerpos monoclonales se ha incorporado a los protocolos de tratamiento del cáncer, una vez comprobada su eficacia. Este tipo de terapia es costosa y su adquisición sigue siendo un obstáculo para el paciente. Objetivo: Describir el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales en términos de adquisición, regulación y judicialización, efectos adversos y causas de interrupción de la terapia. Método: Estudio descriptivo que evaluó a pacientes (n=169) en tratamiento por cáncer, en un hospital público, desde el 1 de agosto de 2017 al 31 de julio de 2019. Resultados: La población estudiada fue mayoritariamente femenina (n=115). Las principales neoplasias encontradas fueron mama (n=64, 36,16%), linfomas (n=53, 29,94%) y mieloma múltiple de células plasmáticas/plasmocitomas (n=25, 14,16%). Los anticuerpos monoclonales más utilizados fueron trastuzumab (n=65, 35,71%) y rituximab (n=54, 29,67%). Se observaron cuatro formas de adquisición de fármacos. Predominaron las adquisiciones a través del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) (n=103, 56,59%) y judiciales (n=72, 39,56%). La mayoría de los pacientes no presentaron efectos adversos a la terapia (60,3%), pero entre los que sí los tuvieron, los principales efectos fueron vómitos y náuseas, astenia, diarrea, dolor, neutropenia y mucositis. Los efectos adversos/toxicidad (n=15), la falta de medicación (n=11) y la liberación retardada (n=10) fueron las causas más frecuentes de interrupción del tratamiento. Conclusión: Los anticuerpos monoclonales son más específicos y tienen menos efectos. Para los medicamentos no disponibles en el SUS, la judicialización es una herramienta importante

Quimioterapia metronômica em tumores sólidos: dos conceitos à prática clínica - uma revisão narrativa / Metronomic chemotherapy in solid tumor: practice clinical and concepts ­ narrative review

O tratamento metronômico consiste na administração regular e contínua de quimioterápicos em baixa dose, preferivelmente via oral, sem pausas prolongadas, com objetivo de bloquear a proliferação tumoral. Este tratamento tem sido utilizado para uma série de tumores e nos últimos anos notou-se aumento da utilização em estudos clínicos, principalmente no cenário paliativo. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão narrativa acerca do tema quimioterapia metronômica em tumores sólidos, nos seus aspectos de definição, racional biológico, indicação clínica, marcadores preditivos e prognósticos. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados PUBMED, maior base de dados de conteúdo médico, onde foram encontrados 575 artigos, dos quais 46 artigos se adequavam aos critérios de seleção (artigos em inglês publicados no período compreendido entre 2015 a 2020), dentre eles 32 artigos de revisão, 1 metanálise, 2 retrospectivos, 9 prospectivos e 2 descritivos. E, após análise pormenorizada, 529 artigos foram excluídos devido aos critérios de exclusão: artigos em outras línguas que não inglês e a utilização apenas de anticorpo, imunoterapia ou terapia alvo molecular sem quimioterapia associados. Resultados: A partir da análise dos 46 artigos, foram encontrados descrições acerca dos aspectos conceituais, teorias metronômicas, efeito angiogênico, imunológico e quiescência tumoral, efeito 4 "D" e indicação clínica, avaliação de eficácia, segurança, marcadores, precisão e custo efetividade. Conclusão: Verificou-se que evidências clínicas e pré-clínicas suportam o uso de quimioterapia metronômica como uma alternativa ao tratamento oncológico padrão em cenário de acesso restrito a novas drogas, tais como: terapia alvo ou imunoterapia, sendo a principal característica sua baixa toxicidade, acessibilidade, disponibilidade de drogas para administração oral e alta atividade anti-angiogênica, além de outros efeitos diretos e indiretos, os quais se traduzem em benefício clínico

Metronomic treatment consists of regular and continuous administration of low-dose chemotherapy, preferably orally, without prolonged pauses, with the aim of blocking tumor proliferation. This treatment has been used for a number of tumors and, in recent years, there has been an increase in its use in clinical studies, especially in the palliative setting. Objective: To carry out a narrative review on the topic metronomic chemotherapy in solid tumors, in its aspects of definition, biological rationale, clinical indication, predictive and prognostic markers. Methodology: A search was carried out in the PUBMED database, the largest database of medical content, where 575 articles were found, of which 46 articles fit the selection criteria (articles in English published between 2015 and 2020), among them 32 review articles, 1 meta-analysis, 2 retrospective, 9 prospective and 2 descriptive. And, after a detailed analysis, 529 articles were excluded, due to the exclusion criteria: articles in languages other than English and the use of antibody alone, immunotherapy or molecular targeted therapy without associated chemotherapy. Results: From the analysis of the 46 articles, descriptions were found about the conceptual aspects, metronomic theories, angiogenic, immunological and tumor quiescence effects, 4 "D" effect and clinical indication, evaluation of efficacy, safety, markers, precision and cost effectiveness . Conclusion: It was found that clinical and preclinical evidence support the use of metronomic chemotherapy as an alternative to standard cancer treatment in a scenario of restricted access to new drugs, such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy, the main feature being its low toxicity, accessibility, availability of drugs for oral administration and high anti-angiogenic activity, in addition to other direct and indirect effects, which translate into clinical benefit

Rethinking the marketing strategy of anti-tumor drugs by single-arm trials supported / 中华肿瘤杂志

Single-arm trial refers to a clinical trial design that does not set up parallel control group, adopts open design, and does not involve randomization and blind method. These features, on the one hand, speed up the process of clinical trials, significantly shorten the time to market and meet the needs of patients with advanced malignancies, but also lead to the uncertainty of single-arm clinical trials themselves. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration held a meeting of the oncologic drug advisory committee to discuss six tumor indications that have been accelerated approved, which once again triggered the discussion of single-arm trials. The basis of accelerated approval by single-arm trial is actually a compromise on the level of evidence-based medical evidence requirements after assessing the benefit risk. Therefore, the sponsor should strictly grasp the applicable conditions of single-arm trial in anti-tumor drugs and conduct single-arm trial scientifically. Post-marketing clinical trial should be implement as early as possible to ensure the benefit of patients. Based on the characteristics of single-arm trial, combined with two guidance relevant to single-arm trial issued by National Medical Products Administration recently, this article is supposed to propose and summarize the strategy of single-arm trial supporting the marketing of anti-tumor drugs.

Analysis of interactions of immune checkpoint inhibitors with antibiotics in cancer therapy / 医学前沿

The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, has played an important role in the development of cancer immunotherapy. However, immune-related adverse events often occur because of the enhanced immune response enabled by these agents. Antibiotics are widely applied in clinical treatment, and they are inevitably used in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clinical practice has revealed that antibiotics can weaken the therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Studies have shown that the gut microbiota is essential for the interaction between immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibiotics, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. This review focuses on the interactions between immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibiotics, with an in-depth discussion about the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of modulating gut microbiota, as well as other new combination strategies.

Clinical Value of Autoantibody Prognostic Markers in Tumor Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy / 中国肺癌杂志

Serum autoantibody markers have the advantages of easy specimen acquisition, simple detection technology and dynamic real-time monitoring. With the wide application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of malignant tumors, autoantibody markers in predicting tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy and forecasting irAEs (immune related adverse events) show good prediction of potential. This review mainly focused on the progress of autoantibody markers in the prediction of therapeutic effect and the monitoring of irAE in tumor immunotherapy.
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Current Progress and Future Developments of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Lung Cancer / 中国肺癌杂志

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are a novel class of anti-cancer drugs, which combined the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxic palyload via the linkers. Many ADCs have not only verified impressive activity in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer and hematological system tumors, but also in lung cancer. The aim of this study was to provide informations for practice by summarizing the mechanism of action, clinical application and problems and challenges of ADCs.
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DNA Damage Repair System and Antineoplastic Agents in Lung Cancer / 中国肺癌杂志

DNA damage repair (DDR) system plays an important role in maintaining of genomic stability. Accumulation of DNA lesions or deficiency of DDR system could drive tumorigenesis as well as promote tumor progression; meanwhile, they could also provide therapeutic opportunities and targets. Of all the antineoplastic agents of lung cancers, many of them targeted or were associated with DNA damage and repair pathways, such as chemotherapies and antibody-drug conjugates which were designed directly causing DNA damages, targeted drugs inhibiting DNA repair pathways, and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we described the role of DNA damage and repair pathways in antitumor activity of the above agents, as well as summarized the application and clinical investigations of these antineoplastic agents in lung cancers, in order to provide more information for exploring precision and effective strategies for the treatment of lung cancer based on the mechanism of DNA damage and repair.
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Progresses on active targeting liposome drug delivery systems for tumor therapy / 生物医学工程学杂志

Liposome is an ideal drug carrier with many advantages such as excellent biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and easy functionalization, and has been used for the clinical treatment of many diseases including tumors. For the treatment of tumors, liposome has some passive targeting capability, but the passive targeting effect alone is very limited in improving the drug enrichment in tumor tissues, and active targeting is an effective strategy to improve the drug enrichment. Therefore, active targeting liposome drug-carriers have been extensively studied for decades. In this paper, we review the research progresses on active targeting liposome drug-carriers based on the specific binding of the carriers to the surface of tumor cells, and summarize the opportunities, challenges and future prospects in this field.

Interpretation of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: MASCC/ISOO/ASCO clinical practice guideline / 中华口腔医学杂志

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse event related to administration of antiresorptive or antiangiogenic medications. With the increasing usage of bone-modifying agents in cancer therapy, the incidence of MRONJ enhanced gradually, which affects the life quality of patients and interferes with cancer therapy. In 2019, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC), International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO) and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) convened a multidisciplinary Expert Panel to evaluate the evidence and formulate recommendations on practices in the prevention and management of MRONJ in patients with cancer. The present article made an interpretation of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: MASCC/ISOO/ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline so as to provide clinicians with diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cancer patients with MRONJ.

Prevention and treatment of mucocutaneous adverse reactions associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors / 中华预防医学杂志

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is aberrantly overexpressed in many solid malignancies, making it an important target for anti-cancer biologic agents. Among them, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs), which have been widely used in clinical practice, include anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A proportion of patients treated with EGFRIs develop specific, dose-dependent skin toxicity such as papulopustular rash, paronychia, xerosis and itch. These side effects can cause physical and psychosocial discomfort that may result in dose reduction, discontinuance, or replacement of the current EGFRIs treatment. Correct diagnosis and treatment of these skin and mucosal adverse effects associated with EGFRIs is of great significance for the tertiary prevention of malignant tumors. A review on EGFRI-related mucocutaneous adverse reactions is presented here, focusing on the pathogenesis, the various clinical manifestations, the strategies for prevention and treatment of these conditions.

Identification of multi-target anti-cancer agents from TCM formula by in silico prediction and in vitro validation / 中国天然药物

Cancer is a complex disease associated with multiple gene mutations and malignant phenotypes, and multi-target drugs provide a promising therapy idea for the treatment of cancer. Natural products with abundant chemical structure types and rich pharmacological characteristics could be ideal sources for screening multi-target antineoplastic drugs. In this paper, 50 tumor-related targets were collected by searching the Therapeutic Target Database and Thomson Reuters Integrity database, and a multi-target anti-cancer prediction system based on mt-QSAR models was constructed by using naïve Bayesian and recursive partitioning algorithm for the first time. Through the multi-target anti-cancer prediction system, some dominant fragments that act on multiple tumor-related targets were analyzed, which could be helpful in designing multi-target anti-cancer drugs. Anti-cancer traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its natural products were collected to form a TCM formula-based natural products library, and the potential targets of the natural products in the library were predicted by multi-target anti-cancer prediction system. As a result, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids were predicted to act on multiple tumor-related targets. The predicted targets of some representative compounds were verified according to literature review and most of the selected natural compounds were found to exert certain anti-cancer activity in vitro biological experiments. In conclusion, the multi-target anti-cancer prediction system is very effective and reliable, and it could be further used for elucidating the functional mechanism of anti-cancer TCM formula and screening for multi-target anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer natural compounds found in this paper will lay important information for further study.