Contigo MINSA. Boletín informativo 2022. Edición 7 / With you MINSA. Newsletter 2022. Edition 7

Desde el 27 de octubre de este año, fecha en que asumimos la gestión, también aceptamos el reto de darle a nuestro Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), un rostro humano, social e inclusivo que permita brindar un servicio digno y de calidad en cada posta, centro de salud y hospital de todo el país. Este compromiso se evidencia, también, en el avance que hemos logrado en los procesos de cambio de grupo ocupacional y de línea de carrera, nombramiento y homologación de los trabajadores de salud, pues reconocemos que la estabilidad laboral del personal es clave para brindar un mejor servicio a la población. Hemos ratificado el compromiso del sector de seguir fortaleciendo el Esquema Regular de Vacunación y contra la COVID-19, así como apoyar a los pacientes oncológicos, lo cual tenemos que abordar mediante un trabajo multisectorial, con planes multianuales para cumplir con los indicadores que hoy se ven trazados con políticas de Estado. Asimismo, conocedores de la realidad del primer nivel de atención y de los hospitales de referencia y apoyo, dotaremos a los establecimientos de salud, de equipamiento y medicamentos necesarios para cerrar las brechas existentes con énfasis en la salud preventiva y el concepto de médico de familia. Por último, reivindicamos el esfuerzo del personal de salud que estuvo en la primera línea de batalla frente a la COVID-19, reafirmando nuestro compromiso de seguir trabajando por el cumplimiento de sus derechos laborales

Competencias específicas del especialista de medicina general integral para enfrentar la conducta violenta / Specific competences of the specialist in family and community medicine to confront violent behavior

Introducción: Las competencias específicas, igualmente llamadas técnicas o especializadas, tienen que ver con lo propio de determinadas ocupaciones. Designan aquellas relativas al campo disciplinario, de formación y de experiencia del participante. Son la base particular del ejercicio profesional y están vinculadas a condiciones específicas de ejecución. Objetivo: Determinar las competencias específicas del especialista de medicina general integral para enfrentar la conducta violenta. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal durante el primer semestre de 2020. Se desarrolló un trabajo de grupo con informantes clave que ofrecían atención especializada a las víctimas de situaciones violentas en el Centro Comunitario de Salud Mental del municipio Playa. Se aplicaron diferentes técnicas grupales, entre las que se destacaron: la tormenta y la escritura de ideas, las cuales, unidas a la experiencia y el conocimiento de cada participante, propiciaron el logro del objetivo propuesto. Resultados: Como principal aporte teórico se determinó un conjunto de competencias que permitieron al especialista de medicina general integral enfrentar las conductas violentas, orientadas esencialmente a la prevención y la detección temprana de esta compleja problemática de salud. Conclusiones: Resultó pertinente determinar un sistema de competencias, en términos de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes, que permitieran al especialista de medicina general integral enfrentar el comportamiento violento, al considerar que la asistencia a las víctimas dependería de la capacidad de estos profesionales para reconocer, comprender y responder a situaciones violentas(AU)

Introduction: Specific competences, also called technical or specialized, have to do with what is specific to certain occupations. They refer to those related to the disciplinary, training and expertise area of the participant. They are the particular basis of professional practice and are linked to specific performance conditions. Objective: To determine the specific competences of the family and community medicine specialist to deal with violent behavior. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the first semester of 2020. A group work was developed with key informants who provided specialized care to victims of violent situations in the Community Center for Mental Health of Playa Municipality, Havana, Cuba. Different group techniques were applied, with a special interest in brainstorming and writing of ideas, which, together with the experience and knowledge of each participant, favored the achievement of the proposed objective. Results: As the main theoretical contribution, a set of competences was determined that allowed the specialist in family and community medicine to face violent behaviors, oriented essentially to the prevention and early identification of this complex health concern. Conclusions: It was pertinent to determine a system of competences, in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes, that would allow the specialist in family and community medicine to face violent behavior; upon considering that assistance to victims would depend on the professionals' ability to recognize, understand and respond to violent situations(AU)

Identificación de riesgos ergonómicos en personal administrativo que realizó teletrabajo / Identificación of ergonomic risks un administrative personnel that performed teleworking

INTRODUCCIÓN. El riesgo ergonómico es la situación adversa que surge de una inadecuada interacción entre el trabajador y su puesto de trabajo. Su identificación es el punto de partida para la corrección y prevención de daños a la salud. OBJETIVO. Describir los riesgos ergonómicos del personal administrativo que realizó teletrabajo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, con una población de 66 empleados y una muestra de 25 encuestas a personal administrativo de una empresa importadora de la ciudad de Quito, que realizó teletrabajo desde marzo de 2020. Criterios de inclusión: mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos; que realizaron teletrabajo al menos 60 días. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el programa Microsoft Excel 2013. RESULTADOS. Se observaron y registraron riesgos ergonómicos en la conformación del puesto de trabajo por mobiliario inadecuado; 20% (5; 25) del personal tuvo una silla ergonómica; 48% (12; 25) un computador tipo PC; 72% (18; 25) utilizó mouse. Se identificó disconfort en zonas corporales, resaltó lumbar 48% (12; 25), codo o antebrazo derecho 36% (9; 25) y cervical 28% (7; 25). CONCLUSIÓN. Se pudo identificar riesgos ergonómicos a los que estuvo expuesto el personal administrativo que realizó teletrabajo.

INTRODUCTION. Ergonomic risk is the adverse situation that arises from an inappropriate interaction between the worker and his job. Their identification is the starting point for the correction and prevention of damage to health. OBJECTIVE. To describe the ergonomic risks of administrative personnel who performed telework. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study, with a population of 66 employees and a sample of 25 surveys to administrative staff of an importing company in the city of Quito, who performed telework since March 2020. Inclusion criteria: over 18 years of age of both sexes; who teleworked for at least 60 days. For data analysis, the Microsoft Excel 2013 program was used. RESULTS. Ergonomic risks were observed and recorded in the conformation of the workplace due to inadequate furniture; 20% (5; 25) of the staff had an ergonomic chair; 48% (12; 25) a PC type computer; 72% (18; 25) used a mouse. Discomfort was identified in body areas, 48% of the lumbar (12; 25), the right elbow or forearm 36% (9; 25) and the cervical 28% (7; 25). CONCLUSION. It was possible to identify ergonomic risks to which the administrative personnel who performed teleworking were exposed.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular em estudantes de graduação de uma universidade pública federal: um estudo epidemiológico transversal / Cardiovascular risk factors in undergraduate students at a federal public university: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

Introdução: A identificação precoce dos fatores de risco cardiovascular é o primeiro passo na prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares, atualmente, a principal causa de mortes no Brasil. Esses fatores são divididos em modificáveis, como obesidade, sedentarismo, dieta inadequada, consumo excessivo de álcool, estresse, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e tabagismo, e, não modificáveis, como hereditariedade, idade e gênero. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre universitários e correlacionar os hábitos referidos com sua autoavaliação em saúde. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal, descritivo e exploratório, com características quantitativas, baseado na aplicação de questionário estruturado em 419 graduandos da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, com análise estatística de medidas de frequência, tendência e dispersão. Resultados: A idade média dos entrevistados foi de 21,35 ± 3,28 anos, sendo 50,4% do gênero masculino e 49,6% do feminino. História familiar positiva para doença cardiovascular foi relatada por 11,9%. A prevalência de sedentarismo foi de 43,0%, 20,2% apresentavam sobrepeso, 5,9% obesidade, 15,8% valores pressóricos compatíveis com préhipertensão e 14,6% de hipertensão. O consumo de bebidas alcóolicas foi relatado por 72,3%, tabagismo por 14,3% e drogas ilícitas por 18,3%, além do uso contínuo de medicamentos por 23,7%. Alimentação inadequada e alto nível de estresse foram identificados em 53,8% e 66,2%, respectivamente. Conclusão: Foram encontrados elevados índices de fatores de risco cardiovascular como hábitos alimentares inadequados, altos níveis de estresse, consumo de drogas ilícitas e IMC aumentado, que aliados à elevada prevalência de uso contínuo de medicamentos, demonstraram intrínseca relação negativa com a autoavaliação em saúde.

Introduction: Early identification of cardiovascular risk factors is paramount in preventing cardiovascular diseases, the main cause of death in Brazil. Those factors are divided into modifiable, such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, inadequate diet, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, systemic arterial hypertension and smoking, and nonmodifiable, such as heredity, age and gender. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among university students, correlating it with their habits and their self-rated perception about their health. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory epidemiological study, with quantitative characteristics, based on the application of a structured questionnaire to 419 undergraduates at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, with statistical analysis of frequency, trend and dispersion measures. Results: The average age of respondents was 21.35 ± 3.28 years, 50.4% male and 49.6% female. Positive family history of cardiovascular disease was reported by 11.9%. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 43.0%, 20.2% of them were overweight, 5.9% obese, 15.8% had a blood pressure compatible with pre-hypertension and 14.6% with hypertension. The consumption of alcohol was reported by 72.3%, smoking by 14.3% and the use of illegal drugs by 18.3%, the continuous use of medication was highlighted by 23.7%. Inadequate nutrition and high levels of stress were identified in 53.8% and 66.2%, respectively. Conclusion: High levels of cardiovascular risk factors were found, such as inadequate eating habits, high levels of stress, consumption of illicit drugs and increased BMI, which, with the high prevalence of continuous use of medication, showed a worse self-rated perception about health.

Práticas de ajuda oferecidas às famílias em programas de Intervenção Precoce na Infância em Centros Especializados em Reabilitação / Helpgiving practices offered to families in Early Intervention programs in Specialized Rehabilitation Centers

Resumo Pesquisas apontam os benefícios da prática da Intervenção Precoce Centrada na Família, a qual propõem que é imprescindível oferecer apoio às necessidades dos familiares. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as práticas de ajuda oferecidas aos familiares em três serviços públicos de intervenção precoce, localizados na Baixada Santista-SP. O estudo foi realizado com a participação de nove familiares de crianças de zero a três anos, com atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e outros diagnósticos, atendidas nos serviços e de 15 profissionais. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas através de dois roteiros, um para familiares e outro para profissionais. Os dados foram analisados sob a perspectiva da análise de conteúdo, na modalidade de análise temática. Os resultados indicaram mais práticas de ajuda relacional do que participativa; contudo, ambas são realizadas com baixa frequência e por apenas alguns profissionais. Além disso, o apoio oferecido nos serviços pelos profissionais está mais voltado às necessidades das crianças, e em apenas alguns casos são direcionados aos familiares. Espera-se com este artigo salientar a importância de práticas de ajuda relacional e participativa, bem como a oferta de apoio aos familiares em serviços de intervenção precoce.

Abstract: Research points out the benefits of the Family-Centered Early Intervention practice, which proposes that it is essential to offer support to the needs of family members. This paper aims to analyze the helpgiving practices offered to family members in three public centers of early intervention, located in Baixada Santista-SP, Brazil. The study was conducted with nine relatives of children aged zero to three years, with delayed neuropsychomotor development and other diagnoses, and with 15 professionals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted through two scripts, one for family members and one for professionals. The data were analyzed from the perspective of content analysis, in the thematic analysis modality. As a result, it was possible to identify more relational than participatory helpgiving practices; however, both were little identified in the participants' statements. In addition, the support offered by the service is more focused on the needs of children, and only in some cases it is directed to the needs of family members. This paper aims to emphasize the importance of providing support to the needs of family members in early childhood intervention services through helpgiving practices.

A Competency-based Approach to Promoting Effective Hand Hygiene in Longterm Care Facilities / Un enfoque basado en la competencia para promover la higiene de las manos eficaz en los centros de atención a largo plazo / Uma abordagem baseada na competência para promover a higiene das mãos ecaz em centros de atenção em longo prazo

Introduction: Long-term care facilities comprise a large proportion of healthcare service users due to the increasing ageing population. Healthcare-associated infections constitute a major burden in long-term care facilities and are associated with significant infectious disease outbreaks and mortality. The non-adherence to effective hand hygiene practice due to missed opportunities for staff to explore its role in infection prevention and control within these settings has been emphasised by the Covid-19 pandemic.Methods: This article is designed to assist the continuing professional development needs of nursing and associate professionals in long-term care facilities. It explores the factors contributing to the poor attitude of staff members towards non-compliance with infection prevention and control measures in long-term care facilities.Results: Recommendations for improving infection prevention and control measures were further made based on the Infection Prevention Society competency framework which serves as a tool for individuals to improve their performance continually and become efficient practitioners.Conclusion: After reading this article, healthcare practitioners should be able to (i) identify various means of promoting adequate hand hygiene in long-term care facilities; (ii) understand that every activity taken to prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infections begins and ends with effective hand hygiene; (iii) recognise steps to prevent cross-infection through improved compliance with the five moments of hand hygiene in long-term care facilities; (iv) develop a satisfactory attitude towards hand hygiene compliance in the workplace, and (v) appraise own competence, and promote staff compliance through feedback.

Introducción: Los centros de cuidados de larga duración representan una gran proporción de usuarios de servicios sanitarios debido al creciente envejecimiento de la población. Las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria constituyen una carga importante en los centros de asistencia de larga duración y están asociadas a importantes brotes de enfermedades infecciosas y a la mortalidad. La falta de adherencia a la práctica efectiva de la higiene de manos debido a la pérdida de oportunidades para que el personal explore su papel en la prevención y el control de las infecciones dentro de estos entornos ha sido enfatizada por la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Este artículo está diseñado para ayudar a las necesidades de desarrollo profesional continuo de los profesionales de enfermería y asociados en los centros de cuidados de larga duración. Explora los factores que contribuyen a la mala actitud de los miembros del personal hacia el incumplimiento de las medidas de prevención y control de infecciones en los centros de cuidados de larga duración. Resultados: Se formularon además recomendaciones para mejorar las medidas de prevención y control de las infecciones basadas en el marco de competencias de la Sociedad de Prevención de Infecciones, que sirve de herramienta para que los individuos mejoren continuamente su rendimiento y se conviertan en profesionales eficientes. Conclusión: Después de leer este artículo, los profesionales sanitarios deberían ser capaces de (i) identificar diversos medios para promover una adecuada higiene de las manos en los centros de cuidados de larga duración; (ii) comprender que toda actividad realizada para prevenir la propagación de las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria comienza y termina con una higiene de las manos eficaz; (iii) reconocer los pasos para prevenir la infección cruzada mediante un mejor cumplimiento de los cinco momentos de la higiene de las manos en los centros de cuidados de larga duración; (iv) desarrollar una actitud satisfactoria hacia el cumplimiento de la higiene de las manos en el lugar de trabajo, y (v) evaluar la propia competencia, y promover el cumplimiento del personal mediante la retroalimentación.

Introdução: Os centros de cuidados de longa duração representam uma grande proporção de usuários de serviços sanitários devido ao crescente envelhecimento da população. As infeções associadas à assistência sanitária constituem um fardo significativo em centros de assistência de longa duração e estão associadas a importantes surtos de doenças infeciosas e à mortalidade. A falta de adesão à prática efetiva da higiene de mãos devido à perda de oportunidades para o pessoal explorar o seu papel na prevenção e controle das infeções dentro desses ambientes já foi enfatizada pela pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Este artigo foi desenhado para ajudar às necessidades de desenvolvimento profissional continuo dos profissionais de enfermagem e associados nos centros de cuidados de longa permanencia. Explora os fatores que contribuem para as más atitudes dos funcionários para o não cumprimento das medidas de prevenção e controle de infeções nos centros de cuidados de longa duração. Resultados: Foram formuladas também recomendações para melhorar as medidas de prevenção e controle das infeções baseadas no quadro de competências da Sociedade de Prevenção de Infeções, que serve de ferramenta para que os indivíduos melhorem continuamente seu desempenho e se tornem profissionais eficientes. Conclusão: Após a leitura deste artigo, os profissionais sanitários devem ser capazes de (i) identificar diversos meios para promover uma adequada higiene das mãos nos centros de cuidados de longa duração; (ii) entender que toda atividade realizada para prevenir a propagação das infeções associadas à assistência sanitária começa e termina com uma higiene eficaz das mãos; (iii) reconhecer os passos para prevenir a infeção cruzada por meio de uma melhor adesão aos cinco momentos da higiene das mãos em centros de cuidados de longa duração; (iv) desenvolver uma atitude satisfatória em relação à adesão da higiene das mãos no local de trabalho, e (v) avaliar a própria competência, e promover a adesão da equipe mediante a retroalimentação.

La seguridad psicológica del personal de salud durante la pandemia por COVID-19: aproximación epistemológica y sociológica / The psychological safety of health personnel during the COVID 19 pandemic: epistemological and sociological approach

La pandemia de COVID-19 pone en evidencia la importancia de los aspectos psicológicos y de salud mental para la prevención y afrontamiento de sus consecuencias. En este contexto se requiere de un modelo de Seguridad Psicológica (SP) que fundamente teórica y metodológicamente su gestión en una situación de emergencia sanitaria. El problema de la SP, visto desde una perspectiva transdisciplinar, intercepta aspectos relacionados con la epistemología y la sociología de la ciencia: análisis crítico del concepto a la luz de los aportes de otras disciplinas; relaciones entre el nivel de acceso al conocimiento y el funcionamiento de los equipos de trabajos; y contradicción entre la gestión neoliberal de la pandemia y la necesidad de un afrontamiento humanista. El objetivo del artículo es analizar, desde la perspectiva sociológica y epistemológica, la SP del personal de la salud en emergencias sanitarias, para lo cual se desarrolló una revisión narrativa. Como resultado, se presentan las reflexiones desarrolladas acerca del tema estructuradas en dos momentos: la aproximación crítica a la epistemología del concepto de SP y el impacto de la SP en los equipos de trabajo visto desde la concepción de la sociedad del conocimiento. Se enfoca la SP como un campo transdisciplinario y se valoran los antecedentes y aportes de otras disciplinas para su empleo en situaciones de emergencia y desastres. También se contrasta el afrontamiento a la COVID-19 desde la gestión neoliberal con su afrontamiento humanista. Finalmente, se presenta una nueva perspectiva de la SP para la gestión de la salud mental del personal de la salud involucrado en la respuesta a emergencias y desastres

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of psychological and mental health aspects for preventing and coping with its consequences. In this context, a model of Psychological Safety (PS) is required that theoretically and methodologically bases its management in a health emergency situation. The problem of PS, seen from a transdisciplinary perspective, intercepts aspects related to the epistemology and sociology of science: the critical analysis of the concept in light of the contributions of other disciplines; the relationships between the level of access to knowledge and the functioning of work teams and the contradiction between the neoliberal management of the pandemic and the need for a humanistic approach. The objective of the article is to analyze, from the sociological and epistemological perspective, the PS of health personnel in health emergencies, for which a narrative review was developed. As a result, the reflections developed on the subject structured in various moments are presented: the critical approach to the epistemology of the concept of PS; the impact of PS on work teams seen from the conception of the knowledge society. PS is approached as a transdisciplinary field and the antecedents and contributions of other disciplines are valued for its use in emergency situations and disasters. The coping with COVID-19 is also contrasted from that of neoliberal management with its humanistic coping. Finally, a new perspective of the PS is presented for the management of the mental health of the health personnel involved in the response to emergencies and disasters

Scoping review of 30 years of suicide prevention in university students around the world: efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness

A scoping review of systematic reviews was carried out to identify evidence of efficacy, effectiveness, and costeffectiveness of universal and selective suicide prevention programs among university students worldwide. Five databases were reviewed using terms in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The following were the inclusion criteria: systematic review or meta-analysis or meta-synthesis, suicide prevention in college students, evaluation of the efficacy, effectiveness and/or cost-effectiveness of interventions, and peer-reviewed studies. The quality of reviews was assessed. The field of study features three decades of publication in high-income countries. The strategy used, the components of the program, and the target audience to which they are delivered interfere with efficacy. In the psychoeducation strategy, the experiential and didactic components are more efficacious in the knowledge about suicide. And the motivational enhancement component promotes greater self-efficacy in suicide prevention. Programs that take a multimodal approach are effective in increasing short-term attitudes related to suicide and reducing rates of completed suicide. The gatekeeper strategy delivered to peer counselors is the most effective one in the outcomes, including short-term and long-term knowledge about suicide and its prevention and self-efficacy in suicide prevention. A greater number of evaluated studies of gatekeeper interventions were identified, indicating a trend in this research field. No review addressed the effects on subgroups that were classified based on sex, racial or sexual minorities, and special (indigenous) populations. Only one study addressed cost-effectiveness, pointing out that the psychoeducation and gatekeeper strategies have relevant net benefit rates, but the gatekeeper strategy has a higher cost-benefit ratio compared to the psychoeducation strategy. The findings indicate that psychoeducation and gatekeeper interventions tend to be more efficacious when they combine education and skills training to intervene in suicidal behavior. The components of the intervention and the target audience to which it is delivered influence efficacy. Multimodal interventions evaluate completed suicide outcomes, but require greater implementation efforts, in terms of human and financial resources and more time for the evaluation. (AU)

Abstaining from annual health check-ups is a predictor of advanced cancer diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND@#Cancer prevention is a crucial challenge in preventive medicine. Several studies have suggested that voluntary health check-ups and recommendations from health professionals are associated with increased participation in cancer screening. In Japan, it is recommended that individuals aged 40-74 years should undergo annual health check-ups; however, the compliance to this recommendation is approximately <50%. According to the national survey, individuals who do not undergo annual health check-ups are at a higher risk for cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the association between the use of health check-ups and the incidence rate of cancer. We hypothesised that not undergoing periodic health check-ups and/or less use of outpatient medical services are predictors for advanced cancer.@*METHODS@#To explore the relationship between health check-up or outpatient service utilisation and cancer incidence, this retrospective cohort study used data at two time points-baseline in 2014 and endpoint in 2017-from the National Health Insurance (NHI) claims and cancer registry. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate whether cancer diagnosis was associated with health check-up or outpatient service utilisation.@*RESULTS@#A total of 72,171 participants were included in the analysis. The results of the multivariable logistic regression showed that individuals who skipped health check-ups had a higher risk of cancer diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.40). Moreover, not undergoing health check-ups increased the risk of advanced-stage cancer (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.29-2.44). Furthermore, increased rate of outpatient service utilisation was negatively associated with advanced cancer diagnosis.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This is the first study reporting that not undergoing health check-ups is a predictor of cancer diagnosis and advanced cancer stage. Primary prevention strategies for NHI members who do not undergo health check-ups must be reassessed. Moreover, future research should examine secondary prevention strategies, such as health education and recommendations from health professionals to facilitate adequate utilisation of preventive health services.

Effectiveness, safety and implementation results of the strategies aimed at the safe prescription of medications in university hospitals in adult patients. Systematic review / Efectividad, seguridad y resultados de implementación de estrategias dirigidas al proceso de prescripción segura de medicamentos en hospitales universitarios en pacientes adultos. Revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction A broad range of practices aimed at improving the effectives and safety of this process have been documented over the past few years. Objective To establish the effectiveness, safety and results of the implementation of these strategies in adult patients in university hospitals. Methodology A review of systematic reviews was conducted, in addition to a database search in the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Epistemonikos, LILACS and gray literature. Any strategy aimed at reducing prescription-associated risks was included as intervention. This review followed the protocol registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42020165143. Results 7,637 studies were identified, upon deleting duplicate references. After excluding records based on titles and abstracts, 111 full texts were assessed for eligibility. Fifteen studies were included in the review. Several interventions grouped into 5 strategies addressed to the prescription process were identified; the use of computerized medical order entry systems (CPOE), whether integrated or not with computerized decision support systems (CDSS), was the most effective approach. Conclusions The beneficial effects of the interventions intended to the prescription process in terms of efficacy were identified; however, safety and implementation results were not thoroughly assessed. The heterogeneity of the studies and the low quality of the reviews, preclude a meta-analysis.

Resumen Introducción En los últimos años se han documentado gran variedad de prácticas dirigidas a mejorar la efectividad y la seguridad de este proceso. Objetivo Establecer la efectividad, seguridad y resultados de implementación de estas estrategias en pacientes adultos en hospitales universitarios. Metodología Se realizó una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas. Igualmente, la búsqueda en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Cochrane de Revisiones Sistemáticas, Medline, Embase, Epistemonikos, LILACS y literatura gris. Se incluyó como intervención cualquier estrategia dirigida a reducir el riesgo asociado a un error de prescripción. Esta revisión siguió el protocolo registrado en el Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revisiones Sistemáticas (PROSPERO): CRD42020165143. Resultados Se identificaron 7.637 estudios después de eliminar las referencias duplicadas. Después de la exclusión de registros basados en títulos y resúmenes, se evaluaron 111 textos completos para elegibilidad. Se incluyeron quince estudios en la revisión. Se identificaron varias intervenciones agrupadas en 5 estrategias dirigidas al proceso de prescripción, de las cuales el uso de sistemas computarizados de entrada de órdenes médicas (CPOE) integrados o no a sistemas de soporte de decisión computarizados (CDSS) la estrategia más eficaz. Conclusiones Se identificaron efectos benéficos de las intervenciones dirigidas al proceso de prescripción en términos de eficacia; sin embargo, la seguridad y los resultados de implementación no fueron ampliamente evaluados. La heterogeneidad de los estudios y la baja calidad de las revisiones impiden la realización de un metaanálisis.

Bullying y apoyo social percibido en una muestra de escolares chilenos de la región del Maule / Bullying and perceived social support in a sample of Chilean schoolchildren from the Maule region

Resumen Se estudia la relación entre agresión entre pares (incluyendo la agresión cibernética) y el apoyo social percibido en 675 alumnos chilenos, pertenecientes a cursos de sexto año básico a segundo año medio. Se administraron las escalas de agresión entre pares y de apoyo social percibido correspondientes a las variables estudiadas. Los resultados obtenidos, en primer lugar, al evaluar la agresión entre pares muestran diferencias significativas por curso, siendo mayor en niveles educativos más bajos; en segundo lugar, dan cuenta de una relación negativa entre las variables, es decir, cuando los alumnos se insertan en un entorno de agresión entre pares, independiente del rol que ejercen, más bajo es el apoyo social que perciben, coincidiendo con investigaciones previas. Se discute la importancia de incentivar estrategias que refuerce el apoyo social para minimizar los efectos de la agresión entre estudiantes en ambientes educativos e integrar en el aula futuros programas preventivos y de intervención.

Abstract It identifies the relationship between bullying (including cyberbullying) and perceived social support in 675 Chilean students belonging to sixth primary grade to second medium. instruments were applied, the aggression among peers scale and perceived social support The evince that, first in assessing aggression between pairs show significant differences by grade, being higher in lower educational levels and on the other, account for a negative relationship between the variables, ie, when students are inserted into an environment of peer aggression there are lower perceived social support, regardless of the role that they makes, coinciding with previous research. The importance of encouraging strategies that reinforce social support is discussed to minimize the effects of aggression among students in educational settings and to integrate future preventive and intervention programs in the classroom.

Características fenotípicas y factores de riesgo del síndrome de ovario poliquístico en estudiantes de enfermería / Phenotype characteristics and risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among nursing students

Antecedentes: el síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es una afección endocrina común que se presenta en las mujeres y se asocia con problemas como irregularidades menstruales; hirsutismo; obesidad; resistencia a la insulina; acné; y vida posterior con diabetes mellitus y cáncer de útero. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características fenotípicas y los factores de riesgo del síndrome de ovario poliquístico en estudiantes de enfermería. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal (descriptivo) que incluyó una muestra de 400 mujeres de la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad de Zagazig, Egipto. Se utilizaron para la recopilación de datos; hoja de cuestionario de entrevista estructurada, datos relacionados con medidas antropométricas, factores de riesgo sobre el SOP y lista de verificación observacional sobre las características fenotípicas de la PCO. Resultados: el 6% de las alumnas estudiadas tenía antecedentes familiares de PCO, casi la mitad de ellas consumía comida rápida, más de la mitad de las alumnas estudiadas tenía hirsutismo, más de una cuarta parte tenía acné, (14,5%) tenía irregularidades menstruales y una tercera parte. de ellos tenían un aumento de peso anormal continuo. Además, este estudio mostró que se encontró falta de conciencia entre la mayoría de las niñas sobre el SOP. Discusión: Por tanto, se podría concluir que los antecedentes familiares de SOP, la obesidad y los hábitos alimentarios de comida rápida se encuentran como factores predisponentes para el desarrollo de SOP. El riesgo de síndrome de ovario poliquístico aumenta con la presencia de uno o más factores predisponentes identificados. La mayoría de los factores probados como factores predisponentes en nuestro estudio están interrelacionados entre sí y son en su mayoría modificables. Aunque el SOP es un trastorno endocrino prevalente, había un conocimiento deficiente entre las estudiantes de la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad de Zagazig. Conclusiones: El estudio recomendó un programa de detección del ministerio de salud para la detección temprana de los factores predisponentes del SOP, incluidos los estudiantes de secundaria y los estudiantes de facultades, a través de programas educativos y mensajes a través de la consejería, folletos, para aumentar la conciencia de los estudiantes sobre los síntomas del SOP. Investigar más sobre el tamaño de la muestra más grande para identificar cómo el problema es riesgoso y cómo abordarlo. Incluyendo el problema en redes sociales y canales saludables.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition that occurs in women and is associated with problems such as menstrual irregularities; hirsutism; obesity; insulin resistance; acne; and later life with diabetes mellitus and uterine cancer. The study aim was to assess phenotype characteristics and risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among nursing students. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study (descriptive) included a sample of 400 females from Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt. Were used for data collection; structured-interviewing questionnaire sheet, data related to anthropometric measures, risk factors about PCOS and observational check list about phenotype characteristics of PCO. Results: 6% of the studied student females had family history of PCO, nearly half of them had fast food, more than half of studied student females had hirsutism, more than one quarter had acne, (14.5%) had menstrual irregularity and one third of them had continuous abnormal weight gain. Also, this study showed that lack of awareness was found among majority of girls about PCOS. Discussion: Therefore, it could be concluded that, family history of PCOS, obesity and fast-food diet habits are found to be the predisposing factors for development of PCOS. The risk of PCOS increases with presence of one or more identified predisposing factors. Most of the factors tested as predisposing factors in our study are interlinked to each other and are mostly modifiable Although that PCOS is prevalent endocrine disorder, there was poor knowledge among student females in Faculty of Nursing Zagazig University. Conclusion: The study recommended screening program from ministry of health for early detection of predisposing factors of PCOS including the secondary school students and faculties students through educational programs and messages through the counseling, brochures, to increase students' awareness about PCOS symptoms. Further research on larger sample size to identify how the problem is risky and how to deal it. Including the problem in social media and healthy channels

A Experiência Brasileira de Prevenção Escolar e Comunitária do Uso de Álcool e Outras Drogas: Registro Histórico de Adaptação, Implementação e Avaliação entre os Anos de 2013 a 2018 / The Brazilian Experience of School and Community Prevention of the Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs: Historical Record of Adaptation, Implementation and Evaluation between the Years 2013 to 2018

O livro A Experiência Brasileira de Prevenção Escolar e Comunitária do Uso de Álcool e Outras Drogas: Registro Histórico de Adaptação, Implementação e Avaliação entre os Anos de 2013 a 2018 apresenta um conjunto de ações inovadoras de prevenção escolar e comunitária de problemas decorrentes do uso de álcool e outras drogas. Tratou-se de uma iniciativa da Coordenação de Saúde Mental, Álcool e Outras Drogas, do Ministério da Saúde, em parceria com o Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Drogas e Crimes (UNODC), que foi, em seguida, implementada, intersetorialmente, com a participação da Secretaria Nacional de Políticas sobre Droga, do Ministério da Justiça e da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Essas ações se deram no âmbito do "Plano de Ação e Enfrentamento ao Crack", do qual derivou o "Programa Crack: é Possível Vencer", com três eixos norteadores: segurança, cuidado e prevenção. Este livro versa sobre o terceiro eixo, prevenção, que foi operacionalizado por meio da adoção de três programas internacionais baseados em evidência para implementação em escolas e serviços de proteção social básica: Unplugged, que se tornou #Tamojunto; GoodBehavior Game, que foi adaptado e tornou-se Jogo Elos; e StrengtheningFamilies, nomeado, inicialmente, de Programa Fortalecendo Famílias e, posteriormente, de Programa Famílias Fortes. Enquanto os dois primeiros foram implementados no contexto escolar, o último destinava-se a famílias usuárias dos serviços de proteção social básica. O texto busca retratar as aprendizagens acumuladas, relativas à adaptação, implementação, avaliação e fortalecimento dos três programas preventivos referidos. Esperamos que as lições aprendidas e os processos que as geraram, descritos neste livro, possam manter viva a memória desses anos de intenso trabalho, seja nos espaços de formulação de políticas públicas, gestão, implementação, ensino ou pesquisa.

CHECKEATE, aplicación tecnológica en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles / CHECKEATE, a technological application for the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases

La falta de cultura preventiva y un diagnóstico precoz oportuno representan dos de los factores más importantes a considerar en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles a nivel mundial, por lo que la tecnología móvil constituye una alternativa que bien puede ser utilizada en la medicina preventiva. En este sentido, el presente artículo tuvo como objetivo validar una aplicación tecnológica que permita realizar el diagnóstico de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, utilizando el dispositivo móvil. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que utilizó la encuesta como técnica y el cuestionario como instrumento para la recolección de la información en una muestra de 60 personas mayores de 18 años, todos usuarios de la red social Facebook, quienes seguían la página https://es-la.facebook.com/DrLuisPacoraCamargo/. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron demostrar que el 57,1 por ciento de los encuestados presentaba edades comprendidas entre los 21 y 40 años de edad, de los cuales el 88,3 por ciento reportó que utilizaba internet diariamente; el 53,3 por ciento respondió que utilizaba sus dispositivos frecuentemente para comunicarse a través de las redes sociales; el 53,4 por ciento de los encuestados había descargado un aplicativo relacionado con la salud y, finalmente, el 82,8 por ciento de las personas respondió tener conocimiento del término de medicina preventiva y, que de tener información en sus dispositivos móviles, la utilizaría con frecuencia. En conclusión, el diseño e implementación de un servicio de salud a través de los dispositivos móviles, como el CHECKEATE, es viable en un mercado joven, potencialmente interesado en temas de salud preventiva(AU)

Lack of a preventive culture and of timely early diagnosis are two of the most important factors to be considered in the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide. Mobile technology is therefore an alternative which could very well be used in preventive medicine. The purpose of the study was to validate a technological application for the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases using a mobile device. A descriptive study was conducted based on the survey as technique and the questionnaire as data collection tool. The sample was 60 people aged over 18 years, all of them users of the social network Facebook, who follow the webpage https://es-la.facebook.com/DrLuisPacoraCamargo/. Results show that 57.1 percent of the respondents were aged 21-40 years; 88.3 percent reported using the Internet daily; 53.3 percent that they used their devices frequently for communication through social networks; 53.4 percent had downloaded a health-related application, and 82.8 percent were familiar with the term "preventive medicine" and would used it more frequently if they had more information on their mobile devices. In conclusion, design and implementation of a health service through mobile devices, as is the case with CHECKEATE, would be viable in a young market potentially interested in preventive health topics(AU)

La infección por el VIH: abordaje de su prevención en hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres en Cuba / HIV infection: an approach to its prevention in men who have sex with men in Cuba

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe las principales intervenciones de prevención de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, dirigidas a los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, los que constituyen un grupo de riesgo para adquirir la enfermedad. Para su elaboración, se seleccionó la literatura científica publicada en fuentes y documentos nacionales e internacionales considerada relevante para el tema. El análisis y las recomendaciones se centraron en el sector de la salud y en el grupo de hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres. Las estrategias de abordaje del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en Cuba están consideradas entre los programas de prevención de alto impacto, elaboradas tanto por la sociedad civil, a través de las subvenciones del Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, como por los técnicos del Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de las ITS-VIH/sida. Incluyen paquetes de servicios personalizados, que contienen elementos estructurales, biomédicos y de comportamiento para grupos de población clave en los contextos sociales donde son más necesarias. Como es sabido, el riesgo para cada individuo depende de sus prácticas y no del grupo al que pertenezca. Estas ofrecen un fundamento común para el desarrollo y la promoción de programas de eficacia comprobada para la prevención, que permiten reorganizar los esfuerzos, tener mayor impacto y lograr reducir el número de nuevas infecciones en este grupo de población (AU).

ABSTRACT This paper describes the main interventions for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection, aimed at men who have sex with men, who constitute a risk group for acquiring the disease. For its preparation, the scientific literature published in national and international sources and documents considered relevant to the subject was selected. The analysis and recommendations focused on the health sector and the group of men who have sex with other men. The strategies to address the human immunodeficiency virus in Cuba are considered among the high-impact prevention programs, developed both by civil society, through grants from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and by the technicians of the National Program for the Prevention and Control of STI-HIV/AIDS. They include personalized service packages, containing structural, biomedical and behavioral elements for key population groups in the social contexts where they are most needed. As is known, the risk for each individual depends on their practices and not on the group to which they belong. These provide a common foundation for the development and promotion of proven prevention programs that allow reorganization of efforts, have greater impact, and reduce the number of new infections in this population group (AU).

Prevalência, severidade e fatores associados à depressão em estudantes universitários / Prevalence, severity and factors associated with depression in university students / Prevalencia, severidad y factores asociados a la depresión en estudiantes universitarios

OBJETIVO: identificar a prevalência, a severidade e os fatores associados à depressão entre estudantes universitários no Distrito Federal. MÉTODO: estudo transversal realizado com 521 estudantes universitários, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados através da escala Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e o teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: dentre os 521 indivíduos estudados, houve predomínio do sexo feminino. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi de 521 (96,6%) estudantes universitários, sendo 31,3% com depressão suave, 23,4%, depressão mínima, 13,1% depressão moderadamente grave, 9,6% depressão grave e 9,2% depressão moderada. A renda familiar e o semestre cursado são fatores associados para a severidade da depressão. CONCLUSÃO: a prevalência da depressão no ambiente universitário é comum, sendo uma proporção alta e preocupante. É crucial o rastreamento da depressão, sua severidade e seus fatores associados, a fim de estimular reflexão sobre a temática e pensar em estratégias de intervenção para a prevenção e promoção da saúde mental.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the prevalence, severity and factors associated with depression among university students in the Federal District. METHOD: a cross-sectional study carried out with 521 university students, aged between 18 and 60 years old. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used. RESULTS: among the 521 individuals studied, there was predominance of females. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 521 (96.6%) university students; 31.3% with mild depression; 23.4%, minimal depression, 13.1%, moderately severe depression; 9.6%, severe depression; and 9.2%, moderate depression. Family income and the semester attended are associated factors for the severity of depression. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of depression in the university environment is common, being at a high and worrying proportion. It is crucial to track depression, its severity and its associated factors, in order to stimulate reflection on the theme and to think of intervention strategies for the prevention and promotion of mental health.

OBJETIVO: identificar la prevalencia, la gravedad y los factores asociados a la depresión entre los estudiantes universitarios del Distrito Federal. MÉTODO: estudio transversal realizado con 521 estudiantes universitarios, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 60 años. Los síntomas depresivos se evaluaron mediante la escala del Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y la prueba de chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS: Entre los 521 individuos estudiados, predominó el sexo femenino. La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue de 521 (96.6%) estudiantes universitarios, 31.3% con depresión leve, 23.4%, depresión mínima, 13.1% depresión moderadamente severa, 9.6% depresión severa y 9, 2% de depresión moderada. Los ingresos familiares y el semestre asistido son factores asociados para la gravedad de la depresión. CONCLUSIÓN: la prevalencia de depresión en el entorno universitario es común, siendo una proporción alta y preocupante. Es crucial rastrear la depresión, su gravedad y sus factores asociados, para estimular la reflexión sobre el tema y pensar en estrategias de intervención para la prevención y promoción de la salud mental.

Determinantes de la salud en niños menores de 5 años - Piura, Perú, 2018 / Determinants of health in children under 5 years old - Piura, Peru. 2018

Introducción: Los determinantes sociales de la salud contribuyen a elevar la eficiencia y eficacia de los programas preventivos promocionales y disminuyen los riesgos que afronta la población en general. Objetivo: Describir los determinantes de la salud en niños menores de 5 años del Asentamiento Humano Nueva Esperanza Sector X- Piura, 2018. Material y Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, cuantitativa, diseño de una sola casilla. Instrumento de recolección de datos: cuestionario con una muestra de 183 sujetos. Resultados: El 59 por ciento de los niños son de sexo femenino con edades entre 1-4 años, 60,1 por ciento de las madres tienen secundaria completa/incompleta; 37,7 por ciento ganan menos de 750 soles, 57,4 por ciento realiza trabajo eventual, la mayoría tiene casa propia, abastecimiento de agua domiciliaria, piso loseta y cemento, baño propio y acude a un centro de salud, se baña diariamente, tiene carnet de vacunas completas y más de la mitad duermen de 8 a 10 horas. La mayoría de las familias no recibe apoyo organizado. Conclusiones: Se concluye que el nivel de instrucción de las madres es limitado y el nivel socioeconómico de las familias es bajo. Además, el apoyo social que poseen es de tipo natural a cargo de los familiares, lo cual se relaciona con su idiosincrasia; de esta manera no participan de programas sociales. Todo esto influye en la salud y estilos de vida en los niños(AU)

Introduction: The social determinants of health contribute to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of promotional preventive programs and reduce the risks faced by the general population. Objective: To describe the determinants of health in children under 5 years old of the Nueva Esperanza Human Settlement Sector X- Piura, 2018. Material and Methods: Descriptive, quantitative research, one-box design. Data collection instrument: questionnaire applied to a sample of 183 people. Results: The 59 percent of children are female with ages 1-4 years; 60,1 percent of mothers have complete / incomplete secondary education; 37,7 percent earn less than 750 soles; 57,4 percent have casual employments; most of them have their own houses with domestic water supply, tile and cement floors and their own bathrooms; they attend to a healthcare center; they take a daily bath, have complete vaccination cards and more than half of them sleep 8-10 hours. Most families do not receive organized support. Conclusions: It is concluded that the mothers' educational levels are limited and the socioeconomic level of families is low. In addition, they receive natural support from family members all of which is related to their idiosyncrasies; therefore, they do not participate in social programs. All this influences children´s health and lifestyles(AU)

Nivel de conocimientos en la prevención del cáncer de próstata en derechohabientes de una unidad de medicina familiar / Level of knowledge in prostate cancer prevention in beneficiaries from a family medicine unit

Introducción: el cáncer es una de las primeras causas de muerte mundial; en 2012 representó 8.2 millones de muertes. En México, a pesar de que la incidencia de cáncer de próstata es tres veces menor que lo observado en Estados Unidos, la mortalidad por esta causa es prácticamente igual (11.3 vs 9.8 muertes por cada 100,000 hombres) y representa la primera causa de cáncer y mortalidad por cáncer en hombres, por lo que es de vital importancia la prevención y para ello se debe promover el conocimiento de esta afección. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la prevención del cáncer de próstata en hombres de 40 a 65 años de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 51. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado (alfa de Cronbach de 0.8) sobre las medidas preventivas del cáncer prostático a 204 derechohabientes masculinos de la unidad. Resultados: el grado de conocimientos sobre la prevención del cáncer de próstata es bajo en el 66% de los casos, me- dio en el 31% y alto en el 3%; el 78.9% de los participantes corresponde a casados, el 51.5% tiene grado de estudios de preparatoria o superior y el 47.1% es obrero. Conclusiones: el bajo grado de conocimientos en la prevención del cáncer prostático muestra un área de oportunidad de mejorar si se difunde a edades tempranas.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide; in 2012, 8.2 million deaths were attributed to it. In Mexico, despite the fact that the incidence of prostate cancer is three times lower than that observed in the United States, mortality from this cause is practically the same (11.3 vs. 9.8 deaths per 100 000 men) and represents the first cause of cancer and cancer mortality in men, which is why prevention is of vital importance, and for this, knowledge about the pathology must be promoted. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge about the pre- vention of prostate cancer in men between 40 and 65 years from the Family Medicine Unit No. 51. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha of 0.8) on preventive measures of prostate cancer was applied to 204 male beneficiaries from the aforementioned unit. Results: The level of knowledge about the prevention of prostate cancer is low in 66% of the cases, medium in 31% and high in 3%; 78.9% are married, 51.5% have a high school education level or higher and 47.1% are workers. Conclusions: The low level of knowledge of prostate cancer prevention shows an area of opportunity for improvement with a greater emphasis on early ages.

Ortodontia em saúde coletiva: epidemiologia das oclusopatias e da necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico em adolescentes / Orthodontics in public health: epidemiology of malocclusions and the need for orthodontic treatment in adolescents

A Epidemiologia tornou-se um ramo da ciência muito utilizado para a verificação das necessidades da população, o planejamento de ações e a organização dos serviços em saúde. Para isso, primeiramente, é fundamental realizar o diagnóstico situacional, a partir de dados específicos, em busca da compreensão e atuação sobre os problemas de saúde encontrados em coletividade. As oclusopatias têm sido uma das condições bucais mais prevalentes e, em consequência, houve o crescimento da demanda por tratamento ortodôntico. Nesta perspectiva, índices oclusais foram elaborados para medir a ocorrência das oclusopatias tendo em vista a priorização da necessidade de tratamento. O conhecimento da temática em escala global permitiu uma visão ampliada do problema e das estratégias desenvolvidas em saúde bucal. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve os seguintes objetivos: 1) realizar uma revisão sistemática das evidências científicas existentes sobre a prevalência da necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico em adolescentes na faixa etária de 12 à 15 anos de idade; 2) investigar a prevalência das oclusopatias e a necessidade normativa de tratamento ortodôntico em adolescentes de 12 anos de idade. Na revisão sistemática foram incluídos trabalhos nacionais e internacionais publicados nas bases de dados Cochrane, Embase, Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Scopus e Web of Science (WOS). A busca inicial não se limitou a nenhum filtro disponível nas bases de dados e utilizou os seguintes descritores: prevalence, epidemiology, malocclusion, index orthodontic treatment need, child e adolescent. Termos utilizados na literatura científica também foram empregados: orthodontic treatment need, index for need of orthodontic treatment, index of orthodontic treatment needs, IOTN index, dental aesthetic index e DAI index. Foram incluídas publicações que avaliaram a prevalência da necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico em adolescentes entre 12 à 15 anos de idade utilizando o Índice de Estética Dentária (DAI) e/ou Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN) em estudos epidemiológicos transversais, sem restrições de ano do periódico e idioma. Do total de artigos encontrados (n=2255), 525 estudos permaneceram após a remoção por duplicidade. Os títulos e resumos destas publicações foram avaliados e aplicando os critérios de exclusão, selecionou-se 38 artigos. Para elegibilidade, os critérios de inclusão foram empregados e 11 estudos foram eleitos. Os textos completos destas publicações foram obtidos para leitura e análise da qualidade metodológica. Com relação aos achados da necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico global, houve variabilidade nos resultados, mas observou-se que a prevalência foi considerada alta. Quanto às ações desenvolvidas, foram sugeridas a educação em saúde bucal para os adolescentes e pais com foco na prevenção e no tratamento interceptativo precoce das oclusopatias, bem como, inserção da ortodontia nos programas de saúde com a implantação de mais centros especializados. A segunda etapa desta pesquisa consistiu em um estudo observacional e transversal, realizado com 461 adolescentes de 12 anos de idade, matriculados em escolas públicas de um município de médio porte do Estado de São Paulo. A oclusão e a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico foram avaliadas por meio da Classificação de Angle e do DAI. Os dados foram analisados utilizando estatística descritiva e as distribuições absolutas e percentuais das variáveis categóricas foram tabuladas. A verificação da associação entre os resultados dos exames clínicos para diagnóstico de oclusopatias utilizando a Classificação de Angle e o DAI foi realizada por meio do teste G, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. O processamento e a análise dos dados foram realizados com auxílio do Programa Epi-InfoTM versão 7.2. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). O diagnóstico da oclusão, segundo a Classificação de Angle, mostrou que 8,89% apresentavam oclusão normal, 56,83% oclusopatia em Classe I, 24,08% em Classe II e 10,20% em Classe III. A prevalência da necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico, segundo o DAI, foi de 52,69% dos adolescentes considerando tratamento eletivo à obrigatório. Houve associação entre os resultados dos exames clínicos para diagnóstico de oclusopatias utilizando a Classificação de Angle com o DAI (p <0,0001). A prevalência das oclusopatias e da necessidade normativa de tratamento ortodôntico foi elevada, sendo 18,44% dos adolescentes com necessidade de tratamento obrigatório. Os índices foram eficazes para a identificação das oclusopatias, entretanto por avaliarem aspectos clínicos distintos, poderiam ser utilizados concomitantemente para aprimorar o diagnóstico das oclusopatias(AU)

Epidemiology has become a branch of science widely used to define the needs of the population, plan actions and organize health services. For this, first, it is essential to perform the situational diagnosis, based on specific data, in search of understanding and acting on the health problems found in the community. Malocclusion has been one of the most prevalent oral conditions and, as a result, there has been an increase in demand for orthodontic treatment. In this perspective, occlusal indexes were developed to measure the occurrence of malocclusions in order to prioritize the need for treatment. The knowledge of the theme on a global scale allowed an expanded view of the problem and the strategies developed in oral health. In this context, the present research had the following objectives: 1) to carry out a systematic review of the existing scientific evidence on the prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years old; 2) to investigate the prevalence of malocclusions and the normative need for orthodontic treatment in 12-year-old adolescents.The systematic review included national and international works published in the Cochrane, Embase, Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library (VHL Regional Portal), PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases. The initial search was not limited to any filter available in the databases and used the following descriptors: prevalence, epidemiology, malocclusion, index orthodontic treatment need, child and adolescent. In addition, terms used in the scientific literature were also used: orthodontic treatment need, index for need of orthodontic treatment, index of orthodontic treatment needs, IOTN index, dental aesthetic index and DAI index. Were included publications that evaluated the prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment in adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and / or Orthodontic Treatment Needs Index (IOTN) in cross-sectional epidemiological studies, without restrictions on year of the journal and language. Of the total articles found (n = 2255), 525 studies remained after removal due to duplication. The titles and abstracts of these publications were evaluated and applying the exclusion criteria, 38 articles were selected. For eligibility, the inclusion criteria were used and 11 studies were elected. The complete texts of these publications were obtained for reading and analysis of methodological quality. As for the actions developed, oral health education recommendations were suggested for adolescents and parents with a focus on prevention and early interceptive treatment of malocclusions, as well as insertion of orthodontics in health programs with the implementation and development of specialized centers. The second stage of this research consisted of an observational, crosssectional, survey-type study conducted with 461 12-year-old adolescents enrolled in public schools in the medium-sized municipality of the State of São Paulo. Occlusion and the need for orthodontic treatment were assessed using the Angle Classification and the DAI. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the absolute and percentage distributions of categorical variables were tabulated. The verification of the association between the results of clinical exams for the diagnosis of malocclusions using the Angle Classification and the DAI was performed using the G test, adopting a significance level of 5%. Data processing and analysis were performed using the Epi-InfoTM version 7.2 program. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). The diagnosis of occlusion, according to the Angle Classification, showed that 8.89% had normal occlusion, 56.83% occlusion Class I, 24.08% Class II and 10.20% Class III. The prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment, according to the DAI, was 52.69% of adolescents considering elective treatment to mandatory treatment. There was an association between the results of clinical examinations for the diagnosis of malocclusions using the Angle Classification with the DAI (p <0.0001). The prevalence of malocclusions and the normative need for orthodontic treatment was high, with approximately 18,44% of adolescents in need of mandatory treatment. The indices were effective for the identification of malocclusions, however, by evaluating different clinical aspects, they could be used concomitantly to improve the diagnosis of malocclusions(AU)