Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte I) / Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part I)

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicadas a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

Sangre total leucorreducida y filtro ahorrador de plaquetas preserva su función hemostática por 21 días: ¿La resucitación hemostática podría ser una realidad en Colombia? / Leukoreduced whole blood and platelet-sparing filter preserves its hemostatic function for 21 days: Could hemostatic resuscitation become a reality in Colombia?

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

Vécu psychosocial des soignants en réanimation face à la pandémie à COVID-19 au centre hospitalier universitaire de Cocody (Abidjan - cote d'ivoire) / psychosocial experiences of caregivers in intensive care in the face of the pandemic at Covid-19 at Cocody University Hospital (Abidjan - Côte d'Ivoire)

L'objectif de notre travail était d'étudier le vécu psychosocial des soignants en réanimation face à la pandémie à Covid-19. Patients et méthode : il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive transversale par questionnaire incluant les soignants du service de réanimation du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Cocody du 1er juin au 31 juillet 2020. Résultats : quarante-cinq soignants étaient concernés avec un sex-ratio de 0,87. L'âge moyen était de 40,8±8,6 ans (27-62). Les célibataires étaient de 53% avec au moins un enfant à charge (67%). On notait 26,7% de médecins, 13,3% d'internes, 26,7% d'Infirmier Diplômé d'Etat et 33,3% d'aides-soignantes. La disponibilité des Equipement de Protection Individuelle étaient de 47%. Les travailleurs se sentaient fortement exposés (26,7%). Les situations de travail stressant étaient surtout les soins sur les patients suspects (51,2%). Les difficultés respiratoires(91%) et le manque de concentration (76%) étaient retrouvés chez les soignants stressés. Le soutien social venait surtout des familles (46,7%). Les scores de la latitude décisionnelle et de la demande psychologique étaient plutôt bas, respectivement 53% et 60%. Leur lien relationnel montrait une situation de travail génératrice de stress (22,5 %). Conclusion: Le soutien psychologique et l'approvisionnement en ressources matérielles seraient fondamentaux pour l'amélioration de la qualité de vie professionnelle des soignants

The objective of our study was to investigate the psychosocial experience of intensive care workers in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Patients and method: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study by questionnaire including the caretakers of the intensive care unit of the Cocody University Hospital. Results: Forty-five caregivers were involved with a sex ratio of 0.87. The mean age was 40.8±8.6 years (27-62). Single people were 53% with at least one dependent child (67%). There were 26.7% physicians, 13.3 % interns, 26.7% state-registered nurse and 33.3 % caregivers. The availability of individual protection equipment was 47 %. Workers felt highly exposed (26.7 %). Stressful work situations were mainly caring for suspicious patients (51.2%). Breathing difficulties (91%) and lack of concentration (76%) were found in stressed caregivers. Social support came mainly from families (46.7%). The scores for decision-making latitude and psychological demand were rather low, 53% and 60% respectively. Their relational relationship showed a stress-generating work situation (22.5%). Conclusion: Psychological support and the provision of material resources would be fundamental to improving the quality of work life for caregivers

Inspiration from the research advances in microcirculatory dysfunction to the treatment of burn shock and burn septic shock / 中华烧伤杂志

Microcirculatory dysfunction is an important pathophysiological change of shock. In the last decade, many researches on the mechanism of microcirculatory dysfunction have been involved in areas such as the glycocalyx damage of vascular endothelial cells, macrocirculation- microcirculation discoupling, vascular hyporeactivity, and microcirculation monitoring. Accordingly, this paper discussed how these research findings can be applied to burn patients, with the aim of alerting the clinicians to improving microcirculation, and maintaining hemodynamic coordination during the treatment of burn shock and burn septic shock. In addition, with the development of accurate and reliable microcirculation monitoring techniques, it is necessary to carry out multi-center clinical trials to reveal the clinical significance of target-oriented shock resuscitation protocol combining macrocirculatory and microcirculatory parameters.

Establishment and application of the tenfold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of adult patients after extensive burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the scientificity and feasibility of the tenfold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of adult patients after extensive burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. The total burn area (30%-100% total body surface area (TBSA)) and body weight (45-135 kg) of 170 adult patients (135 males and 35 females, aged (42±14) years) with extensive burns admitted to the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from December 2016 to December 2019 were collected. The 6 461 pairs of simulated data obtained after pairing each body weight in 45 to 135 kg (programmed in steps of 1 kg) with each area in 30% to 100% TBSA (programmed in steps of 1%TBSA) were plugged into four recognized rehydration formulas--Parkland's formula, Brooke's formula, the 304th PLA Hospital formula, and the Third Military Medical University formula and two emergency rehydration formulas--the simplified first aid resuscitation plan for extensive burn patients proposed by the World Health Organization's Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB, hereinafter referred to as the TWGB formula) and the tenfold rehydration formula proposed by the author of this article to calculate the rehydration rate within 8 hours after injury (hereinafter referred to as the rehydration rate), with results being displayed by a programming step of 10%TBSA for the total burn area. Taking the calculation results of four recognized rehydration formulas as the reasonable rehydration rate, the accuracy of rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were calculated and compared. The body weight of 45-135 kg was divided into three segments by the results of maximum body weight at a reasonable rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula when the total burn area was 30% and 100% TBSA, respectively. The accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas in each body weight segment was compared. When the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were unreasonable, the differences in rehydration rates between the two were compared. Statistical distribution of the aforementioned three body weight segments in the aforementioned 170 patients was counted. Using the total burn area and body weight data of the aforementioned 170 patients, the accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas was calculated and compared as before. Data were statistically analyzed with McNemar test. Results: When the total burn area was 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% TBSA, respectively, and the body weight was 45-135 kg, the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas did not exceed the maximum of the calculated results of four recognized rehydration formulas; the rehydration rate calculated by the TWGB formula did not change accordingly with total burn area, while the rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula did not change accordingly with body weight. Substituting 6 461 pairs of simulated data showed that the accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 43.09% (2 784/6 461), which was significantly higher than 2.07% (134/6 461) of the TWGB formula, χ2=2 404.80, P<0.01. When the body weights were 45-62 kg and 63-93 kg, the accuracy rates of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula were 100% (1 278/1 278) and 68.42% (1 506/2 201), respectively, which were significantly higher than 0 (0/1 278) and 0.05% (1/2 201) of the TWGB formula, χ2=1 276.00, 1 501.01, P<0.01; when the body weight was 94-135 kg, the accuracy rate of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 0 (0/2 982), which was significantly lower than 4.46% (133/2 982) of the TWGB formula, χ2=131.01, P<0.01. When the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were both unreasonable, the rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was greater than that calculated by the TWGB formula in most cases, accounting for 79.3% (2 808/3 543). Among the 170 patients, the proportions of those weighing 45-62, 63-93, and 94-135 kg were 25.29% (43/170), 65.88% (112/170), and 8.82% (15/170), respectively. Among the 170 patients, the accuracy rate of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 69.41% (118/170), which was significantly higher than 3.53% (6/170) of the TWGB formula, χ2=99.36, P<0.01. Conclusions: Applying the tenfold rehydration formula to calculate the emergency rehydration rate in adults after extensive burns is simpler than four recognized rehydration formulas, and is superior to the TWGB formula. The tenfold rehydration formula is suitable for the front-line medical staffs that are not specialized in burns in pre-admission rescue of adult patients with extensive burns, which is worth popularizing.

Controlling excessive fluid resuscitation in massive burn patients to prevent complications / 中华烧伤杂志

Excessive fluid resuscitation in massive burn patients is a common phenomenon in burn management, and the reasons are mostly related with administering resuscitation of crystalloid alone and pursuing a goal-directed resuscitation with targeting normal hemodynamic parameters in the first 24 h post burn. Tissue edema caused by excessive fluid resuscitation is a vital factor that induces complications including respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome, and so on. Therefore, in order to control excessive fluid resuscitation and prevent its subsequent complications in massive burn patients, it is necessary to determine the optimal resuscitation regime, set appropriate resuscitation endpoints, and implement precise management of fluid resuscitation.

Effects of continuous goal-directed analgesia on fluid resuscitation of massive burn patients during shock / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of continuous goal-directed analgesia on fluid resuscitation during shock stage in patients with massive burns, providing a basis for rational optimization of analgesia protocols in patients with burn shock. Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted. One hundred and thirty-six patients with massive burns who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Zhengzhou First People's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020, and the patients were divided into continuous analgesia (CA) group (68 cases,with average age of 44 years old) and intermittent analgesia (IA) group (68 cases,with average age of 45 years old) according to whether sufentanil injection was continuously used for intravenous analgesia during the shock stage. The patients in the 2 groups were predominantly male. Before and at 72 h of treatment, the severity of disease and trauma pain of patients in the 2 groups were scored by the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) and the visual analogue scale (VAS). Hematocrit, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation in central venous blood (ScvO2), rehydration coefficient, blood lactate value, hourly urine output, and the adverse reactions such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, skeletal muscle tonicity, respiratory depression, bradycardia, pruritus, and drug addiction of patients in the 2 groups during the treatment were recorded at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd 24 h post-injury. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, paired or independent sample t test, Bonferroni correction,chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Before treatment, APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients in the 2 groups were close (with t values of -0.67 and 0.32, respectively, P>0.05); At 72 h of treatment, APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients in CA group were 8.5±2.2 and 2.5±1.6, both of which were significantly lower than (15.2±3.0) and (7.9±2.0) of patients in IA group, respectively (with t values of -14.94 and -17.46, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with the pre-treatment period, the APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients in IA group decreased significantly at 72 h of treatment (with t values of 11.35 and 30.59, respectively, P<0.01); the changes in APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients at 72 h of treatment in comparison with those of patients before treatment in CA group were all similar to those of patients in IA group (with t values of 4.00 and 4.82, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with those of patients in IA group, there were no significant changes in CVP, hematocrit, heart rate, ScvO2, and MAP of patients in CA group at all three 24 h post-injury (with t values of <0.01, 0.12, 2.10, 1.55, 0.03; 0.13, 0.22, <0.01, 0.17, 0.49; 0.63, 0.06, 0.04, 2.79, and 2.33, respectively, P>0.05). Compared with those of patients in IA group at the 1st 24 h post-injury, CVP, ScvO2 and MAP of patients were significantly higher at the 2nd and 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of -10.10, -9.31, -8.89; -10.81, -4.65, and -9.43, respectively, P<0.01), and the heart rate of patients was significantly lower at the 2nd and 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 7.53 and 7.78, respectively, P<0.01), and the hematocrit of patients decreased significantly only at the 3rd 24 h post-injury (t=15.55, P<0.01); the changes of CVP, ScvO2, MAP and heart rate of patients at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury, and HCT of patients at the 3rd 24 h post-injury, in comparison with those of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury in CA group were similar to those of patients in IA group (with t values of -12.25, -10.24, -8.99, 9.42, -8.83, -7.53, -11.57, 10.44, and 12.91, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with those of patients in IA group, the rehydration coefficient of patients in CA group was significantly higher only at the 3rd 24 h post-injury (t=5.60, P<0.05), blood lactate value of patients in CA group was significantly lower at the 1st and 2nd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 4.32 and 14.52, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01), the hourly urine output of patients in CA group increased significantly at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 24.65, 13.12, and 5.63, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the those of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury, the rehydration coefficient of patients in IA group decreased significantly at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 33.98 and 36.91, respectively, P<0.01), the blood lactate values of patients in IA group decreased significantly at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 8.20 and 11.68, respectively, P<0.01), and the hourly urine output of patients in IA group was significantly increased at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of -3.52 and -5.92, respectively, P<0.01); the changes of rehydration coefficients and blood lactate values of patients at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury in comparison with those of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury in CA group were similar to those of patients in IA group (with t values of 35.64, 33.64, 9.86, and 12.56, respectively, P<0.01), but hourly urine output of patients in CA group increased significantly only at the 3rd 24 h compared with that of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury (t=-3.07, P<0.01). Adverse reactions such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, bradycardia, and pruritus occurred rarely in patients of the 2 groups, and none of the patients had skeletal muscle tonicity, respiratory depression, or drug addiction. The incidence of adverse reactions of patients in CA group was similar to that in IA group (χ2=0.08, P>0.05). Conclusions: Continuous goal-directed analgesia can effectively relieve pain and improve vital signs of patients with large burns. Meanwhile it has little impact on volume load, which can assist in correcting ischemia and hypoxia during the shock period and help patients get through the shock period smoothly.

Resuscitation fluids as drugs: targeting the endothelial glycocalyx / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Fluid resuscitation is an essential intervention in critically ill patients, and its ultimate goal is to restore tissue perfusion. Critical illnesses are often accompanied by glycocalyx degradation caused by inflammatory reactions, hypoperfusion, shock, and so forth, leading to disturbed microcirculatory perfusion and organ dysfunction. Therefore, maintaining or even restoring the glycocalyx integrity may be of high priority in the therapeutic strategy. Like drugs, however, different resuscitation fluids may have beneficial or harmful effects on the integrity of the glycocalyx. The purpose of this article is to review the effects of different resuscitation fluids on the glycocalyx. Many animal studies have shown that normal saline might be associated with glycocalyx degradation, but clinical studies have not confirmed this finding. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), rather than other synthetic colloids, may restore the glycocalyx. However, the use of HES also leads to serious adverse events such as acute kidney injury and bleeding tendencies. Some studies have suggested that albumin may restore the glycocalyx, whereas others have suggested that balanced crystalloids might aggravate glycocalyx degradation. Notably, most studies did not correct the effects of the infusion rate or fluid volume; therefore, the results of using balanced crystalloids remain unclear. Moreover, mainly animal studies have suggested that plasma may protect and restore glycocalyx integrity, and this still requires confirmation by high-quality clinical studies.

Desempenho de corrida e natação de guarda-vidas civis após uma temporada de verão / Running and swimming performance of civilian lifeguards after a summer season

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o desempenho de corrida e natação de guarda-vidas civis após uma temporada de verão em Florianópolis ­ SC. Quatorze guarda-vidas civis (idade: 23.4 ± 5.0 anos; massa corporal: 74.6 ± 8.9 kg; estatura: 176 ± 0.1 cm) realizaram testes de 500m de natação e 1600m de corrida antes e após uma temporada de verão de 5 meses. Não foi realizada nenhuma intervenção na rotina dos guarda -vidas durante esse período. A comparação no desempenho pré e pós temporada foi realizada pelo teste t de Student para dados pareados (bicaudal), enquanto as correlações entre as variáveis foram verificadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5% (p < 0.05). Houve piora nos tempos dos testes de 500m de natação (Pré: 501.4 ± 77.9; Pós: 523.1 ± 84.6 s; p < 0.01) e 1600m de corrida (Pré: 371.6 ± 42.3 s; Pós: 393.9 ± 42.7 s; p < 0.01), sem associação entre o tempo de desempenho pré-temporada no teste de natação (r = 0.441, p = 0.115) ou corrida (r = -0.179, p = 0.541) com as magnitudes de piora. Concluiu-se que houve uma piora no desempenho de corrida e natação ao término da temporada de verão nos guarda-vidas civis, o que pode levar a uma perda no rendimento nas atividades que são submetidos rotineiramente. Dessa forma, tornam-se importantes estratégias, como o treinamento sistematizado, para minimizar essa queda no rendimento dos guarda-vidas civis, evitando o risco a si mesmo e a potenciais vítimas.(AU)

: The aim of this study was verify the performance of the running and swimming of civilian lifeguards after a summer season in Florianópolis - SC. Fourteen civilian lifeguards (age: 23.4 ± 5.0 years; body mass: 74.6 ± 8.9 kg; height: 176 ± 0.1 cm) performed tests of 500m swimming and 1600m running before and after a summer season of 5 months. There was no intervention in the routine of the lifeguards during this period. Statistical analysis consisted of a paired t-test (two-tailed) for the pre and post-season comparison, with the correlations between the variables being verified by Pearson's correlation coefficient, with level of significance of 5% (p < 0.05) for all tests. There was an impairment in the 500m swimming test (Pre: 501.4 ± 77.9; Post: 523.1 ± 84.6 s; p <0.01) and 1600m running test (Pre: 371.6 ± 42.3 s; Post: 393.9 ± 42.7 s; p <0.01), without association between the pre-season performance time and the swimming (r = 0.441, p = 0.115) or running (r= -0.179, p = 0.541) impairment magnitudes. It was concluded that running and swimming performance are impaired at the end of the summer season on civilian lifeguards, which could cause a loss of performance in routine activities. Thus, become important strategies, such as systematic training, to minimize this fall in the performance of civilian lifeguards, avoiding the risk to themselves and potential victims. (AU)

Paro cardiorrespiratorio en la embarazada y cesárea perimortem / Maternal cardiac arrest and perimortem cesarean delivery

Resumen El paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en la mujer embarazada es una situación infrecuente, grave y de manejo multidisciplinario. La reanimación cardiopulmonar requiere consideraciones y particularidades propias de la embarazada, centradas en la fisiología y la anatomía, teniendo especial consideración la compresión aortocava, la intubación-ventilación difícil, la presencia de estómago lleno y el hecho que hay dos vidas involucradas. Las principales causas de PCR son las hemorrágicas, seguidas de las embólicas, cardiovasculares, anestésicas e infecciosas. Las principales acciones incluyen activación del código azul obstétrico con respuesta rápida para una eventual realización de histerotomía de emergencia oportuna en el mismo sitio evitando el traslado al quirófano, compresiones torácicas de buena calidad, desviación manual uterina a la izquierda, intubación endotraqueal y manejo avanzado de la vía aérea, todo esto con el fin de mejorar la sobrevida materno-fetal. La cesárea perimortem es un pilar en el manejo, favoreciendo el desenlace materno y eventualmente el fetal. Se debe realizar a los 4 minutos de una reanimación cardiopulmonar no exitosa. Sin embargo, aún hay retardo a la hora de indicarla, por lo que se debe incentivar el entrenamiento, la simulación en resucitación cardiopulmonar materna y las guías clínicas para todo el personal involucrado en la atención de pacientes obstétricas.

Abstract Cardiopulmonary arrest is a rare event during pregnancy and labor. It involves many subspecialties and allied health providers. Besides it requires knowledge of maternal physiology as it relates to resuscitation, particularly aortocaval compression, difficult airway, full stomach and the fact that there are two lives involved. The most frequent causes of cardiac arrest during pregnancy include bleeding, followed by embolism, infection, anesthesia complications and heart failure. The main steps required are: obstetric code activation with appropriate response for performing timely emergent hysterotomy in the same place avoiding the transfer to operating room; good-quality chest compressions; manual uterine displacement to the left, advanced pharmacological and airway management; and optimal care after resuscitation to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Although current recommendations for maternal resuscitation include the performance of perimortem cesarean section after four minutes of unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, deficits in knowledge about this procedure are common. Therefore, training and available evidence-based guidelines should be put in place for all obstetric caregivers.

Low cost simulator for cardiopulmonary unobstructed and reunion procedures in infants / Simulador de baixo custo para procedimentos de desengasgo e reanimação cardiopulmonar em lactentes

INTRODUCTION: The use of realistic simulation methodology is used in several learning scenarios, allowing students to participate directly in the problematization of situations that require immediate professional action. OBJECTIVE: To develop, validate and validate a low cost simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and resuscitation procedures in infants. METHODS: An experimental study carried out with undergraduate students of the 1st year of the Nursing course at a higher education institution in the State of Paraíba, developed a simulator model with dimensions similar to an infant with low cost materials and made possible the use as a prototype for Basic Life Support training. The prototype was developed with the accessories for disengagement and cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire based on the American Hearth Association Basic Life Support guideline to enable and validate the Basic Life Support training instrument. RESULTS: The low-cost prototype for Basic Life Support training was used as a learning object adequately and enabled the teaching-learning process as an accessible resource at low cost. Based on the questionnaire applied, we observed that there was an increase in the median number of correct answers and a reduction in the median of errors, which indicated an improvement in the acquisition of information and improvement in learning, observed through the test of Signal of Related Samples and the test of the Signs of Wilcoxon, (MA) and errors (ME), before and after training where it was found that there was an increase in MA and a reduction in ME with 5% significance (p <0.001). The frequencies of response modifications after training with the simulator were also studied by means of the two-tailed McNemar test where Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q8, Q9, Q13 and Q15 questions showed significant changes (p <0, 05). CONCLUSION: A prototype was developed that simulated the training activity in Basic Life Support, which made it possible to carry out the procedures appropriately in positioning and simulation of cardiac resuscitation, mouth / nose ventilation, and tapping in the scapular region. Which allowed the validation of disengagement and resuscitation training as a low cost alternative for health education.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso da metodologia de simulação realística é utilizado em diversos cenários de aprendizado, permitindo aos discentes a participação direta na problematização de situações que requerem ação profissional imediata. OBJETIVO: Desenvolver, viabilizar e validar um simulador de baixo custo para procedimentos de desengasgo e reanimação cardiopulmonar em lactentes. MÉTODO: Estudo experimental realizado com alunos de graduação do 1° ano do curso de Enfermagem em uma instituição de ensino superior do Estado da Paraíba, foi desenvolvido um modelo simulador com dimensões similares a um lactente com materiais de baixo custo e acessórios para manobras de desengasgo e reanimação cardiopulmonar, viabilizado o uso como protótipo para treinamento de Suporte Básico de Vida. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi o questionário baseado no guideline do Suporte Básico de Vida da American Hearth Association. RESULTADOS: O protótipo para treinamento em Suporte Básico de Vida foi utilizado como adequadamente e viabiliza o processo ensino-aprendizagem como recurso acessível de baixo custo. O questionário aplicado observamos que houve incremento na mediana de acertos e redução na mediana de erros e indicou melhora na aquisição de informações e aprendizado, através do teste de Sinal de Amostras Relacionadas e o teste dos Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon, as medianas de acertos (MA) e erros (ME), antes e depois do treinamento, com o aumento de MA e redução em ME com 5% de significância (p<0,001). As respostas as questões Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q8, Q9, Q13 e Q15 mostraram modificações significativas (p<0,05), após o treinamento com o simulador por meio do Jteste de McNemar bicaudal ao estudar as frequências de modificações de respostas. CONCLUSÃO: O protótipo obteve sua aplicação em simulação de atividade de treinamento em Suporte Básico de Vida, viabilizou a realização dos procedimentos da forma adequada em posicionamento e simulação de reanimação cardíaca, ventilação boca/nariz e tapotagem na região escapular, permitiu validar o treinamento de desengasgo e reanimação como uma alternativa de baixo custo para educação em saúde.

Paro cardiaco de origen traumático: ¿cómo podemos intervenir en el servicio de urgencias? / Traumatic cardiac arrest: how can we intervene in the emergency department? / Parada cardíaca traumática: como podemos intervir no pronto-socorro?

El trauma sigue siendo una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad mundial. Entre las causas de muerte de estos pacientes cabe destacar el paro cardiaco traumático (PCT). Múltiples autores afirman que, a pesar de los avances médicos, los esfuerzos de resucitación de estos pacientes pueden llevar a malos desenlaces, ya que aquellos que sufren PCT tienen gran mortalidad y pronóstico neurológico poco alentador. Este artículo hace una recopilación de la evidencia disponible, que, a pesar de ser poca, señala los avances recientes en el enfoque y manejo de estos pacientes. Se busca que con esta revisión se logre un consenso sobre el abordaje de los pacientes en paro en el contexto de trauma, basado en la literatura y evidencia más reciente.

Trauma is still one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) stands out among the causes of death of these patients. Multiple authors claim that, despite medical advances, resuscitation efforts in these patients may lead to poor outcomes, since those suffering from TCA have high mortality rates and poor neurological prognosis. This article compiles the available evidence, which despite being limited, points to recent advances in the management and approach of these patients. The aim of this review is to reach a consensus on the approach to patients in cardiac arrest in the context of trauma, based on the most recent literature and evidence.

O trauma continua sendo uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Dentre as causas de óbito nesses pacientes, vale destacar a parada cardíaca traumática (PCT). Vários autores afirmam que, apesar dos avanços médicos, os esforços de ressuscitação nesses pacientes podem levar a resultados ruins, uma vez que aqueles que sofrem de PCT apresentam alta mortalidade e prognóstico neurológico ruim. Este artigo faz uma compilação das evidências disponíveis, que, apesar de poucas, apontam para avanços recentes na abordagem e manejo desses pacientes. O objetivo desta revisão é chegar a um consenso sobre a abordagem do PCT com base na literatura e nas evidências mais recentes.

Transmediastinal gunshot wound in a pregnant patient with stable hemodynamics

Abstract Transmediastinal gunshot wounds (TGWs) may lead to life-threatening injuries of vital organs such as large vessels, the esophagus, and lungs. Although they are not commonly encountered in pregnant women, additional caution should be given to these patients. Physical examination for the diagnosis and the choice of treatment modality contain controversial points in hemodynamically stable patients, and resuscitation has excessive importance due to physiological changes in pregnancy. We present a hemodynamically stable 26-week pregnant woman brought to the emergency department for TGW. She had a 1-cm diameter of bullet entrance hole on the right anterior 4th intercostal space, 2 cm lateral to the sternum, and a 3-cm diameter exit hole on the right posterior 12th intercostal space on the midscapular line.With our conservative approach, she had an uncomplicated pregnancy period, and gave birth to a healthy baby at term.

Validação de instrumento avaliativo para capacitação de enfermeiros em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar / Validation of evaluating instrument for training nurses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation / Validación de instrumento evaluador para la formación de enfermeras en reanimación cardiopulmonar

Objetivo: validar critérios de um instrumento para avaliação da capacitação de enfermeiros em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Método: estudo metodológico para validação de critério de um instrumento previamente validado quanto ao conteúdo. Realizou-se a aplicação de um instrumento pré e pós-teste de uma capacitação com 20 enfermeiros de um hospital do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Resultados: realizou-se a análise das respostas do pré e pós-teste sobre o entendimento dos participantes antes e após a realização de teoria atrelada a simulação sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Foram avaliadas as variáveis objetividade, simplicidade, clareza e pertinência, destacando-se que os participantes concordaram que os critérios citados foram atendidos. Conclusão: o instrumento investigado possui relação com os padrões definidos, sendo comprovadamente validado. Ao utilizar-se deste instrumento durante a avaliação de capacitações em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, as equipes de trabalho, alunos e pacientes serão beneficiados, garantindo a padronização e melhor efetividade no atendimento a PCR

Objective: to validate criteria of an instrument for assessing the qualification of nurses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method: methodological study for criterion validation of a previously validated instrument for content. The application of a pre and post test instrument of a training with 20 nurses from a hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo was performed. Results: pre and post test answers were analyzed on the participants' understanding before and after the theory of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation. The variables objectivity, simplicity, clarity and relevance were evaluated, highlighting that the participants agreed that the criteria mentioned were met. Conclusion: the instrument investigated is related to the defined standards and has been validated. By using this instrument during the assessment of training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, workteams, students and patients will benefit through standardization and effectiveness of care

Objetivo: validar los criterios de un instrumento para evaluar la calificación de las enfermeras en reanimación cardiopulmonar. Método: estudio metodológico para la validación de criterios de un instrumento previamente validado para el contenido. Se realizó la aplicación de un instrumento de prueba previa y posterior a una capacitación con 20 enfermeras de un hospital en el interior del estado de São Paulo. Resultados: las respuestas previas y posteriores a la prueba se analizaron según la comprensión de los participantes antes y después de la teoría de la simulación de reanimación cardiopulmonar. Se evaluaron las variables objetividad, simplicidad, claridad y relevancia, destacando que los participantes estuvieron de acuerdo en que se cumplieron los criterios mencionados. Conclusión: el instrumento investigado está relacionado con los estándares definidos y ha sido validado. Al utilizar este instrumento durante la evaluación de la capacitación en reanimación cardiopulmonar, los equipos de trabajo, los estudiantes y los pacientes se beneficiarán mediante la estandarización y la eficacia de la atención

COVID-19 au service de réanimation: Expérience du CHU Tizi-Ouzou / COVID 19 in the intensive care unit: Experience of the CHU Tizi-Ouzou

Introduction : Depuis mars 2020, les premiers cas de pneumonie causée par la maladie à coronavirus 2019 ont été signalés à Tizi-Ouzou. Les informations sur les caractéristiques cliniques et paracliniques des patients infectés nécessitant des soins intensifs sont limitées. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire les caractéristiques des patients atteints de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) nécessitant une prise en charge dans une unité de soins intensifs au centre hospitalo-universitaire de Tizi-Ouzou. Matériels et méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude descriptive rétrospective, relevant les données cliniques et paracliniques, la prise en charge et l'évolution des patients. Les données ont été obtenues par examen des dossiers médicaux des patients atteints de Covid-19 admis aux soins intensifs au centre hospitalo-universitaire de Tizi-Ouzou entre le 22 mars et le 15 octobre 2020. Résultats : 119 patients ont été inclus dans l'étude, l'âge moyen était de 64 (34-88) ans, dont 79 (66%) étaient des hommes. La présence d'une comorbidité concernait 77% des patients et parmi ces derniers 63% étaient diabétiques. Tous les patients ont été admis pour insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique avec un rapport PaO2 / FIO2 moyen de 170 (122-230), dont 97 (81%) avaient bénéficié d'une ventilation mécanique avec intubation orotrachéale. L'insuffisance rénale concernait 47% de nos patients, dont 12% avaient nécessité des séances d'hémodialyses. Le taux de décès était de 78%. Conclusion : L'identification des facteurs de gravité en pratique clinique semble importante à la fois pour mieux sélectionner les patients avant leur admission en réanimation, mais également pour améliorer la qualité de leur prise en charge une fois admis en réanimation.

Sudden unexpected postnatal collapse in a neonate / 中国当代儿科杂志

A healthy full-term female neonate, aged 3 days and born by vaginal delivery (with a 1-minute Apgar score of 10 and a 5-minute Apgar score of 10), had unexpected cardiac and respiratory arrests in the early morning on day 3 after birth and recovered to spontaneous breathing and heartbeat after a 10-minute resuscitation. The child had poor response and convulsion after resuscitation. Blood gas analysis showed metabolic acidosis, and amplitude-integrated EEG showed a burst-suppression pattern. She was diagnosed with sudden unexpected postnatal collapse but improved after hypothermia and symptomatic/supportive treatment. This article reports the first case of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse in China and summarizes related risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, and preventive and treatment measures of this disorder.

Expert consensus on the prevention and treatment of drowning in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

Drowning is a leading cause of accidental injury in children and has a great impact on family and society. The prevention and treatment of drowning is of great importance for reducing mortality rate. This consensus reviews the literature on the epidemiology, rescue, resuscitation, and acute clinical management and prevention of drowning. The panel determines the score of available evidence according to the criteria of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and then makes recommendations on evidence based on such criteria, so as to provide a basis for further reducing the mortality and disability rates caused by drowning.

Association between time of birth and resuscitation outcomes in extremely preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study whether there are differences in the resuscitation process and early outcomes between the extremely preterm infants delivered on off-hours (6 pm to 8 am of working days, weekends, and national holidays) and those delivered on working hours.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of extremely preterm infants who were born in the Peking University Third Hospital from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020 and transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). According to the time of birth, they were divided into two groups:working hours (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the working hours group, the off-hours group had a significantly lower proportion of infants with the use of full-dose dexamethasone before delivery (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Extremely preterm infants delivered on off-hours tend to have a low Apgar score at 1 minute after birth, with a higher proportion of infants requiring positive pressure ventilation or tracheal intubation during resuscitation than those delivered on working hours, and they tend to develop neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and intrauterine pneumonia. This suggests that it is important to make adequate preparations in terms of personnel and supplies for resuscitation of extremely preterm infants after birth and that NICUs should develop a detailed management plan for extremely preterm infants at each period of time before, during, and after birth.

Sepsis y choque séptico en los servicios de urgencias de México: estudio multicéntrico de prevalencia puntual / Sepsis and septic shock in emergency departments of Mexico: a multicenter point-prevalence study

Resumen Introducción: La sepsis es una de las principales causas de consulta en los servicios de urgencias médicas. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de la sepsis en servicios de urgencias médicas de México. Método: Estudio transversal con seguimiento a 30 días de los pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis o choque séptico; se analizaron las variables demográficas, el manejo y los desenlaces. Resultados: En 68 servicios de urgencias médicas analizados se atendió a 2379 pacientes, de los cuales 307 presentaron sepsis. La prevalencia de la sepsis fue de 12.9 %, con mortalidad global de 16.93 %, que en los casos de sepsis fue de 9.39 % y en los de choque séptico, de 65.85 %; no se identificaron diferencias significativas en las variables demográficas o tipo de hospital. Se observó balance hídrico alto en las primeras tres horas y falta de apego a las recomendaciones internacionales de reanimación superior en los pacientes que fallecieron. Conclusiones: Se encontró alta prevalencia de la sepsis en los servicios de urgencias médicas mexicanos. La mortalidad de los pacientes con choque séptico fue similar e, incluso, mayor a la reportada internacionalmente.

Abstract Introduction: Sepsis is one of the main reasons for consultation at emergency departments. Objective: To identify the prevalence of sepsis in emergency departments of Mexico. Method: Cross-sectional study with a 30-day follow-up of patients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock; demographic variables, management and outcomes were analyzed. Results: In 68 emergency departments analyzed, 2379 patients were attended to, out of whom 307 had sepsis. The prevalence of sepsis was 12.9 %, and overall mortality was 16.93 %, which in the cases of sepsis was 9.39 %, and in those of septic shock, 65.85 %; no significant differences were identified in demographic variables or type of hospital. A significantly higher fluid balance was observed within the first three hours in those patients who died, as well as a lack of adherence to international resuscitation recommendations. Conclusions: A high prevalence of sepsis was found in Mexican emergency departments. Mortality of patients with septic shock was similar and even higher than that internationally reported.

Pólipo piloso nasofaríngeo en un recién nacido con obstrucción intermitente de la vía aérea. Presentación de un caso / Nasopharyngeal hairy polyp in a newborn with intermittent airway obstruction. Case report

Los pólipos pilosos nasofaríngeos son tumores benignos poco frecuentes. Se presenta el caso de esta patología en una paciente recién nacida, quien presentó cianosis y dificultad respiratoria por obstrucción de la vía aérea superior, durante las primeras 24 horas de vida. La paciente requirió maniobras de reanimación e intubación endotraqueal. Estudios diagnósticos confirmaron la presencia de una masa en la pared lateral de la faringe. Se realizó la extirpación quirúrgica exitosa con evolución satisfactoria de la paciente

Nasopharyngeal hairy polyps are rare benign tumors. We present a newborn case with a hairy polyp mass causing cyanosis and respiratory distress due to obstruction of the upper airway during the first 24 hours of life. The patient required resuscitation and endotracheal intubation. Diagnostic studies confirmed the presence of a mass in the lateral pharyngeal wall. Surgical treatment and removal of the mass was performed with satisfactory evolution of the patient