ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: In this study we aimed to examine the effect of novel vasodilatory drug Riociguat co-administration along resveratrol to recover neurodegeneration in experimental stroke injury. For that purpose, thirty-five adult female rats were divided into five groups (Control, MCAO, MCAO + R, MCAO + BAY, MCAO + C) of seven animals in each. Animals in Control group did not expose to any application during the experiment and sacrificed at the end of the study. Rats in the rest groups exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced ischemic stroke. MCAO + R group received 30 mg/kg resveratrol, and MCAO + BAY group received 10 mg/kg Riociguat. The MCAO + C group received both drugs simultaneously. The drugs were administered just before the reperfusion, and the additional doses were administered 24h, and 48h hours of reperfusion. All animals in this study were sacrificed at the 72nd hour of experiment. Total brains were received for analysis. Results of this experiment indicated that MCAO led to severe injury in cerebral structure. Bax, IL-6 and IL-1ß tissue levels were up-regulated, but anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 immunoexpression was suppressed (p<0.05). In resveratrol and Riociguat treated animals, the neurodegenerations and apoptosis and inflammation associated protein expressions were improved compared to MCAO group, but the most success was obtained in combined treatment exposed animals in MCAO + C group. This study indicated that the novel soluble guanylate stimulator Riociguat is not only a potent neuroprotective drug in MCAO induced stroke, but also synergistic administration of Riociguat along with resveratrol have potential to increase the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol in experimental cerebral stroke exposed rats.

En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue examinar el efecto de la coadministración del nuevo fármaco vasodilatador Riociguat junto con resveratrol para recuperar la neurodegeneración en lesiones por ataques cerebrovasculares experimentales. Para ello, se dividieron 35 ratas hembras adultas en cinco grupos (Control, MCAO, MCAO + R, MCAO + BAY, MCAO + C) de siete animales en cada uno. Los animales del grupo control no fueron sometidos a ninguna aplicación durante el experimento y se sacrificaron al final del estudio. Las ratas de los grupos expuestas a la oclusión de la arteria cerebral media (MCAO) indujeron un ataque cerebrovascular isquémico. El grupo MCAO + R recibió 30 mg/kg de resveratrol y el grupo MCAO + BAY recibió 10 mg/kg de Riociguat. El grupo MCAO + C recibió ambos fármacos simultáneamente. Los fármacos se administraron antes de la reperfusión y las dosis adicionales se administraron a las 24 y 48 horas de la reperfusión. Todos los animales en este estudio fueron sacrificados a las 72 horas del experimento. Se recibieron cerebros totales para su análisis. Los resultados indicaron que la MCAO provocaba lesiones graves en la estructura cerebral. Los niveles tisulares de Bax, IL-6 e IL- 1ß estaban regulados positivamente, pero se suprimió la inmunoexpresión antiapoptótica de Bcl-2 (p <0,05). En los animales tratados con resveratrol y Riociguat, las neurodegeneraciones y las expresiones de proteínas asociadas a la apoptosis y la inflamación mejoraron en comparación con el grupo MCAO, sin embargo el mayor éxito se obtuvo en el tratamiento combinado de animales expuestos en el grupo MCAO + C. Este estudio indicó que el nuevo estimulador de guanilato ciclasa soluble Riociguat no solo es un fármaco neuroprotector potente en el ataque cerebrovascular inducido por MCAO, sino que también la administración sinérgica de Riociguat junto con resveratrol tiene el potencial para aumentar el efecto neuroprotector del resveratrol en ratas experimentales expuestas a un ataque cerebrovascular.

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Stroke is the leading cause of acquired physical disability in adults and second leading cause of mortality throughout the world. Treatment strategies to curb the effects of stroke would be of great benefit. Pongamia pinnata is a recent attraction in medicine, owing to its abundant medicinal benefits with minimal side effects. The present study aimed to examine acute and subacute effect of Pongamia pinnata leaf extract on transient cerebral hypoperfusion and reperfusion (tCHR) in Wistar rats. 24 adult Wistar rats (12 each for acute and subacute study) were divided in to four groups each viz normal control group, tCHR + NS group, tCHR + 200mg/kg bw and tCHR + 400mg/kg bw groups. Cerebral ischemia induction was carried out by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves were orally administered for 7 days and 21 days after the surgical procedure for acute and subacute study respectively. Behavioural analysis, histological assessment, and estimation of mRNA levels of HIF-1, GDNF, BDNF and NF-kB were performed. In both acute and subacute study, there was significant improvement in the beam walking assay, neuronal count, decreased neuronal damage in histological sections and higher mRNA expression of BDNF and GDNF in the treatment groups. There was no significant difference in the expression of HIF1 and NF-kB. Thus, Pongamia pinnata has excellent neurorestorative property reversing many of the effects of ischemic stroke induced by tCHR in rats with the underlying mechanism being an improvement in the expression of neurotrophic factors GDNF and BDNF.

El ataque cerebrovascular es la principal causa de discapacidad física adquirida en adultos y la segunda causa de mortalidad en todo el mundo. Las estrategias de tratamiento para frenar los efectos del ataque cerebrovascular serían de gran beneficio. Pongamia pinnata es una atracción reciente en la medicina, debido a sus abundantes beneficios medicinales con mínimos efectos secundarios. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar el efecto agudo y subagudo del extracto de hoja de Pongamia pinnata sobre la hipoperfusión y reperfusión cerebral transitoria (tCHR) en ratas Wistar. Se dividieron 24 ratas Wistar adultas (12 cada una para el estudio agudo y subagudo) en cuatro grupos, el grupo control normal, el grupo tCHR + NS, los grupos tCHR + 200 mg/kg de peso corporal y tCHR + 400 mg/kg de peso corporal. La inducción de la isquemia cerebral se llevó a cabo mediante oclusión y reperfusión bilateral de la arteria carótida común. El extracto etanólico de hojas de Pongamia pinnata se administró por vía oral durante 7 días y 21 días después del procedimiento quirúrgico para estudio agudo y subagudo respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis de comportamiento, evaluación histológica y estimación de los niveles de ARNm de HIF-1, GDNF, BDNF y NF-kB. Tanto en el estudio agudo como en el subagudo, hubo una mejora significativa en el ensayo de desplazamiento del haz, el recuento neuronal, una disminución del daño neuronal en las secciones histológicas y una mayor expresión de ARNm de BDNF y GDNF en los grupos con tratamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en la expresión de HIF1 y NF-kB. Por lo tanto, Pongamia pinnata tiene una excelente propiedad neurorestauradora que revierte muchos de los efectos del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico inducido por tCHR en ratas, siendo el mecanismo subyacente una mejora en la expresión de los factores neurotróficos GDNF y BDNF.

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Resumo Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico tem como tratamento a terapia trombolítica, aplicada ainda na fase aguda, promovendo melhora importante nas sequelas acarretadas por este agravo. Considerando a complexidade da terapia trombolítica, torna-se necessário que os enfermeiros compreendam suas competências para auxiliar no cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas acerca das competências do enfermeiro no cuidado a pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral elegíveis à terapia trombolítica. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa composta por seis etapas em seis etapas (elaboração da questão, busca na literatura, coleta de dados, análise, discussão e apresentação da revisão), realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase e CINAHL. A busca foi realizada entre agosto e setembro de 2022 adotando como critérios de inclusão estudos primários; gratuitos, disponíveis eletronicamente na íntegra; nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram obtidos inicialmente 2.830 estudos, os quais passaram por uma seleção, onde foram incluídos aqueles que atendiam os critérios previamente estabelecidos. Resultados: Com base nos doze estudos incluídos nesta revisão identificaram-se competências voltadas à três atividades do cuidado: gestão do cuidado como trabalho em equipe, códigos, fluxos e protocolos, assistência ao paciente antes, durante e após a utilização da terapia trombolítica e educação em saúde para equipe, pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: Os achados desta revisão puderam evidenciar as competências do enfermeiro no cuidado aos pacientes elegíveis a terapia trombolítica, as quais perpassam diferentes áreas de atuação do enfermeiro. Para este estudo prevaleceram as competências assistências, seguida por competências gerenciais.

Resumen Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular isquémico se trata con terapia trombolítica, aplicada incluso en la fase aguda, que promueve una mejoría significativa de las secuelas provocadas por este padecimiento. Considerando la complejidad de la terapia trombolítica, es necesario que las personas profesionales de enfermería comprendan sus competencias para ayudar en el cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidencias científicas sobre las competencias del personal de enfermería en el cuidado de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular elegibles para terapia trombolítica. Metodología: Revisión integradora que consta de seis etapas (elaboración de la pregunta, búsqueda bibliográfica, recolección de datos, análisis, discusión y presentación de la revisión), realizada en las bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase y CINAHL. La búsqueda se realizó entre agosto y septiembre de 2022. Los criterio de inclusión fueron: estudios primarios, gratuito, disponible electrónicamente en su totalidad, en inglés, portugués y español. Inicialmente se obtuvieron 2830 estudios, los cuales fueron sometidos a un proceso de selección, que incluyó aquellos que cumplían con los criterios previamente establecidos. Resultados: A partir de los doce estudios incluidos en esta revisión, se identificaron competencias centradas en tres actividades asistenciales: gestión del cuidado como trabajo en equipo, códigos, flujos y protocolos, atención a pacientes antes, durante y después del uso de la terapia trombolítica y educación en salud para personal, pacientes y familias. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de esta revisión pudieron resaltar las competencias de las personas profesionales en enfermería en el cuidado de personas elegibles para terapia trombolítica, que abarcan diferentes áreas de actuación del personal de enfermería. Para este estudio, prevalecieron las habilidades asistenciales, seguidas de las competencias gerenciales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ischemic stroke is treated with thrombolytic therapy, applied even in the acute phase, promoting a significant improvement in the after-effects caused by this condition. Considering the complexity of thrombolytic therapy, it is necessary for nurses to understand the skills required to assist in care. Objective: To identify scientific evidence about the competencies of nurses in the care of patients with stroke who are eligible for thrombolytic therapy. Methodology: An integrative review consisting of six stages (elaboration of the question, literature review, data collection, analysis, discussion, and presentation), conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The search was carried out between August and September 2022 using primary studies as the inclusion criteria: free of charge, fully available electronically, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Initially, 2.830 studies were obtained, which underwent a selection process that included only those studies that met the previously established criteria. Results: Based on the twelve studies included in this review, competencies focused on three care activities were identified: care management such as teamwork; codes; flows and protocols; patient care before, during, and after the use of thrombolytic therapy; and education health education for staff, patients, and families. Conclusion: The findings of this review highlighted the nurses' competencies in the care of patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy, which encompass different areas of the nurse's work. For this study, assistance competencies prevailed, followed by management competencies.

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Introduction. Stroke in young individuals is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its causes can vary widely, so a thorough investigation by a multidisciplinary team is needed. Pinpointing the precise underlying pathology responsible for the stroke yields benefits for patients, particularly in recurrent events. Case presentation. A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of stroke, including right hemiparesis, dysarthria, ataxic gait, and right central facial palsy. The brain magnetic resonance image revealed an ischemic lesion located in the left basal ganglia and near the corona radiata. Following an extensive workup, a diagnosis of nephrotic was reached. Histopathology and the exclusion of secondary causes confirmed primary membranous nephropathy as the underlying condition. The patient underwent treatment tailored to address the specific glomerulopathy, along with anticoagulation therapy and immunosuppression as per current guidelines. Subsequent assessments showed stabilization of renal function, resolution of the edema, and the absence of new thromboembolic events during follow-up. Conclusion. The nephrotic syndrome should be recognized as a potential underlying cause of stroke in young patients and, therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis during the evaluation of patients with coagulopathies. Nephrotic syndrome screening may be done by conducting a simple urinalysis readily available in most healthcare facilities. This underlines the importance of considering renal pathology in the assessment of stroke etiologies, especially when coagulation abnormalities are present.

Introducción. Los eventos cerebrovasculares en los jóvenes son un problema creciente en todo el mundo. Su etiología puede ser variada y requieren un trabajo riguroso de un equipo multidisciplinario. La identificación de la enfermedad específica que conduce al ictus tiene un impacto beneficioso en los pacientes, especialmente en aquellos con eventos recurrentes. Presentación del caso. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 38 años que acudió al servicio de urgencias con hemiparesia derecha, disartria, ataxia y parálisis facial central derecha. La resonancia magnética cerebral reveló una lesión isquémica localizada en los ganglios basales izquierdos, cerca de la corona radiada. Después de un estudio exhaustivo, se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome nefrótico. No obstante, al analizar las características histopatológicas y descartar otras causas secundarias, el diagnóstico final fue una nefropatía membranosa primaria. El paciente recibió tratamiento específico para su glomerulopatía, anticoagulación e inmunosupresión según las guías vigentes. Durante el seguimiento, se encontró estabilización de la función renal, el edema se resolvió y no se identificó ningún nuevo evento tromboembólico. Conclusión. El síndrome nefrótico debe considerarse entre las posibles causas del ictus en pacientes jóvenes y debería tenerse en cuenta en los estudios de coagulopatías. El tamizaje de esta enfermedad requiere únicamente un uroanálisis, el cual está disponible en la mayoría de los centros de atención de salud.

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Introducción: la enfermedad cardiovascular y la enfermedad renal constituyen la mayor causa de mortalidad en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) por lo cual es importante conocer el valor relativo del nivel de creatinina y la presencia de albuminuria en la predicción de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV). Objetivos: conocer la fuerza de la asociación entre los niveles de creatinina y albuminuria, y la presencia de ECV en pacientes con DM2. Materiales y métodos: en 270 pacientes (138 hombres y 132 mujeres) con DM2 y una edad promedio X: 66±10,2 años se determinaron el promedio de las tres últimas mediciones de creatinina (método de Jaffe cinético modificado) y las tres últimas determinaciones del cociente albuminuria/creatininuria (nefelometría) en orina matinal. Se documentaron ECV mayores. Se determinó como enfermedad aterosclerótica cardiovascular los antecedentes de infarto de miocardio, angina de pecho, angioplastia y/o cirugía de revascularización miocárdica y/o de miembros inferiores, y accidente cerebrovascular. Y como enfermedad cardiovascular no aterosclerótica, los antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca y de arritmias. Resultados: el 31,5% de los pacientes tuvo algún EVC. En el análisis univariado se registró una asociación significativa entre los valores de creatininemia y ECV en la curva ROC, con un valor de corte igual a 1,42 mg/dl (AUC: 0,595; p<0,001). Un valor de albuminuria mayor a 88 mg/g se asoció con un mayor número de ECV (p:<0,01), aunque la curva ROC fue no significativa. Conclusiones: en el análisis multivariado, por regresión logística ajustando otras variables, la creatininemia, la edad y los niveles de colesterol HDL se asociaron significativamente con eventos (aumento del riesgo del 178% para creatininas iguales o superiores a 1,42 mg/dL), mientras que la albuminuria no resultó significativamente asociada a los mismos(AU)

Introduction: the cardiovascular disease and the kidney disea-se constitute the main cause of mortality in type 2 diabetics patients so it matters to know the relative value of the creatinine level and the presence of albuminuria in the prediction of cardio-vascular events (CVE) in them. Objectives: to know the strength of association between creati-nine levels and the presence of albuminuria with CVE in type 2 diabetics patients. Materials and methods: in 270 type 2 diabetic patients (138 men and 132 women), average age X 66±10,2 years, we deter-mine the average of the last three determinations of creatinine (modified Jaffe method) and the quotient albuminuria/creatininu-ria by nephelmometry in the first urine sample. Major CVEs were documented. A history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, angioplasty and/or myocardial and/or lower limb revascularization surgery, and cerebrovascular accident were determined as car-diovascular atherosclerotic disease. And as non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease the history of heart failure and arrhythmias. Results: 31,5% of the patients had some CVE. In the univariate analysis was registered a significant association between the creatinine values and CVE in the ROC curve, with a cut off value of 1,42 mg/dl (AUC:0,595; p<0,001). A cut off value of albuminu-ria/creatininuria more than 88 mg/g was associated with more numbers of CVE although the ROC curve was not significant. Conclusions: in the multivariate analysis by logistic regression, adjusting other variables, the creatinine level,age and choleste-rol HDL levels were significantly associated with CVE (178% increased risk for creatinine levels equal or over 1,42 mg/dl) while the albuminuric levels were non significantly associated with CVE(AU)

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BACKGROUND: After a stroke, most patients often suffer reduced walking ability and balance. Restoring walking ability and improving balance are major goals of stroke rehabilitation. Treadmills are often used in clinical setups to achieve these goals. Adding dimensions to the visual feedback in addition to the mirror for real-time frontal view is proven to enhance the gait. It is, therefore, important to design additional real-time visual feedback in treadmill training, in particular for the sagittal view involved side. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to test if the real-time sagittal visual feedback during treadmill training is superior to the conventional mirror feedback treadmill training program of equivalent intensity in improving walking speed and balance after stroke. METHODS/DESIGN: The RE-VISIT trial (Real-time Visual feedback after Stroke in Treadmill training) is registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2023/10/058299). In this two-arm randomized control trial, which will be a single-blinded study, 42 eligible stroke survivors undergoing rehabilitation will be randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to either real-time visual sagittal feedback along with front mirror (experimental) group or only front mirror treadmill training (control) group, all the participants will receive 15 sessions of treadmill training for up to 15 min at a safe self-selected speed over 5-6 weeks. The RE-VISIT (experimental) group will receive real-time, visual sagittal view feedback of the involved lower limb trajectory along with the routine front mirror view during treadmill training and will be asked to modify their gait pattern. The control group will receive treadmill walking training only with the routine front mirror view feedback. Clinical and gait assessments will be conducted at the baseline, immediately following the final session of training, and at the 9th week during follow-up. The outcome measures of interest are walking speed (primary) and balance (secondary), which will be measured prior to baseline, post 15 sessions of training, and at the 9th week following training. DISCUSSION: This REVISIT trial will provide insight and contribute to the existing innovation and modifications of incorporating realtime visual feedback during treadmill training in post-stroke gait rehabilitation. The findings will help the better designing of a gait rehabilitation program with a treadmill for post-stroke subjects to improve walking speed, and balance for those who have greater difficulties in community ambulation. We anticipate that those in the REVISIT training will demonstrate improved walking ability.

CONTEXTO: Após o acidente vascular cerebral, a maioria dos pacientes frequentemente sofre redução da capacidade de caminhar e do equilíbrio. Restaurar a capacidade de caminhar e melhorar o equilíbrio são os principais objetivos da reabilitação do AVC. As esteiras são frequentemente usadas em ambientes clínicos para atingir esses objetivos. Está comprovado que adicionar dimensões ao feedback visual, além do espelho para visão frontal em tempo real, melhora a marcha. É, portanto, importante projetar feedbacks visuais adicionais em tempo real no treinamento em esteira, em particular para o lado envolvido na visão sagital. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é testar se o feedback visual sagital em tempo real durante o treinamento em esteira é superior ao programa de treinamento em esteira com feedback de espelho convencional de intensidade equivalente na melhoria da velocidade de caminhada e equilíbrio após acidente vascular cerebral. MÉTODOS/ DESENHO: O ensaio RE-VISIT (feedback visual em tempo real após acidente vascular cerebral no treinamento em esteira) está registrado no Registro de Ensaios Clínicos da Índia (CTRI/2023/10/058299). Neste ensaio de controle randomizado de dois braços, que será um estudo cego, 42 sobreviventes de AVC elegíveis em reabilitação serão alocados aleatoriamente (proporção de 1:1) para feedback sagital visual em tempo real junto com grupo de espelho frontal (experimental) ou apenas Grupo de treinamento em esteira com espelho frontal (controle), todos os participantes receberão 15 sessões de treinamento em esteira por até 15 minutos em uma velocidade segura e autosselecionada durante 5-6 semanas. O grupo RE-VISIT (experimental) receberá feedback visual em tempo real da visão sagital da trajetória dos membros inferiores envolvidos, juntamente com a visão rotineira do espelho frontal durante o treinamento em esteira e será solicitado a modificar seu padrão de marcha. O grupo de controle receberá treinamento de caminhada em esteira apenas com o feedback rotineiro da visão do espelho frontal. Avaliações clínicas e de marcha serão realizadas no início do estudo, imediatamente após a sessão final de treinamento e na 9ª semana durante o acompanhamento. As medidas de resultados de interesse são a velocidade de caminhada (primária) e o equilíbrio (secundário), que serão medidos antes da linha de base, após a 15ª sessão de treinamento e na 9ª semana após o treinamento. DISCUSSÃO: este ensaio REVISIT fornecerá insights e contribuirá para a inovação e modificações existentes na incorporação de feedbacks visuais em tempo real durante o treinamento em esteira na reabilitação da marcha pós-AVC. As descobertas ajudarão no melhor desenho de um programa de reabilitação da marcha com esteira para indivíduos pós-AVC para melhorar a velocidade de caminhada e o equilíbrio para aqueles que têm maiores dificuldades na deambulação comunitária. Prevemos que aqueles no treinamento REVISIT demonstrarão melhor capacidade de caminhada.

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INTRODUCTION: Shoulder pain after stroke, a complication with a prevalence of up to 16­84% usually occurs after 2­3 months and leads to patients withdrawing from rehabilitation programs, staying in the hospital longer, having less limb function and having a great negative impact on their quality of life. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of PEMF and NMES in reducing shoulder pain in patients with stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled trial included 51 patients with shoulder pain following stroke. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups (17 people in each group): Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF), Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Control group. The outcome measures were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Fugl Meyer Assessment­Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Active and Passive Range of Motion (AROM/PROM) assessed at the baseline, six weeks into the intervention, and one week into the follow-up. RESULTS: VAS score for pain showed a mean change of 1.60, 1.60 and 4.94 in PEMF, NMES, and control respectively after 20 sessions. It showed pain was significantly improved in all the groups (p<0.001), but the effectiveness of the PEMF and NMES groups was superior to the control group. CONCLUSION: The current literature showed that PEMF & NMES are effective in improving post-stroke shoulder pain, spasticity, range of motion and motor function and a novel method for stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation.

INTRODUÇÃO: Dor no ombro após acidente vascular cerebral com prevalência de 16­84% geralmente ocorre após 2­3 meses e pode resultar na suspensão de programas de reabilitação, internações hospitalares mais longas e redução da função dos membros, prejudicando qualidade de vida dos pacientes com AVC. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o efeito da PEMF e da EENM na redução da dor no ombro em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado incluiu 51 pacientes com dor no ombro pós-AVC. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (17 pessoas em cada grupo): grupo Campo Eletromagnético Pulsado (PEMF), grupo Estimulação Elétrica Neuromuscular (EENM) e grupo Controle. As medidas de resultados foram na Escala Visual Analógica (VAS), Escala de Ashworth Modificada (MAS) e Avaliação de Fugl Meyer ­ Extremidade Superior (FMA-UE), Amplitude de Movimento (AROM/PROM) foram avaliadas no início do estudo, após seis semanas de tratamento, e após um acompanhamento semanal. RESULTADOS: A pontuação VAS para dor mostrada uma alteração média de 1,60, 1,60 e 4,94 na PEMF, EENM e Controle, respectivamente, após 20 sessões. Mostrou melhora significativa entre os três grupos (p<0,001), mas a eficácia do grupo PEMF e EENM foi superior ao grupo Controle. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostrou que PEMF e EENM são eficazes na melhora da dor no ombro pós-AVC, espasticidade, amplitude de movimento e função motora e um novo método para pacientes com AVC em reabilitação. Nossas descobertas indicam que a eficácia da EENM é claramente superior à do PEMF na manutenção da analgesia a longo prazo.

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Objective: To analyze the muscle mass and cross-sectional area of the muscular fiber of the hemiparetic soleus in an animal model, in order to identify the muscular adaptations that occur in ischemic stroke.Method: Twelve Rattus norvegicus were divided into 2 groups: stroke group (n=6) and control group (n=6). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups, with evaluations at 7 days (CG7 and SG7) and 21 days (CG21 and SG21) after the accident. Their soleus muscles were removed for muscle mass analysis and cross-sectional area of the muscular fibers (CSAMF) measurement. The adopted statistical significance was 5%.Result: Significant differences in the muscle mass were observed between CG7 (0.120 ± 0.005 g) vs. SG7 (0.100 ± 0.004 g; p=0.035), and between CG21 (0.130 ± 0.010 g) vs. SG21 (0.078 ± 0.006; p=0.012). Significant differences in the relative muscle mass were observed between CG7 (0.044 ± 0.002 g) vs SG7 (0.039 ± 0.003; p=0.025), and CG21 (0.044 ± 0.003) vs. SG21 (0.028 ± 0.002; p=0.011). The CSAMF showed significant differences between CG7 (2,322 µm2 [2312-2453]) vs. SG7 (2,056 µm2 [2,022-2,135]; p=0.012), and CG21 (2,667 µm2 [2,692-2,845]) vs. SG21 (2,050 µm2 [2,034-2,161]; p=0.006).Conclusion: In this study in animal models of ischemic stroke, there was a significant loss of muscle mass, and this loss was accentuated in the longer term of the injury, highlighting the importance of future research on types of muscle fibers and applicability in human patients

Objetivo: Analisar a massa muscular e a área de secção transversal da fibra muscular do sóleo hemiparético em um modelo animal, a fim de identificar as adaptações musculares que ocorrem no acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico.Método: Doze Rattus norvegicus foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo AVC (n=6) e grupo controle (n=6). Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos, com avaliações aos 7 dias (CG7 e SG7) e 21 dias (CG21 e SG21) após o acidente. O músculo sóleo foi removido para análise de massa muscular e medição da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares (CSAMF). O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%.Resultado: Diferenças significativas na massa muscular foram observadas entre CG7 (0,120 ± 0,005 g) vs. SG7 (0,100 ± 0,004 g; p=0,035), e entre CG21 (0,130 ± 0,010 g) vs. SG21 (0,078 ± 0,006; p=0,012). Diferenças significativas na massa muscular relativa foram observadas entre CG7 (0,044 ± 0,002 g) vs. SG7 (0,039 ± 0,003; p=0,025), e CG21 (0,044 ± 0,003) vs. SG21 (0,028 ± 0,002; p=0,011). A CSAMF mostrou diferenças significativas entre CG7 (2.322 µm2 [2.312-2.453]) vs. SG7 (2.056 µm2 [2.022-2.135]; p=0,012), e CG21 (2.667 µm2 [2.692-2.845]) vs. SG21 (2.050 µm2 [2.034-2.161]; p=0,006).Conclusão: Neste estudo em modelos animais de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, houve uma perda significativa de massa muscular, e essa perda foi acentuada no longo prazo da lesão, destacando a importância de futuras pesquisas sobre tipos de fibras musculares e aplicabilidade em pacientes humanos

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Resumo: O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) é caracterizado como um déficit neurológico atribuído a uma lesão aguda do sistema nervoso central por uma causa vascular. Constitui-se uma das principais causas de mortes, acometendo principalmente a população idosa e, diante das incapacidades impostas pelo AVC, surge a necessidade de cuidados, que são frequentemente realizados pelo cuidador familiar. Este estudo teve como objetivo construir uma tecnologia educacional direcionada aos cuidadores familiares de pacientes idosos pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral, dependentes de cuidados básicos para as atividades de vida diária, isto é, uma tecnologia em formato de vídeo, constituindo o produto desta pesquisa. Trata-se de estudo metodológico, realizado em uma unidade de internamento de pacientes neurológicos em um hospital universitário de grande porte localizado na região Sul do país. A amostra foi composta por 14 juizes especialistas em neurologia e/ou gerontologia do território nacional e 15 cuidadores familiares de idosos. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de dezembro a fevereiro de 2024. O estudo foi composto por três etapas: 1) Pré-produção: construção da sinopse, argumento, roteiro e storyboard do vídeo educacional, para essa etapa foi realizada uma revisão integrativa, visando fundamentação teórica para o desenvolvimento do roteiro para tecnologia educacional com posterior validação do conteúdo do vídeo por juízes especialistas, por meio do Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educacional em Saúde (IVCES). Para análise do instrumento foi utilizado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) e o valor considerado aceitável quando o resultado da proporção de concordância entre os juízes especialistas foi igual ou superior a 0,78; 2) Produção: construção do vídeo educacional e avaliação do vídeo pelos cuidadores familiares dos idosos internados na Neurologia, por meio do instrumento Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM), com avaliação do conteúdo, exigência de alfabetização, ilustrações, layout e apresentação e adequação cultural; 3) Pós-produção: edição e versão final do vídeo educacional para posterior divulgação. Como resultado da pesquisa, identificado na literatura quais orientações os cuidadores e/ou familiares de pessoa idosas que sofreram AVC deveriam receber sobre os cuidados pós-AVC no preparo para a alta hospitalar. Realizada produção do roteiro do vídeo, que foi validado pela concordância dos juízes especialistas (IVC= 0,93). O vídeo foi composto por 51 cenas em resolução Full HD, com duração de 8 minutos. Houve 99% de concordância entre os cuidadores familiares de idosos participantes, tornando-o adequado e validado. Após finalização dessa etapa, foi preenchido o requerimento para emissão do certificado de produto brasileiro do vídeo educacional na Agência Nacional do Cinema, divulgado em plataforma digital YouTube. O vídeo demonstrou-se uma ferramenta que auxiliou na aquisição de conhecimentos fundamentais sobre o tema, uma vez que é uma forma de disseminar informações de forma atraente, simples, dinâmica e democrática. O produto desenvolvido tem a potencialidade de ser replicado em outras unidades da instituição que atendam ao mesmo perfil de pacientes, uma vez que a tecnologia proporciona orientações e esclarecimentos aos cuidadores familiares de idosos sobre o tema.

Abstract: Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) is characterized as a neurological deficit attributed to an acute injury of the central nervous system due to a vascular cause. It is one of the main causes of death, affecting mainly the elderly population and, given the disabilities imposed by stroke, the need for care arises, which is often carried out by the family caregiver. This study aimed to build an educational technology aimed at family caregivers of elderly post-stroke patients, dependent on basic care for activities of daily living, that is, a technology in video format, constituting the product of this research. This is a methodological study, carried out in an inpatient unit for neurological patients in a large university hospital located in the southern region of the country. The sample was made up of 14 judges specializing in neurology and/or gerontology from the national territory and 15 family caregivers of the elderly. Data collection took place from December to February 2024. The study consisted of three stages: 1) Preproduction: construction of the synopsis, argument, script and storyboard of the educational video, for this stage an integrative review was carried out, aiming at theoretical foundation for the development of the script for educational technology with subsequent validation of the video content by expert judges, through the Health Educational Content Validation Instrument (IVCES). To analyze the instrument, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was used and the value was considered acceptable when the result of the proportion of agreement between the expert judges was equal to or greater than 0.78; 2) Production: construction of the educational video and evaluation of the video by family caregivers of elderly people hospitalized in Neurology, using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument, with content evaluation, literacy requirements, illustrations, layout and presentation and cultural suitability; 3) Postproduction: editing and final version of the educational video for subsequent dissemination. As a result of the research, the literature identified what guidance caregivers and/or family members of elderly people who suffered a stroke should receive regarding post-stroke care in preparation for hospital discharge. The video script was produced, which was validated by the agreement of the expert judges (IVC= 0.93). The video was composed of 51 scenes in Full HD resolution, lasting 8 minutes. There was 99% agreement among family caregivers of participating elderly people, making it appropriate and validated. After completing this stage, the application was completed to issue the Brazilian product certificate for the educational video at the National Cinema Agency, published on the YouTube digital platform. The video proved to be a tool that helped in the acquisition of fundamental knowledge on the topic, as it is a way of disseminating information in an attractive, simple, dynamic and democratic way. The developed product has the potential to be replicated in other units of the institution that serve the same patient profile, as the technology provides guidance and clarification to family caregivers of elderly people on the topic.

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BACKGROUND@#Oral anti-coagulants (OAC) are the intervention for the prevention of stroke, which consistently improve clinical outcomes and survival among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The main purpose of this study is to identify problems in OAC utilization among hospitalized patients with AF in China.@*METHODS@#Using data from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-Atrial Fibrillation (CCC-AF) registry, guideline-recommended OAC use in eligible patients was assessed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 52,530 patients with non-valvular AF were enrolled from February 2015 to December 2019, of whom 38,203 were at a high risk of stroke, 9717 were at a moderate risk, and 4610 were at a low risk. On admission, only 20.0% (6075/30,420) of patients with a diagnosed AF and a high risk of stroke were taking OAC. The use of pre-hospital OAC on admission was associated with a lower risk of new-onset ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack among the diagnosed AF population (adjusted odds ratio: 0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.68; P  <0.001). At discharge, the prescription rate of OAC was 45.2% (16,757/37,087) in eligible patients with high stroke risk and 60.7% (2778/4578) in eligible patients with low stroke risk. OAC utilization in patients with high stroke risk on admission or at discharge both increased largely over time (all P  <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that OAC utilization at discharge was positively associated with in-hospital rhythm control strategies, including catheter ablation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 11.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.04-13.47; P <0.001), electronic cardioversion (adjusted OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.65-3.51; P <0.001), and anti-arrhythmic drug use (adjusted OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.38-1.53; P <0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#In hospitals participated in the CCC-AF project, >70% of AF patients were at a high risk of stroke. Although poor performance on guideline-recommended OAC use was found in this study, over time the CCC-AF project has made progress in stroke prevention in the Chinese AF population.Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02309398.

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Background@#The effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns and clinical biomarkers among patients with AF-related stroke is still controversial. @*Objectives@#The objective of this study is to determine the association of the pattern of AF and markers on routine blood tests with the outcome of patients after an AF-related stroke. @*Methods@#This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with stroke and AF admitted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City from 2015-2022. Patients’ baseline characteristics, laboratory tests, ECG, and radiologic data were collected. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency were computed. The Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test were used to calculate the incidence time. The Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with survival. A stepwise regression technique was used in model building. @*Results@#The mortality rate of patients with AF-related stroke was 0.02. A Kaplan Meier survival estimate shows that patients with paroxysmal AF have better survival. Upon model building of variables, age, red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet count, low density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C), and pattern of AF were predictive of mortality in patients with AF-related stroke. @*Conclusions@#Among AF-related stroke patients admitted at a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, pattern of AF, age, RDW, NLR, platelet count, and LDL-C were associated with mortality. The parameters associated with increased mortality could be easily assessed using an ECG, CBC, and lipid profile. These are all readily available and cost-efficient.

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Background@#Stroke is a significant health concern globally, and dysphagia has been a very common complication. Early intervention for managing dysphagia is challenging with a lack of universally accepted treatment protocols. Non-invasive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is emerging as a treatment option for stroke dysphagia. However, there is no standardized rTMS treatment protocol for it, leading to challenges in clinical decision-making.@*Objective@#To determine available rTMS protocols for unilateral hemispheric stroke dysphagia.@*Methods@#A scoping review using PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCOHost databases was conducted using the keywords “dysphagia,” “stroke,” “repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,” “conventional therapy,” and “swallowing examination.” Eligible studies published from inception to April 2020 were appraised using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and analyzed qualitatively.@*Results@#Out of 42 articles, five randomized controlled trials met the eligibility criteria. A total of 108 patients with stroke and oropharyngeal dysphagia were randomized into one of the following treatment groups: (1) rTMS (unilateral or bilateral); (2) conventional dysphagia therapy (CDT); and (3) combined intervention (CI) of rTMS and CDT. The CI gave significant improvements in swallowing function and quality of life compared to CDT alone. The bilateral rTMS protocol resulted in more significant improvements than unilateral rTMS. @*Conclusion@#There are various and heterogeneous treatment protocols involving neuromodulation available for stroke dysphagia. The combination of bilateral excitatory-inhibitory rTMS and CDT seems to result in an optimal outcome for swallowing function among patients with unilateral hemispheric stroke dysphagia.

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BACKGROUND@#The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) blood pressure (BP) guideline lowered the threshold defining hypertension to 130/80 mmHg. However, how stage 1 hypertension defined using this guideline is associated with cardiovascular events in Chinese adults remains unclear. This study assessed the association between stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline and clinical outcomes in the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#Participants with stage 1 hypertension ( n = 69,509) or normal BP ( n = 34,142) were followed in this study from 2006/2007 to 2020. Stage 1 hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg. None were taking antihypertensive medication or had a history of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or cancer at baseline. The primary outcome was a composite of MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were individual components of the primary outcome. Cox proportional hazards models were used for the analysis.@*RESULTS@#During a median follow-up of 11.09 years, we observed 10,479 events (MI, n = 995; stroke, n = 3408; all-cause mortality, n = 7094). After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios for stage 1 hypertension vs. normal BP were 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.25) for primary outcome, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.05-1.46) for MI, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.33-1.59) for stroke, and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04-1.17) for all-cause mortality. The hazard ratios for participants with stage 1 hypertension who were prescribed antihypertensive medications compared with those without antihypertensive treatment during the follow-up was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Using the new definition, Chinese adults with untreated stage 1 hypertension are at higher risk for MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality. This finding may help to validate the new BP classification system in China.

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As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis aumentam consideravelmente no mundo e são consideradas um enorme desafio na saúde pública. Uma dessas doenças é o Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC). O AVC é uma das condições que mais causam morte e consequências neurológicas e motoras no mundo, assim como no Haiti. Atualmente, representa a segunda causa de mortes e de incapacidades nesse país. Essa doença afeta mais as pessoas na terceira idade, mas, nas últimas décadas, estudos reportam que há um crescimento significativo na incidência do AVC nos adultos jovens. Contudo, não há estudos que avaliem esse desfecho na população de adultos jovens do Haiti. Nesse sentido, é importante avaliar a tendência da carga da doença nessa população e compará-la com a do Caribe, região na qual se encontra o Haiti. Nesse país, há um foco maior nas doenças transmissíveis, e, com isso, o AVC vem sendo negligenciado. Como decorrência, isso agrava a carência de especialistas nesta área de cuidado e a escassez de recursos para realizar estudos e reforçar estratégias de prevenção. Nessa pesquisa, foram utilizados os dados do Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) para analisar a tendência da mortalidade, da incidência e dos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (em inglês, DALYs) por AVC, em adultos jovens (25-49 anos) no Haiti e no Caribe, entre 1990 e 2019. Foi utilizado o modelo de Regressão Prais-Winsten para classificar a tendência temporal da doença e o Annual Percent Change (APC) para comparar o Haiti com a região do Caribe, a tendência temporal foi analisada segundo sexo, faixa etária do AVC e os seus subtipos. Como resultado a tendência da incidência, mortalidade e DALYs entre os adultos jovens, de 1990 a 2019, mostrou tendência de declínio no Haiti, para ambos os sexos e em todos os tipos de AVC, e tendência de estabilidade na região do Caribe. Em conclusão, a incidência, mortalidade e DALYs por AVC parecem estar diminuindo na região do Haiti, mas as taxas desse país seguem sendo muito mais altas em comparação ao Caribe.

Chronic non-communicable diseases are on the increase worldwide and are considered a major public health challenge. One of these diseases is cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Stroke is one of the conditions that most causes death and neurological and motor consequences in the world, as well as in Haiti. It is currently the second leading cause of death and disability in Haiti. This disease mostly affects people in old age, but in recent decades, studies have reported a significant increase in the incidence of stroke in young adults. However, there are no studies evaluating this outcome in Haiti's young adult population. In this sense, it is important to assess the trend in the burden of disease in this population and compare it with that of the Caribbean, the region in which Haiti is located. In this country, there is a greater focus on communicable diseases and, as a result, stroke has been neglected. As a result, this exacerbates the shortage of specialists in this area of care and the scarcity of resources to carry out studies and strengthen prevention strategies. In this study, data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) was used to analyze the trend in mortality, incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to stroke in young adults (25-49 years) in Haiti and the Caribbean between 1990 and 2019. The Prais-Winsten Regression model was used to classify the temporal trend of the disease and the Annual Percent Change (APC) to compare Haiti with the Caribbean region, the temporal trend was analyzed according to sex, age group of stroke and its subtypes. As a result, the trend in incidence, mortality and DALYs among young adults, from 1990 to 2019, showed a declining trend in Haiti, for both sexes and all types of stroke, and a stable trend in the Caribbean region. In conclusion, stroke incidence, mortality and DALYs seem to be decreasing in the Haitian region, but the rates in this country remain much higher compared to the Caribbean.

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Introducción: la trombolisis intravenosa es parte fundamental del tratamiento agudo de los pacientes que sufren un ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico. Existe un interés creciente en la utilización de tenecteplase como alternativa trombolítica a alteplase. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar la efectividad clínica de tenecteplase respecto a alteplase en la trombolisis intravenosa del ACV isquémico. Método: estudio de cohorte, bispectivo y unicéntrico, de todos los pacientes ingresados con ACV isquémico y que recibieron trombolíticos intravenosos, desde 2019 a 2022. Se compararon prospectivamente los pacientes tratados con tenecteplase con aquellos tratados con alteplase como control histórico. Se realizó test de chi cuadrado o exacto de Fisher para la asociación de variables categóricas y prueba de Wilcoxon para la comparación de medianas. Se consideró significativo un valor p menor de 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 69 pacientes (33 recibieron alteplase y 36 tenecteplase). La mediana de la escala de NIHSS fue de 11 (RIC 8-18) y del tiempo inicio de síntomas-aguja de 160 minutos (RIC 120-208). No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significatvas entre los puntajes de las escalas de coma de Glasgow y NIHSS al egreso hospitalario, así como en la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) 0-2 y mortalidad a los seis meses, entre los dos grupos de pacientes. Tampoco hubo diferencias en las complicaciones hemorrágicas intracraneanas entre ambos grupos (13,9% para tenecteplase y 12,1% para alteplase). Conclusiones: se presenta el primer estudio acerca del tema en nuestro medio. En concordancia con los recientes ensayos internacionales, el presente trabajo no mostró diferencias significativas en los resultados clínicos de los pacientes tratados con tenecteplase o alteplase. El tenecteplase podría ser una alternativa razonable a alteplase como terapia trombolítica en el ACV isquémico, con una buena relación costo-beneficio y forma de implementación más sencilla. Se necesitan estudios aleatorizados y con un mayor número de pacientes.

Introduction: intravenous thrombolysis is a key part of the acute treatment of patients with ischemic stroke. There is a growing interest in the use of tenecteplase as a thrombolytic alternative to alteplase. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of tenecteplase versus alteplase in intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Method: a single-center, bispective cohort study of all patients admitted with ischemic stroke who received intravenous thrombolytics from 2019 to 2022. Patients treated with tenecteplase were prospectively compared with those treated with alteplase as a historical control. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for the association of categorical variables, and the Wilcoxon test was used for median comparison A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: a total of 69 patients were included in the study (33 received alteplase and 36 received tenecteplase). The median NIHSS scale score was 11 (IQR 8-18), and the median time from symptom onset to needle was 160 minutes (IQR 120-208). No statistically significant differences were found between Glasgow Coma Scale and NIHSS scores at hospital discharge, as well as in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 and mortality at 6 months, between the two groups of patients. There were also no differences in intracranial hemorrhagic complications between both groups (13.9% for tenecteplase and 12.1% for alteplase). Conclusions: This is the first study on the topic in our setting. In line with recent international trials, our study did not show significant differences in clinical outcomes of patients treated with tenecteplase or alteplase. Tenecteplase could be a reasonable alternative to alteplase as thrombolytic therapy in ischemic stroke, with a good cost-benefit ratio and simpler implementation. Randomized studies with a larger number of patients are needed.

Introdução: A trombólise intravenosa é uma parte essencial do tratamento agudo de pacientes que sofrem um acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico. Há um interesse crescente no uso da tenecteplase como uma alternativa trombolítica à alteplase. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia clínica da tenecteplase com a alteplase na trombólise intravenosa do AVC isquêmico. Métodos: estudo de coorte, bispectivo, em um único centro, de todos os pacientes admitidos com AVC isquêmico que receberam trombolíticos intravenosos de 2019 a 2022. Os pacientes tratados com tenecteplase foram comparados prospectivamente com aqueles tratados com alteplase como um controle histórico. O teste de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foi realizado para a associação de variáveis categóricas e o teste de Wilcoxon para a comparação de medianas. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 69 pacientes (33 receberam alteplase e 36 tenecteplase). A mediana do escore da escala NHISS foi de 11 (RIC 8-18) e a mediana do tempo de início dos sintomas foi de 160 minutos (RIC 120-208). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os escores de coma de Glasgow e NIHSS na alta hospitalar, bem como na Escala de Rankin modificada (MRS) 0-2 e na mortalidade em 6 meses, entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Também não houve diferenças nas complicações hemorrágicas intracranianas entre os dois grupos (13,9% para tenecteplase e 12,1% para alteplase). Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo sobre o assunto em nosso meio. De acordo com estudos internacionais recentes, nosso estudo não mostrou diferenças significativas nos resultados clínicos em pacientes tratados com tenecteplase ou alteplase. A tenecteplase poderia ser uma alternativa razoável à alteplase como terapia trombolítica no AVC isquêmico, com uma boa relação custo-benefício e implementação mais fácil. São necessários estudos randomizados com um número maior de pacientes.

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Introducción: Seguir instrucciones, inhibir distracciones del entorno, planificar y ejecutar actos motores complejos, así como controlar la impulsividad; son habilidades ejecutivas fundamentales para participar de un programa de rehabilitación de manera satisfactoria. El propósito de esta revisión es concientizar al equipo rehabilitador sobre la importancia de las disfunciones ejecutivas en el proceso de rehabilitación de personas post ACV. Método: se realizó una revisión de literatura a través de las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, Web of Science y Cochrane Library, incluyendo artículos publicados hasta abril 2023. Se emplearon combinaciones de términos de búsqueda para tres categorías: ACV, funciones ejecutivas (FE), y disfunciones ejecutivas. Se seleccionaron diseños de corte transversal, ensayos clínicos y revisiones sistemáticas que incluyeran los términos funciones /disfunciones ejecutivas y ACV. Resultados: Se identificaron 174 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de búsqueda, de los cuales fueron descartados 121 por abordar conceptos distintos al objetivo de estudio y 7 artículos que se encontraban duplicados. Fueron seleccionados 46 artículos considerando su pertinencia, relevancia y actualización en el tema. Conclusión: El deterioro de las EF es un síndrome heterogéneo en el cual la interacción simultánea de múltiples procesos cognitivos, como la capacidad para razonar y resolver problemas a menudo se ve gravemente comprometida. Este deterioro puede resultar perjudicial durante el proceso rehabilitador posterior a un ACV, ya que los componentes de la función ejecutiva son principios necesarios para el funcionamiento en el mundo real.

Introduction: Following instructions, inhibiting distractions from the environment, planning and executing complex motor task, as well as controlling impulsivity are fundamental executive skills to participate in a rehabilitation program in a satisfactory manner. The purpose of this review is to make the rehabilitation team aware of the importance of executive dysfunctions in the rehabilitation process of post-stroke patients. Method: a literature review was carried out using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases, including articles published up to April 2023. Combinations of search terms were used for three categories: stroke, executive functions (EF) and executive dysfunctions. We selected cross-sectional designs, clinical trials and systematic review that included the terms /dysfunctions and stroke. Results: we identified 174 articles that met the search criteria, of which 121 were discarded because they addressed concepts other than the study objective and 7 articles were found to be duplicates. Forty-six articles were selected considering their pertinence, relevance and up-to-dateness in the subject. Conclusion: impaired EF is a heterogeneous syndrome in which the simultaneous interaction of multiple cognitive processes, such as the ability to reason and solve problems is often severely compromised. This impairment can be detrimental during the post-stroke rehabilitative process, as components of executive function are necessary principles for real-world functioning.

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Este artigo de revisão explora o uso combinado do Doppler Transcraniano (DTC) com ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) e transesofágico (ETE) para investigar o Forame Oval Patente (FOP), uma condição encontrada em cerca de 25-27% da população adulta. O FOP é um remanescente da circulação fetal e a causa mais comum de shunt interatrial. Está associado a complicações clínicas como síndrome de platipneia-ortodeóxia, apneia do sono obstrutiva, enxaqueca e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A avaliação do FOP é geralmente realizada por meio de ETT e ETE, mas o DTC, um método de alta sensibilidade e menos utilizado, também é importante. O DTC detecta shunts de forma indireta em pacientes acordados e utiliza o escore de graduação de sinais microembólicos (MES) para classificar a gravidade do shunt. A técnica envolve a injeção de uma solução de contraste na veia antecubital durante a manobra de Valsalva, onde o aparecimento de microbolhas nos primeiros ciclos cardíacos indica um shunt intracardíaco. Relato de caso que ilustra a eficácia do DTC no rastreamento inicial de um paciente com suspeita de FOP, utilizando ETT, DTC e ETE. A conclusão destaca o papel crucial do DTC como uma ferramenta diagnóstica, especialmente relevante no manejo terapêutico de pacientes com AVC criptogênico. O estudo faz referência a várias publicações científicas, proporcionando uma base teórica para o uso combinado de DTC, ETT e ETE na investigação de FOP. (AU)

This review article explores the combined use of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) with transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography to investigate Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO), a condition found in approximately 25-27% of the adult population. PFO is a remnant of fetal circulation and the most common cause of interatrial shunt. It is associated with clinical complications such as platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, migraine, and stroke. PFO assessment is generally performed using TTE and TEE, but TCD, a highly sensitive and less used method, is also important. TCD indirectly detects shunts in awake patients and uses the microembolic signal (MES) grading score to classify shunt severity. This technique involves injecting a contrast solution into the antecubital vein during the Valsalva maneuver to detect intracardiac shunt by observing microbubble appearance in the first cardiac cycles. The case report illustrates the effectiveness of TCD in the initial screening of a patient with suspected PFO using TTE, TCD and TEE. The conclusion highlights that TCD is a crucial diagnostic tool, particularly relevant for the therapeutic management of patients with cryptogenic stroke. Several scientific publications are referenced, providing a theoretical foundation for the combined use of TCD, TTE, and TEE in PFO investigation. (AU)

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Introducción: La enfermedad aterotrombótica de las arterias cérvico-cerebrales representa el 40 % de las causas de infarto cerebral. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el tamaño del infarto cerebral aterotrombótico de territorio anterior y la aterosclerosis carotídea bilateral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal a 63 pacientes que acudieron al hospital "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" con diagnóstico de ictus aterotrombótico reciente de territorio carotídeo en el período comprendido entre 2011 y 2013, a quienes se les realizó tomografía de cráneo y eco-Doppler carotídeo. Resultados: El tamaño del infarto presentó asociación estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,034) con la estenosis predominante de la placa de ateroma en el eje carotídeo homolateral. La estabilidad (p = 0,039) y la cantidad de placas (p = 0,017) del eje homolateral tuvo significación estadística tanto con la estenosis homolateral como con el infarto grande. En el eje contralateral con la estabilidad (p = 0,000), el contorno (p = 0,029) y la cantidad de placas (p = 0,008) pasó igual. Conclusiones: Se relacionan con el infarto cerebral grande y la presencia de estenosis en los ejes carotídeos, el contorno de la placa de ateroma del eje contralateral, la cantidad de placas de ateroma y la estabilidad de ambos ejes. La estenosis significativa bilateral se asocia a la cantidad de placas de ateroma en ambos ejes carotídeos, lo cual es indicativo de que traen consigo una notable repercusión en la hemodinámica cerebral y, consecuentemente, en el tamaño del infarto(AU)

Introduction: Atherothrombotic disease of the cerebrospinal arteries accounts for 40% of the causes of cerebral infarction. Objective: To determine the association between the size of atherothrombotic stroke of the anterior territory and bilateral carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in 63 patients who attended Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Hospital with a diagnosis of recent atherothrombotic stroke of the carotid territory in the period between 2011 and 2013, who underwent cranial tomography and carotid Doppler ultrasound. Results: Infarction size presented statistically significant association (p = 0.034) with predominant atheroma plaque stenosis in the homolateral carotid axis. The stability (p = 0.039) and number of plaques (p = 0.017) of the homolateral axis had a statistical significance with both homolateral stenosis and large infarction. In the contralateral axis, the same phenomenon occurred with stability (p = 0.000), contour (p = 0.029) and number of plaques (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The contralateral axis atheroma plaque contour, the number of atheroma plaques and the stability of both axes are associated with large cerebral infarction and the presence of carotid axis stenosis. Bilateral significant stenosis is associated with the number of atheroma plaques in both carotid axes, a phenomenon indicative of the fact that they bring about a notable impact on cerebral hemodynamics and, consequently, on infarction size(AU)

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Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular es la segunda causa de muerte a nivel mundial y una de las principales causas de discapacidad. La rehabilitación constituye un componente vital para la recuperación. Frecuentemente, hay dificultades para cumplir con las horas de terapia recomendadas. Ante este problema, recientemente se han sugerido las aplicaciones móviles. Objetivo: Identificar la eficacia de las aplicaciones móviles como adyuvantes en la rehabilitación de los pacientes que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión siguiendo la normativa PRISMA. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO y WOS. Se utilizó la herramienta Cochrane para valorar el riesgo de sesgo y para la calidad de la evidencia se evaluó GRADE. Resultados: Del total de bases de datos se obtuvieron 115 estudios. Tras la eliminación de los duplicados y aplicación de criterios de inclusión, quedaron seis ensayos clínicos. La muestra total fue de 181 pacientes que habían sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular. La duración del tratamiento osciló entre los ensayos clínicos alrededor de 2 y 12 semanas. Todos los estudios mostraron seguridad, tolerabilidad y no se produjeron importantes efectos secundarios. Conclusiones: Las aplicaciones móviles son eficaces para la rehabilitación de pacientes que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular. Estas aplicaciones basadas en juegos resultan factibles y eficaces para promover la recuperación de las extremidades, el control postural, la calidad de vida, la recuperación del habla y la actividad diaria después de un accidente cerebrovascular(AU)

Introduction: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a major cause of disability. Rehabilitation constitutes a vital component for recovery. Frequently, there are difficulties in meeting the recommended hours of therapy. Faced with this problem, mobile applications have recently been suggested. Objective: To identify the efficacy of mobile applications as adjuvants in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Methods: A review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. The databases PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO and WOS were consulted. The Cochrane tool was used to assess the risk of bias and GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Results: 115 studies were obtained from the total number of databases. After elimination of duplicates and application of inclusion criteria, six clinical trials remained. The total sample was 181 patients who had suffered a stroke. The duration of treatment ranged between the clinical trials between 2 and 12 weeks. All studies showed safety, tolerability and no major side effects. Conclusions: Mobile applications are effective for the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients. These game-based applications are feasible and effective in promoting limb recovery, postural control, quality of life, speech recovery, and daily activity after stroke(AU)

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RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação da independência funcional com aspectos clínicos de comprometimento neurológico, a localização e extensão do dano neuronal e os fatores sociodemográficos em pacientes na fase aguda do AVC. Método Estudo analítico de recorte transversal, realizado com 90 pacientes adultos e idosos acometidos por AVC isquêmico, que tiveram admissão no ambiente hospitalar nas primeiras 24 horas após o evento vascular. A coleta dos dados referentes aos aspectos clínicos e fatores sociodemográficos foi realizada pelo prontuário eletrônico e/ou entrevista para descrever o perfil dos pacientes, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale e a Medida de Independência Funcional. Resultados O comprometimento neurológico, de acordo com a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, foi associado à funcionalidade nas primeiras 24 horas após o AVC. Além disso, a presença de hipertensão arterial, idade, trabalho inativo, tabagismo e extensão do dano neuronal estiveram associados à dependência funcional, mas não permaneceram no modelo final deste estudo. Conclusão A dependência funcional está associada à hipertensão arterial, idade, trabalho inativo, tabagismo, extensão do dano neuronal e grau de comprometimento neurológico nas primeiras 24 horas após o evento vascular. Além disso, um nível mais elevado de comprometimento neurológico foi independentemente associado a níveis aumentados de dependência funcional.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the association of functional independence with clinical aspects of neurological impairment, the location and extent of neuronal damage and sociodemographic factors in patients in the acute phase of stroke. Methods Analytical cross-sectional study in 90 adult and older patients affected by ischemic stroke, admitted to the hospital within 24 hours of the vascular event. Sociodemographic factors and clinical aspects data were collected from electronic medical records and/or interviews in order to depict the patients'profile, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and Functional Independence Measure. Results Neurological impairment, according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, was associated with functioning in the first 24 hours after the stroke. Furthermore, the presence of arterial hypertension, age, inactive work, smoking and extent of neuronal damage were associated with functional dependence, but did not remain in the final model of this study. Conclusion Functional dependence is associated with arterial hypertension, age, inactive work, smoking, extent of neuronal damage, and degree of neurological impairment in the first 24 hours after the vascular event. Furthermore, a higher level of neurological impairment was independently associated with increased levels of functional dependence.