Factores facilitadores y obstaculizadores del aprendizaje a través de la simulación

Objetivo: Identificar los factores que facilitan y dificultan el aprendizaje a través de la simulación y el ECOE, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes y los docentes en la carrera Técnico en Enfermería de Nivel Superior. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico, donde se aplicó encuesta en línea y se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia y participaron diez estudiantes y diez profesores pertenecientes a la carrera en una universidad privada en la ciudad de Santiago (Chile). Para llevar a cabo el proceso de análisis, codificación y clasificación de los datos, se utilizó el software de análisis NVivo. Se consideraron los principios y responsabilidades de la Declaración de Singapur sobre Integridad en la Investigación. Resultados: Los elementos favorecedores para las habilidades procedimentales son la metodología; la práctica y repetición; los profesores; los insumos y materiales y la motivación. Los elementos obstaculizadores fueron el nerviosismo, la falta de insumos y el tiempo escaso. Las limitaciones se dieron por el contexto sanitario, que implicó recoger información a distancia. Conclusiones: Se identificaron aspectos favorecedores y obstaculizadores para el logro de las habilidades procedimentales en la formación de técnicos en enfermería. Estos resultados pueden ser considerados insumos para realizar propuestas de diseño curricular que aborden aspectos didácticos, metodológicos y humanos.

Objective: To identify the factors that facilitate and hinder learning through simulation and OSCE, from the perspective of students and instructors in the field of licensed practical nurses (known as TENS in Chile). Materials and Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological design, in which an online survey was administered, and semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used and ten students and ten instructors belonging to a TENS training program of a private university in Santiago de Chile participated. NVivo analysis software was used to carry out the data analysis, coding, and classification process. The principles and responsibilities of The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity were considered. Results: Facilitating elements for procedural skills were methodology, practice and repetition, instructors, supplies and materials, as well as motivation. Hindering elements were nervousness, lack of supplies and time scarcity. Limitations were caused by the healthcare setting, which involved having to collect information remotely. Conclusions: Facilitating and hindering aspects for the achievement of procedural skills in the training of TENS nurses were identified. These results may contribute to outline curriculum design proposals that address didactic, methodological, and person-related aspects.

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que facilitam e dificultam a aprendizagem através da simulação e do ECOE, da perspectiva dos estudantes e professores no âmbito dos técnicos de enfermagem (conhecidos como TENS no Chile). Materiais e Método: Estudo qualitativo com desenho fenomenológico, onde foi aplicado uma pesquisa on-line e foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais. Foi utilizada uma amostragem não- probabilística por conveniência e participaram 10 estudantes e 10 professores pertencentes à um programa de formação de TENS de uma universidade privada em Santiago do Chile. Para realizar o processo de análise, codificação e classificação dos dados, foi utilizado o software de análise NVivo. Foram considerados os princípios e responsabilidades da Declaração de Singapura a Integridade em Pesquisa. Resultados: Os elementos facilitadores das competências processuais foram a metodologia, a prática e repetição, os professores, os materiais e a motivação. Os elementos que dificultam são o nervosismo, a falta de materiais e o tempo escasso. As limitações foram causadas pelo contexto da saúde, o que implicou a recolha de informação à distância. Conclusões: Foram identificados os aspectos favoráveis e obstáculos à obtenção de competências processuais na formação de técnicos de enfermagem. Estes resultados podem ser considerados como contributos para propostas de concepção curricular que abordem aspectos didáticos, metodológicos e humanos.

Cholestasis secondary to hyperthyroidism in Graves disease: report of one case / Colestasia en un paciente con hipertiroidismo por enfermedad de Graves: informe de un caso

ABSTRACT Hyperthyroidism can induce elevation in several liver function tests including aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatases and, less frequently, serum bilirubin. These alterations are usually mild and asymptomatic. We report a 26 year-old male presenting with palpitations, progressive jaundice, choluria and generalized itching. Laboratory tests were compatible with hyperthyroidism and a mild elevation of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatases and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. A liver biopsy showed portal hepatitis with canalicular cholestasis. The patient was treated temporarily with glucocorticoids, cholestyramine and betablockade. Thereafter, he was treated with radioactive iodine, after which serum bilirubin decreased steadily until normalization in ten weeks.

El hipertiroidismo puede producir elevación de aminotransferasas, fosfatasas alcalinas y, menos frecuentemente, de bilirrubina sérica. Habitualmente, estas alteraciones son leves y asintomáticas. Reportamos un hombre de 26 años con hipertiroidismo secundario a enfermedad de Basedow-Graves, que debutó con un cuadro colestásico, inicialmente estudiado por sospecha de patología hepática autoinmune que incluyó biopsia hepática. Posteriormente, se diagnosticó hipertiroidismo que fue tratado con glucocorticoides, colestiramina y beta bloqueo como puente a terapia definitiva con radioyodo. La evolución mostró disminución progresiva hasta la normalización de bilirrubina sérica.

In properly selected patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, antithyroglobulin antibodies decline after thyroidectomy and their sole presence should not be an indication for radioiodine ablation

ABSTRACT Objective Our objective was to evaluate the trend of antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) during follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) treated without RAI, as well as their role in the risk of recurrence. Subjects and methods This was a prospective, descriptive study. A total of 152 consecutive patients with DTC treated in a single institution undergoing total thyroidectomy without RAI and followed for a median of 2.3 years (0.5-10.3) were divided in two groups: TgAb(-) (n = 111) and TgAb(+) (n = 41). Patients were classified according to AJCC 7th and 8th editions, as well as to their risk of recurrence and response to treatment categories. Results Both groups, TgAb(-) and TgAb(+), were similar regarding patient and tumor characteristics. At the end of follow-up, 90 (59.2%), 57 (37.5%), 3 (2%) and 2 (1.3%) patients achieved excellent, indeterminate, biochemically incomplete and structurally incomplete response, respectively. The risk of structural recurrence was similar in both groups (TgAb[-] 0.9% vs. TgAb[+] 2.4%, p = 0.46). In the TgAb(+) group, TgAb became negative in 10 (24.4%), decreased ≥ 50% without negativization in 25 (60.9%), decreased < 50% in 4 (9.8%) and remained stable or increased in 2 (4.9%) cases. The only incomplete structural response had increasing TgAb during follow-up. Conclusions In properly selected patients with DTC, TgAb concentration immediately after total thyroidectomy should not mandate RAI ablation, and their trend during follow-up may impact the risk of recurrence.

Comparación de la efectividad de la ligadura vs esclerosis endoscópica en pacientes con sangrado de várices esofágicas en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez de Temuco: estudio de cohortes comparativas / Comparison of band ligation with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices

Background: Endoscopic band ligation is the treatment of choice for bleeding esophageal varices. However it is not clear if this procedure is associated with less early and late mortality than sclerotherapy. Aim: To assess rates of re-bleeding and mortality in cohorts of patients with bleeding esophageal varices treated with endos-copic injection or band ligation. Patients and Methods: Analysis of medical records and endoscopy reports of two cohorts of patients with bleeding esophageal varices, treated between 1990 and 2010. Of these, 54 patients were treated with sclerotherapy and 90 patients with band ligation. A third cohort of 116patients that did not require endoscopic treatment, was included. The mean analyzed follow up period was 2.5 years (range 1-16). Collection of data was retrospective for patients treated with sclerotherapy and prospective for patients treated with band ligation. Rates of re-bleeding and medium term mortality were assessed. Results: During the month ensuing the first endoscopic treatment, re-bleeding was recorded in 39 and 72% of patients treated with band ligation and sclerotherapy, respectively (p < 0.01). The relative risk of bleeding after band ligation was 0.53 (95% confidence limits 0.390.73). Death rates until the end of follow up were 20 and 48% among patients with treated with band ligation and sclerotherapy, respectively (p < 0.01), with a relative risk of dying for patients subjected to band ligation of 0.41 (95% confidence limits 0.25-0.68). Conclusions: Band ligation was associated with lower rates of re-bleeding and mortality in these cohorts of patients.

Controvérsias sobre o tratamento do neuroblastoma metastático (IV-S) em lactente / Controversies of the treatment of metastatic neuroblastoma (IV-S) in infants

Objetivos: Descrever caso de neuroblastorna em sua forma menos freqüente (estágio IV-S), com metástases avançadas em fígado e medula óssea em lactente de cinco meses, relatando as divergências entre as opiniões dos autores de uma extensa revisão de literatura em relação às condutas e aos resultados. Descrição: Lactente de cinco meses apresentou-se com febre e hepatomegalia a esclarecer. Ultra-sonografia abdominal demonstrou fígado com dimensões aumentadas, ecotextura heterogénea às custas de numerosas imagens hipoecóicas difusamente distribuídas e, na supra-renal direita, massa hiperecóica de contornos bem definidos, medindo, aproximadamente, 65 cm³. Biópsia de medula óssea e de fígado revelou neoplasia maligna de pequenas células redondas e azuis compatíveis com neuroblastoma. O tratamento consistiu de sete ciclos de quimioterapia. seguida pela ressecção do tumor. O exame anátomo-patológico evidenciou ganglioneuroblastoma, "intermixed". Comentários: Não na uma padronização de conduta em relação ao neuroblastoma estadiado como IV-S. Alguns autores sugerem que não se deve tratar esse tumor em pacientes menores de um ano, peia alta taxa de regressão espontânea. Outros consideram a quimioterapia a conduta mais adequada. A ressecção cirúrgica imediata ou após a quimioterapia é também controversa.

Objectives: A case of neuroblastoma in its less frequent form (stage IV-S) with advanced metastases in liver and bone marrow in a five-month-old infant is described. Description: The patient presented fever and hepatomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography showed liver with augmented dimensions, heterogeneous echotexture due to numerous and diffusely distributed hypoechoic images. A 65 cm³ hyperechoic mass in right adrenal, with well-defined contours was detected. Biopsy of bone marrow and liver revealed malignant neoplasm of small round blue cells, compatible with neuroblastoma. Treatment consisted of seven chemotherapy cycles followed by tumor resection. Histological examination revealed intermixed ganglioneuroblastoma, Comments: A discussion on different approaches to treatment of I V-S stage neuroblastoma is made.

Nódulo pulmonar esquistossomótico simulando neoplasia: relato de caso / Pulmonary schistosomotic nodule simulating neoplasia: case report

Paciente sadio em que, ao exame de rotina, foi detectado nódulo pulmonar esquistossomótico com verme adulto, 25 anos após o tratamento específico com oxamniquine® e distante da região endêmica. O nódulo simulava clinicamente neoplasia.

Estudo prospectivo de 100 casos de core biópsia dirigida por ultra-som e revisão da literatura / Prospective study of 100 patients submitted to ultrasound-guided core biopsy and review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Mostrar a eficácia do método para evitar biópsias excisionais, verificar suas dificuldades técnicas, definir entre seguimento e biópsia excisional nos nódulos categoria IV do BI-RADSÕ e agilizar o procedimento cirúrgico nos casos de nódulos altamente suspeitos de malignidade (categoria V). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As pacientes foram submetidas a exame clínico de rotina, mamografia e ultra-som. A "core" foi feita com pistola automática e agulha número 14, e foram colhidas de quatro a oito amostras. RESULTADOS: Das 100 lesões estudadas, 47 foram submetidas à cirurgia, além da "core", e diagnosticaram-se 34 carcinomas (34,0 por cento). Das 23 lesões classificadas como categoria III, identificou-se apenas um carcinoma (4,34 por cento); das 43 classificadas como categoria IV, sete (16,28 por cento); e das 34 classificadas como categoria V, 26 (76,47 por cento). Evitou-se a biópsia excisional em 53 casos (53,0 por cento). Identificou-se dificuldade no método da "core" em sete casos (7,0 por cento), devido a material insuficiente, risco para malignidade envolvendo lesões esclerosantes complexas e discordância entre imagem e histologia. As 33 lesões com resultados de malignidade à punção biópsia por agulha grossa foram confirmadas após a biópsia cirúrgica. Em um caso o diagnóstico pela "core" foi de hiperplasia ductal atípica e após a biópsia cirúrgica da peça diagnosticou-se carcinoma, correspondendo a um resultado falso-negativo. Não houve nenhum resultado falso-positivo.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the efficacy of core-needle biopsy to avoid unnecessary surgery; to assess the technical difficulties of this method; to establish decision criteria for clinical follow-up or surgery in patients with lesions classified as suspicious for malignancy (BI-RADS IV); to expedite surgery in patients with lesions classified as highly suspicious for malignancy (BI-RADS V).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were submitted to clinical examination, mammography and ultrasound. Core-needle biopsy was done using a 14-gauge needle, and 4-8 cores per lesion were obtained.RESULTS: A hundred lesions were studied, 47 of them underwent surgery and biopsy, and 34 cancers were diagnosed. In 23 lesions classified as probably benign (III) only one case of cancer was diagnosed (4.34%). In 43 lesions classified as IV, seven (16.28%) cancers were found whereas in 34 lesions classified as V, 26 (76.47%) cases of cancer were identified. It was possible to avoid surgery in 53 cases (53%). Difficulties in core-needle biopsy occurred in seven cases including insufficient material, risk of malignancy due to sclerosing lesions and lack of correlation between imaging and core-needle biopsy results. All the core biopsy diagnoses of malignancy were confirmed by surgery. There was one false negative result when the core biopsy specimen examination showed atypical hyperplasia while surgery specimen analysis revealed a carcinoma. There were no false positive cases.

Aspectos teórico-prácticos de la velocidad de sedimentación globular / Theorical and practical aspects on globular sedimentation rate

Se revisan los siguientes métodos para determinar la velocidad de sedimientación globular (VSG): técnicas de Westergren y Wintrobe, micrométodos de Chattas, sistemas Sibors y Sediplast y sedimentación porcentual zeta. Asimismo, se presentan las fases de la VSG y los factores determinantes de la agregación de los hematíes: plasmáticos, globulares y extrínsecos