Efecto terapéutico de los exosomas en el ACV isquémico en animales de experimentación / Therapeutic effect of exosomes on ischemic stroke in experimental animals

La posibilidad de que los exosomas funcionen como una nueva forma de comunicación intercelular para establecer y mantener circuitos cerebrales está comenzando a ser explorada. Los exosomas son liberados desde células e interactúan con otras células receptoras para mediar cambios fisiológicos. Todas las células cerebrales liberan exosomas incluyendo las celulas madre neuronales, las neuronas, astrocitos, microglia, oligodendrocitos y las celulas endoteliales. El objetivo de esta revisión es reunir evidencia actualizada sobre las funciones de protección, antiinflamación y regeneración de los exosomas en el ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico en ratas. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura sensible y específica en base de datos Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, TRIP database, SciELO y LILACS con términos libres y meSH. Los exosomas generados de CSMs pueden ser utilizados para el tratamiento del ACV. Los exosomas de oligodendrocitos también ejercen una variedad de efectos sobre las neuronas receptoras e influencian un amplio espectro de la fisiología neuronal. En conjunto estos resultados sugieren que los exosomas de las CSMs mediados con miR-133b se transfieren a astrocitos y neuronas, las que regulan la expresión génica, beneficiando tanto la remodelación de neuritas, como la recuperación funcional despues de un ACV. Sería importante en el futuro desarrollar métodos para cuantificar y caracterizar los exosomas en el cerebro con isquemia. Esto permitiría correlacionar entre la cantidad de exosomas en el cerebro y la recuperación funcional entregando información sobre sus mecanismos de acción.

The possibility that exosomes function as a new form of inter cellular communication to establish and maintain brain circuits is beginning to be investigated. Exosomes are released from cells and interact with other receptor cells to mediate physiological changes. All brain cells release exosomes including neural stem cells, neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. The aim of this review is to gather current evidence on the protective, anti-inflammatory and regenerative functions of exosomes in ischemic stroke in rats. A systematic search of sensitive and specific literature was carried out in the following database search engines: Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, TRIP database, SciELO and LILACS with free and MeSH terms data. MSC generated exosomes can be used in the treatment of stroke. Oligodendrocyte exosomes also exert a variety of effects on receptor neurons and influence a wide spectrum of neuronal physiology. Together these results suggest that MSC exosome-mediated transfer of miR-133b to astrocytes and neurons, thus regulating gene expression, benefiting both neurite remodeling, such as functional recovery following a stroke. It would be important in the future to develop methods to quantify and characterize exosomes in brain ischemia. This would allow correlation between the amount of exosomes in the brain and functional recovery providing information relevant to its action mechanisms.

Oclusión de la arteria cerebral media en ataque cerebrovascular isquémico agudo / Middle cerebral artery occlusion in acute ischaemic cerebrovascular attack

El ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (ACV) es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial y nacional. Se estudiaron 35 pacientes identificándose que las arterias que presentaron mayor frecuencia de oclusión en el ACV isquémico agudo fueron la arteria cerebral media y la arteria cerebral posterior. Consideramos necesario que los especialistas puedan localizaran atómicamente los ACV para la aplicación de terapias neuroprotectoras mejorando las opciones de tratamiento y previniendo obstrucciones secundarias.

Ischaemic stroke (CVA) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality at a global and national level. We studied 35 patients, determined the arteries that presented a higher frequency of occlusion in acute ischemic stroke and identified the middle cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery. We consider it necessary that specialists can locate anatomically strokes in order to apply neuroprotective therapies to improve treatment options and preventing secondary obstructions.

Estrés post-traumático post terremoto 27F en cuidadores de niños preescolares. Factores asociados del cuidador, de la familia y la crianza / Post-traumatic stress disorder after 27/F earthquake in caregivers of preschool children. Factors associated with the caregiver, family and parenting

Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia de estrés postraumático posterior al terremoto de Chile del 27 de febrero de 2010, en cuidadores de niños prescolares y su asociación con el reporte del desarrollo de los niños, como también de las actitudes respecto de la crianza. Metodología: El estudio fue ejecutado seis meses después de acontecido el terremoto. Se realizó un diseño transversal en 1.625 cuidadores de niños entre 30 y 48 meses, que recibían atención en centros de salud públicos. Se evaluó el trastorno mediante la escala auto-administrada de trauma de Davidson. Adicionalmente se midieron las características sociodemográficas, de salud física y mental de los cuidadores, el desarrollo de los niños y crianza. Resultados: La frecuencia del trastorno de estrés postraumático fue de 7,3%. No se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre estrés postraumático en el cuidador y desarrollo infantil. Hubo asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con funcionamiento familiar (p<0,05) y creencias coercitivas respecto de la educación de los niños (p < 0,05), entre otras. Conclusiones: La presencia de este trastorno en el cuidador podría ser un marcador de riesgo para el cuidado infantil, por lo que, resulta fundamental su detección y tratamiento tempranos post desastre mediante un abordaje familiar.

Objectives: To describe the PTSD frequency, following the February 27, 2010 (27-F) earthquake in Chile, in preschool caregivers and its association with child development reports and parenting attitudes. Methodology: The study was carried out six months after the earthquake. A cross-sectional survey design was performed in 1625 caregivers of children between 30 and 48 months old, who received care at public health centers. Disorders were evaluated by the self-administered Davidson trauma scale. Additionally, sociodemographic, physical and mental health of caregivers, child development and parenting characteristics were measured. Results: The frequency of PTSD was 7.3%. There were no significant associations between post-traumatic stress in the caregiver and child development. There were statistically significant associations with family functioning (p < 0.05) and enforced beliefs regarding the education of children (p < 0.05), among others. Conclusions: The presence of this disorder in the caregiver may be a risk marker for child care; therefore, after the disaster and through a familiar approach, detection and early treatment are essential.

Estrés post-traumático post terremoto 27F en cuidadores de niños preescolares: factores asociados del cuidador, de la familia y la crianza / Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after 27/F earthquake in caregivers of preschool children. Factors associated with the caregiver, family and parenting

Objectives: to describe the PTSD frequency, following the february 27, 2010 (27-F) earthquake in Chile, in preschool caregivers and its association with child development reports and parenting attitudes. Methodology: the study was carried out six months after the earthquake. A cross-sectional survey design was performed in 1625 caregivers of children between 30 and 48 months old, who received care at public health centers. Disorders were evaluated by the self-administered Davidson trauma scale. Additionally, sociodemographic, physical and mental health of caregivers, child development and parenting characteristics were measured. Results: the frequency of PTSD was 7.3 percent. There were no significant associations between post-traumatic stress in the caregiver and child development. There were statistically significant associations with family functioning (p < 0.05) and enforced beliefs regarding the education of children (p < 0.05), among others. Conclusions: the presence of this disorder in the caregiver may be a risk marker for child care; therefore, after the disaster and through a familiar approach, detection and early treatment are essential.

Objetivos: describir la frecuencia de estrés postraumático posterior al terremoto de Chile del 27 de febrero de 2010, en cuidadores de niños prescolares y su asociación con el reporte del desarrollo de los niños, como también de las actitudes respecto de la crianza. Metodología: el estudio fue ejecutado seis meses después de acontecido el terremoto. Se realizó un diseño transversal en 1.625 cuidadores de niños entre 30 y 48 meses, que recibían atención en centros de salud públicos. Se evaluó el trastorno mediante la escala auto-administrada de trauma de Davidson. Adicionalmente se midieron las características sociodemográficas, de salud física y mental de los cuidadores, el desarrollo de los niños y crianza. Resultados: la frecuencia del trastorno de estrés postraumático fue de 7,3 por ciento. No se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre estrés postraumático en el cuidador y desarrollo infantil. Hubo asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con funcionamiento familiar (p<0,05) y creencias coercitivas respecto de la educación de los niños (p < 0,05), entre otras. Conclusiones: la presencia de este trastorno en el cuidador podría ser un marcador de riesgo para el cuidado infantil, por lo que, resulta fundamental su detección y tratamiento tempranos post desastre mediante un abordaje familiar.

Deficiencia somatotrófica en niños: características clínicas y bioquímicas según la etiología en 75 casos / Somatotrophic deficiency in children: report of 75 cases

Somatotrophic deficiency (SDMT) can be due to a deficiency of growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH), growth hormone (GH) or insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I). Although its clinical features have been thoroughly described, the diagnosis is still controversial. Now there is an effective treatment with GH or IGF-I for these patients. AIM: To analyze the main clinical, etiological and laboratory characteristics of 75 SD patients (44 males), aged 9.4 + 4.5 years, with severe growth retardation. The diagnosis was confirmed by the lack of response to two GH stimulation tests (Clonidine, Glugagon or Insulin) and low levels of IGF-I or insulin-like growth factor binding protein- 3 (IGFBP-3). RESULTS: In 34 patients (46 percent), the cause of DSMT was considered idiopathic (DSMT-I), in 31 (41 percent) there was an organic cause (DSMT-O), most commonly caused by malformations or pituitary tumors and in 10 (13 percent), it was genetic (DSMT-G) (three patients with Laron's Syndrome, five with mutations of GH gene and 2 with probable mutations of Prop-1 and Pit-1 genes). IGF-1 levels, were significantly lower in DSMT-O and DSMT-G thanin DSMT-I (21.2 +/- 46.1, 23.4 +/-30.3 ng/mL and 50.2 +/- 48.3 ng/mL, respectively). The lowest height score corresponded to DSMT-G, compared to DSMT-O and DSMT (­5.7 +/- 0.9, -4.0 +/- 1.6 and ­4.3 +/- 1.2 DS, respectively) CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of organic and genetic etiologies in our patients can be due to the systematic search of these diseases. DSMT-G (Laron, mutations in GH and Pit-1 genes) had the most severe growth retardation.

Estudio clínico-genético molecular de la fibrosis quística en la V Región, Chile / Clinical and molecular genetic study of cystic fibrosis in the 5th Region of Chile

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disease in Caucasian population. More than 900 mutations have been detected in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene. The most common worldwide, is a deletion of phenylalanine 508 (delta F508). AIM: To analyze the presence of mutations delta F508, G542X, N1303K, G551D, R553X and S549N in patients from the 5th Region of Chile, with a clinical diagnosis of CF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 17 non-related patients, presenting frequent respiratory tract infections, malabsorption and positive sweat tests, or meconial ileum. Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), and total, CD3+ and B-lymphocytes, were determined to discard the presence of an immune deficiency. The molecular study of the gene was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification and restriction analysis. RESULTS: Immunological parameters were normal in all patients. The delta F508 mutation was detected in 11 chromosomes and the mutation G542X in 3 chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS: The mutation G542X was the second most frequent mutation found in this sample of Chilean CF patients. Since this mutation has a high frequency in Spanish CF patients, we suggest that this mutation might have had its origin in Spain.