[In vitro antimicrobial drug-resistance of urinary tract pathogens in patients admitted to Vali-E-Asr Hospital Wards]

Extensive use of antibiotics in medicine has led to resistance of microorganisms in urinary tract infection [UTI] in both children and adults. Therefore, conducting studies on antibiotic susceptibility is needed for selection of antibiotics based on regional studies. During the year 2006 urine samples from all symptomatic patients admitted to neonatal, pediatrics, obstetric and neurologic wards were collected through midstream clean-catch, catheterization, or urine bags. An antibiogram test was performed for all 118 urine samples which were culture positive. The most common organisms found in neonatal urine culture were klebsiella pneumoniae [44/5%] followed by Escherichia coli [33/5%]. Escherichia coli was the most common organism in pediatrics [41%], obstetric [46%], and neurologic wards [73%]. Resistance to ampicillin [82/6%] and cefixime [73/6%] was significant in all samples. Ciprofloxacine was the most effective drug against E.coli and klebsiella pneumoniae in all wards [resistance rate: 24/1%] followed by nitrofurantoin [resistance rate: 41/4%], ceftriaxone [resistance rate: 44/8%] and amikacin [resistance rate: 51/9%]. Vancomycin was the most effective drug against staphylococcus epidermidis [resistance rate: 37/1%] followed by cephtasidim [resistance rate: 40/1%] and ciprofloxacine [resistance rate: 48/5%]. Unfortunately due to irrational use of antibiotics, high resistance to ampicillin, cefixim, gentamycin, cotrimoxazol, and some other drugs was observed. Continuous studies regarding the drug resistance are recommended for better assessment in the future

[ effect of empowerment model on quality of life of Diabetic adolescents]

The purpose of this research is to estimate the effect of empowerment model on quality of life of diabetic adolescents. The present semi experimental applied research was carried out on 47 diabetic adolescents in two health centers using census approach in order to investigate the effect of empowerment - model on their quality of life of diabetic adolescents in 2005-2006. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of case and control. The research tools included: the questionnaires of demographic information [characteristics], special quality of life, knowledge, self-efficacy and self-esteem of the adolescents. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were evaluated by content validity and alfa-chrounbach tests respectively. After collecting the pre-intervention data, the empowerment-model was performed on the samples of the case group according to its triple steps [perceived threat, problem solving and evaluation]. Then, the data were collected and analyzed 2/5 months after the empowerment intervention. The obtained results are as follows: Chi-square test showed no significant difference between the groups of case and control in terms of their demographic characteristics [such as age, gender, literacy] [P>0.05]. Independent t-test indicated no significant difference between the two groups in terms of their quality of life before and after the empowerment intervention [P>0.05], but there was a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention in terms of dif-scores of the quality of life [P<0.001]. Based on the results of applied paired t-test, there was a significant difference before and after the intervention in the case group in terms of their mean quality of life [P<0.001]. Overwhelmingly, according to our findings in the present research, implementation of the empowerment-model intervention has been highly effective on the diabetic adolescent's quality of life, and we suggest this model to be applied on other age groups of our society in a wider range