Atualização das Recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia para o Tratamento Sistêmico do Carcinoma Hepatocelular / Brazilian society of hepatology updated recommendations for systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

ABSTRACT Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) published in 2020 the updated recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Since then, new data have emerged in the literature, including new drugs approved for the systemic treatment of HCC that were not available at the time. The SBH board conducted an online single-topic meeting to discuss and review the recommendations on the systemic treatment of HCC. The invited experts were asked to conduct a systematic review of the literature on each topic related to systemic treatment and to present the summary data and recommendations during the meeting. All panelists gathered together for discussion of the topics and elaboration of the updated recommendations. The present document is the final version of the reviewed manuscript containing the recommendations of SBH and its aim is to assist healthcare professionals, policy-makers, and planners in Brazil and Latin America with systemic treatment decision-making of patients with HCC.

RESUMO O carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é uma das principais causas de mortalidade relacionada a câncer no Brasil e no mundo. A Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH) publicou em 2020 a atualização das recomendações da SBH para o diagnóstico e tratamento do CHC. Desde então, novas evidências científicas sobre o tratamento sistêmico do CHC foram relatadas na literatura médica, incluindo novos medicamentos aprovados que não estavam disponíveis na época do último consenso, levando a diretoria da SBH a promover uma reunião monotemática on-line para discutir e rever as recomendações sobre o tratamento sistêmico do CHC. Um grupo de experts foi convidado para realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura e apresentar uma atualização, baseada em evidências científicas, sobre cada tópico relacionado ao tratamento sistêmico e a apresentar os dados e recomendações resumidas durante a reunião. Todos os painelistas se reuniram para discutir os tópicos e elaborar as recomendações atualizadas. O presente documento é a versão final do manuscrito revisado, contendo as recomendações da SBH, e seu objetivo é auxiliar os profissionais de saúde, formuladores de políticas e planejadores no Brasil e na América Latina na tomada de decisões sobre o tratamento sistêmico de pacientes com CHC.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): screening, treatment and survival analysis in a Brazilian series

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical features, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) screening, treatment modalities, and Overall Survival (OS) in a series of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC) Brazilian patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study at the Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo with the approval of the local research ethics committee. NAFLD patients with HCC diagnosed, from May 2010 to May 2019, were included. Results: A total of 131 patients were included. Risk factors for NAFLD were present in 94.7% of the patients. Only 29% of patients were in the HCC screening program before diagnosis. HCC treatment was performed in 84.7% of patients. Cumulative survival at the end of the first year was 72%, second-year 52%, and fifth-year 32%. HCC screening before diagnosis was not significantly associated with higher cumulative survival. The independent factors associated with shorter general survival were BCLC C-D, p < 0.001, and the size of the largest nodule > 42 mm, p = 0.039. Conclusions: Although the efficacy of screening in our population regarding overall survival was hampered due to the sample size (29% had screening), BCLC stages C‒D and the size of the largest nodule larger than 42 mm were identified as independent factors of worse prognosis.

Complex Fibroadenoma: a Cystic Neoplasia Report Case / Fibroadenoma Complexo: Relato de Caso de uma Neoplasia Cística

Abstract Fibroadenoma is the most common breast tumor in young woman. It is considered a non-malignant tumor, showing hyaline component and a biphasic stroma and epithelial process, thus, it is similar to phyllode tumor revealing intralobular stroma. The cystic changes in a complex fibroadenoma may mimic a carcinoma, therefore it may represent some problems in images interpretation, and it may enlarge the risk of cancer development. This is a description of a case report with literature review. A 21-year-old female patientwith no history of breast cancer in family, presented a palpable lump in her right breast and clinical examination revealed a mobile, firm, circumscribed lesion in the right inner quadrant, measuring around 8 x 7 cm. An excision had been done under a stereotactic surgery and the structure revealed a nodular surface, measuring 8 x 6.5x 5.5cm. Cut section revealed heterogeneous aspect: cysts with colloid content and white-gray compact fibroblastic areas. Histopathological examination shows hypocellular stroma and few hypercellular areas, without atypia. Epithelial components presenting proliferation of intracanalicular and pericanalicular pattern ducts. Cystic proliferation with epithelial lining and apocrine characteristics without atypia. Because of the variation may be present inside the lesion it is difficult to establish the diagnosis without a biopsy, and a histopathological analysis. Moreover, it is necessary to know the microscope difference between fibroadenoma and the other sort of lesions; furthermore, that heterogeneity represent why that tumor is considered complex. (AU)

Resumo Fibroadenoma é o tumor de mama mais comum em mulheres jovens. É considerado um tumor não-maligno, apresentando um componente hialino e um estroma bifásico, e processo epitelial, por isso, é similar ao tumor filoide, revelando estroma intralobular. As alterações císticas no fibroadenoma complexo pode mimetizar um carcinoma, isso acarreta alguns problemas na interpretação das imagens, e pode aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer. Trata-se de um relato de caso de paciente de 21 anos de idade, sem histórico de câncer de mama na família, apresenta uma massa palpável em seio direito. Exame clinico revelou lesão móvel, firme, circunscrita no quadrante interno do seio. Excisão por cirurgia estereotáctica e a estrutura se mostra com superfície multinodular, medindo 8 x 6,5 x 5,5 cm. com aspecto heterogêneo, cistos com conteúdo coloide, e áreas fibrobásticas branco-acinzentada. Exame histológico demonstra-se estroma hipercelular, com áreas hipocelularizadas, sem atipia. Componentes epiteliais apresentando proliferação intercanalicular e intracanicular dos ductos. Proliferação cística com revestimento epitelial e características apócrinas sem atipia. Por conta da variação presente na lesão, pode ser difícil a estabelecimento de um diagnóstico se biópsia e análise histopatológica. Além disso, é fundamental o conhecimento das diferenças microscópicas entre o fibroadenoma e outros tipos de lesões; além disso, a heterogeneidade representa o motivo do tumor ser considerado complexo. (AU)

Cardiovascular Physiotherapy on Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract Introduction: Patients in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) present respiratory and autonomic dysfunctions. In this sense, cardiovascular physiotherapy has been offered as an indispensable differential for the improvement of the prognosis of this population. Heart rate variability is a simple, noninvasive method to analyze autonomic modulation, as well as the accentuation maneuver of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, which demonstrates the parasympathetic autonomic control over the heart. Five patients undergoing cardiac surgery performed a protocol of cardiovascular physiotherapy in the postoperative period and had their data referring to the preoperative period, the 1st and 4th postoperative days analyzed.

Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in elderly patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sorafenib in elderly patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We analyzed data from a cohort of patients with advanced HCC treated using systemic treatment according to the local institutional protocol. Patients were divided into two groups, Group A, individuals <70 years of age, and Group B, individuals 70 years of age or older at the time of treatment initiation. Efficacy, measured based on overall survival (OS) and time to treatment failure (TTF), and toxicity were compared between groups. RESULTS: A total of 238 patients with advanced HCC who received sorafenib between 2007 and 2018 were evaluated. The median age for Group A was 59.1 years and that for Group B 73.6 years. The major prognostic characteristics were balanced between the groups. There were no significant differences in OS between Group A (8.0 months, 95%CI 6.34-9.3) and Group B (9.0 months, 95%CI 5.38-12.62), p=0.433, or in TTF between Group A (3.0 months, 95%CI 2.39-3.60) and Group B (3.0 months, 95%CI 1.68-4.32), p=0.936. There were no significant differences between Groups A and B with respect to the incidence of adverse events or treatment discontinuation because of toxicity. CONCLUSION: Efficacy and safety of sorafenib did not differ significantly between younger and older patients with HCC. Our data suggest that age alone should not restrict clinical decision-making for patients with advanced HCC.

Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms in Brazilian patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

OBJECTIVE: The folate pathway is involved in hepatic carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Polymorphisms in genes related to such processes, including methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] may play an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of this study was to evaluate MTHFR and VEGF polymorphisms in Brazilian patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC. METHODS: A total of 119 patients diagnosed with confirmed HCC and HCV were included in the study. SNP genotyping assays were performed using real-time PCR. VEGFA (rs2010963, rs3025039, and rs833061) and MTHFRC677T (rs1801133, rs1801131) polymorphisms were evaluated. RESULTS: The C alleles of MTHFR (rs1801131) and VEGF (rs2010963) were associated with protection against the development of multinodular HCC, while the T allele of MTHFR (rs1801133) was associated with a higher risk of multinodular presentation [p=0.04 OR 1.835 CI (1.022-3.297)]. Multivariate analysis revealed that the GG/GC genotypes of VEGF rs2010963 were independently associated with multinodular tumors at diagnosis (p=0.013; OR 4.78 CI (1.38-16.67)]. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that these polymorphisms may increase the risk of rapid tumor progression in patients with HCV infection. This subgroup of patients with HCC and who present polymorphism is more likely to be diagnosed with multinodular disease and not be amenable to receiving curative treatments. These data must be validated in larger cohorts, and the screening intervals can be customized based on genetic history.

Management of hepatocellular carcinoma during the COVID-19 pandemic - São Paulo Clínicas liver cancer group multidisciplinary consensus statement

More than 18 million people in 188 countries have been diagnosed as having coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and COVID-19 has been responsible for more than 600,000 deaths worldwide. Brazil is now the second most affected country globally. Faced with this scenario, various public health measures and changes in the daily routines of hospitals were implemented to stop the pandemic. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are at an increased risk for severe COVID-19 as they present with two major diseases: cancer and concomitant chronic liver disease. The COVID-19 pandemic can significantly impact the management of HCC patients from diagnosis to treatment strategies. These patients need special attention and assistance at this time, especially since treatment for tumors cannot be delayed in most cases. The aim of this guideline was to standardize the management of HCC patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This document was developed, on the basis of the best evidence available, by a multidisciplinary team from Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), and Instituto Central of the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), which are members of the São Paulo Clínicas Liver Cancer Group.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis treated with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy / Carcinomatose peritoneal tratada com cirurgia citoreductiva e quimioterapia intraperitoneal

ABSTRACT Introduction: To evaluate the combined treatment with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer, pseudomyxoma peritonei and mesothelioma. Methods: Data were obtained from 73 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer (52.1%), pseudomyxoma peritonei (41.1%) or mesothelioma (6.8%) between 2002 and 2011. We reported the morbidity grade (II, III and IV), mortality and survival rates of the candidates after cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Results: 41 (56.2%) women participated, and the median age was 50 years. Thirty-nine patients (53.4%) underwent complete cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Patients who underwent a complete cytoreduction received intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C, from which only 16/39 (41%) had hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (41-42 °C). The overall morbidity rate was 23.3% and the grade III/IV complication rate was 12.3%. The overall mortality rate was 5.5%. The univariate analysis showed that cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (p = .029), a blood transfusion (p = .002) and the operative time (p = .001) were significant for the occurrence of postoperative complications. Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer who underwent complete cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy had overall survival rates of 81.3%, 12.5% and 12.5% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from pseudomyxoma peritonei who underwent complete cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy had overall survival rates of 84.2%, 77.7% and 77.7% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. Conclusion: The combined treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis may be performed safely with acceptable morbidity and mortality in a specialized unit setting. Although over half of patients underwent normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, our results were comparable to results from others centers.

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo foi avaliar o tratamento combinado da cirurgia citorredutora e quimioterapia intraperitoneal em pacientes com carcinomatose peritoneal secundária ao câncer colorretal, pseudomixoma peritoneal e mesotelioma. Métodos: Foram obtidos dados de 73 pacientes com carcinomatose peritoneal secundária ao cirurgia citorredutora (52.1%), pseudomixoma peritoneal (41,1%) ou mesotelioma (6,8%). Foram avaliados o grau de morbidade, a taxa de mortalidade e as taxas de sobrevida após a cirurgia citorredutora e quimioterapia intraperitoneal. Resultados: 41 (56,2%) pacientes do sexo feminino participaram, com média de idade de 50 anos. 39 pacientes (53,4%) foram submetidos a cirurgia citorredutora completa e quimioterapia intraperitoneal. Todos esses receberam Mitomicina C, sendo 16/39 (41%) quimioterapia intraperitoneal hipertérmica (41-42°C). A morbidade global foi 23,3%, com taxa de mortalidade global de 5,5%. A análise univariada mostrou que câncer colorretal e quimioterapia intraperitoneal (p = .029), transfusão sanguínea (p = .002) e tempo operatório (p = .001) foram associados com complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes com carcinomatose peritoneal secundária ao cirurgia citorredutora submetidos a cirurgia citorredutora completa e quimioterapia intraperitoneal tiveram sobrevida global de 81,3%; 12,5% e 12,5% em 1, 3 e 5 anos, respectivamente. Os pacientes com pseudomixoma peritoneal que foram submetidos a cirurgia citorredutora completa e quimioterapia intraperitoneal tiveram sobrevida global de 84,2%; 77,7% e 77.7% em 1, 3 e 5 anos, respectivamente. Conclusão: O tratamento combinado para carcinomatose peritoneal é seguro quando realizado em centros terciários com experiência no procedimento. Embora mais da metade dos pacientes tenham sido submetidos a quimioterapia intraperitoneal normotérmica após a cirurgia citorredutora completa, os resultados podem ser comparados a de outros centros que utilizam exclusivamente a quimioterapia hipertérmica.

Fatores associados a não reconstrução do trânsito intestinal em pacientes com câncer retal submetidos à ressecção anterior do reto e ileostomia de proteção / Factors preventing restoration of bowel continuity in patients with rectal cancer submitted to anterior rectal resection and protective ileostomy

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os fatores associados ao não fechamento de ileostomia protetora após ressecção anterior do reto com excisão total do mesorreto por câncer retal, a morbidade associada ao fechamento destas ileostomias e a taxa de estomia permanente em pacientes com adenocarcinoma retal. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de 174 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de tumores retais, dos quais 92 foram submetidos à ressecção anterior do reto com intenção curativa, anastomose coloanal ou colorretal e ileostomia de proteção. Foi realizada análise multivariada visando a determinar os fatores associados à permanência definitiva da estomia, assim como o estudo da morbidade nos que se submeteram à reconstrução do trânsito. Resultados: no período de seguimento de 84 meses, 54 dos 92 pacientes avaliados (58,7%) tiveram a ileostomia fechada e 38 (41,3%) permaneceram com a estomia. Entre os 62 pacientes que tiveram a ileostomia fechada, 11 (17,7%) apresentaram algum tipo de complicação pós-operatória: três com deiscência de anastomose ileal, cinco com obstrução intestinal, dois com infecção de ferida operatória e um com pneumonia. Oito destes pacientes necessitaram de um novo estoma. Conclusão: de acordo com a análise multivariada, os fatores associados à permanência da estomia foram fístula de anastomose, presença de metástases e fechamento da ileostomia durante quimioterapia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the factors associated with non-closure of protective ileostomy after anterior resection of the rectum with total mesorectum excision for rectal cancer, the morbidity associated with the closure of ileostomies and the rate of permanent ileostomy in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study with 174 consecutive patients diagnosed with rectal tumors, of whom 92 underwent anterior resection of the rectum with coloanal or colorectal anastomosis and protective ileostomy, with curative intent. We carried out a multivariate analysis to determine the factors associated with definite permanence of the stoma, as well as studied the morbidity of patients who underwent bowel continuity restoration. Results: In the 84-month follow-up period, 54 of the 92 patients evaluated (58.7%) had the ileostomy closed and 38 (41.3%) remained with the stoma. Among the 62 patients who had the ileostomy closed, 11 (17.7%) presented some type of postoperative complication: three had ileal anastomosis dehiscence, five had intestinal obstruction, two had surgical wound infection, and one, pneumonia. Eight of these patients required a new stoma. Conclusion: according to the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with stoma permanence were anastomotic fistula, presence of metastases and closure of the ileostomy during chemotherapy.

Lateral patellar retinacular release: changes over the last ten years / Liberação retinacular lateral da patela: o que mudou nos últimos dez anos

ABSTRACT Lateral retinacular release is a useful resource in knee surgery that can be used for disorders of the extensor mechanism. For many years, it was indiscriminately used in the treatment of the various patellofemoral joint alterations, with conflicting functional results. This study aimed to analyze the changes that have occurred in the indications and clinical effectiveness of lateral retinacular release by reviewing the relevant literature of the past ten years, comparing it to the classic literature on the subject. It was found that less extensive releases decompress the lateral patellar facet, helping with pain control, while decreasing the risks of medial subluxation. Nowadays, there is clear evidence for its indication in the lateral patellar hypercompression syndrome associated with anterior knee pain, as long as there is no related instability; furthermore, it will normally play an adjuvant role in extensor mechanism alignment surgeries for cases of recurrent patellar instability. The initial results for symptomatic patellofemoral osteoarthritis are promising when lateral release is combined with cartilage debridement; in total knee replacement, it is more commonly used for the correction of valgus deformity in order to improve the components' congruency. Finally, distinguishing the different patellofemoral joint pathologies is seen as crucial in order to indicate this procedure. Further randomized control trials that compare surgical techniques with long-term results are still needed.

RESUMO A liberação retinacular lateral da patela é um recurso útil nas cirurgias do joelho e pode ser feita nas desordens do mecanismo extensor. Durante muitos anos, foi usada de forma indiscriminada para o tratamento das diversas alterações da articulação patelofemoral, com resultados funcionais conflitantes. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as mudanças ocorridas nas indicações e na eficácia clínica da liberação retinacular lateral da patela ao revisar a literatura pertinente dos últimos dez anos e contrapô-la com a literatura clássica sobre o tema. Encontrou-se que liberações menos extensas descomprimem a faceta lateral da patela, auxiliam no controle da dor, enquanto diminuem os riscos de subluxação medial. Atualmente, existem claras evidências para sua indicação na síndrome da hiperpressão lateral da patela associada a dor anterior do joelho, desde que não haja instabilidade concomitante; além disso, o procedimento geralmente atuará de forma adjuvante em cirurgias de realinhamento do mecanismo extensor nos casos de instabilidade patelar recorrente. Os resultados iniciais para os casos de osteoartrose patelofemoral sintomática são animadores quando se combina a liberação lateral com o desbridamento cartilaginoso; na artroplastia total do joelho, é mais comumente feita nas correções das deformidades em valgo para melhorar a congruência dos componentes. Finalmente, percebe-se como crucial a distinção das diferentes patologias da articulação patelofemoral para que se possa indicar esse procedimento. Ainda há necessidade de mais ensaios clínicos randomizados com vistas à comparação de técnicas cirúrgicas com resultados em longo prazo.

Características sociodemográficas e psiquiátricas de pacientes admitidos no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial / Socio-demographic and psychiatric characteristics of patients admitted to the Psychosocial Care Center

Objetivo: analisar as características sociodemográficas e psiquiátricas de pacientes admitidos no Centro de AtençãoPsicossocial. Método: estudo exploratório, retrospectivo e descritivo com abordagem quantitativa de 375 prontuários deatendimento do período de 1997 a 2013, no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de cidade do interior do estado de MinasGerais, Brasil. Resultados: os pacientes são mais admitidos para tratamento na fase aguda, seguido da fase prodrômicae de recuperação. A menor idade média dos pacientes é na fase aguda. Em todas as fases da psicose, a maioria é dosexo masculino, solteiro, baixa escolaridade e com Esquizofrenia. Observa-se aumento gradativo de comorbidadespsiquiátricas da fase prodrômica, aguda e de recuperação e a maioria apresenta história de transtorno psiquiátricofamiliar. Conclusão: a demanda de atenção à crise psicótica no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial é de pacientes comsintomatologia da fase aguda, homens, solteiros, com baixa escolaridade e com diagnóstico de Esquizofrenia.

Objective: analyze the socio-demographic and psychiatric characteristics of patients admitted to the psychosocialcare center. Method: exploratory, retrospective and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, of 375 patientrecords in the psychosocial care center in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) from 1997 to 2013. Results: patients aremore frequently admitted the service during the acute phase, followed by the prodromal and recovery phases. Thelowest average age of patients is in the acute phase. During all stages of the psychosis most are male, single, of loweducation and with schizophrenia. There has been gradual increase in the psychiatric comorbidity of prodromal,acute and recovery, and most have family history of psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: the demand for attention topsychotic crisis in the psychosocial care center is for patients with symptoms in the acute phase, men, single, with lowschooling and with the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Objetivo: analizar las características socio-demográficas y psiquiátricas de los pacientes ingresados en el centro deatención psicosocial. Método: estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo de 375 registros depacientes en el centro de atención psicosocial en el estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil), de 1997 a 2013. Resultados: lospacientes son más admitidos para el tratamiento en la fase aguda, seguida de la fase prodrómica y la de recuperación.El promedio de edad menor en pacientes es en la fase aguda. En todas las etapas de la psicosis, la mayoría es dehombres, solteros, baja escolaridad y con esquizofrenia. Se observa aumento gradual de la comorbilidad psiquiátricaen la fase prodrómica, aguda y de recuperación, y la mayoría presenta antecedentes familiares de trastornopsiquiátrico. Conclusión: la demanda de atención a la crisis psicótica en el centro de atención psicosocial es para lospacientes con síntomas de la fase aguda, hombres, solteros, con baja escolaridad y diagnosticados con esquizofrenia.

De Pacientes Psicóticos Atendidos No Centro De Atenção Psicossocial / De Pacientes Psicóticos Atendidos En El Centro De Atención Psicosocial / Of Psychotic Patients Seen At The Psychosocial Care Center

Introdução: a psicose apresenta no seu curso evolutivo três fases distintas: fase prodrômica,aguda e recuperação; sendo que em cada uma delas há necessidade de intervenções específicase sistematizadas de acordo com as próprias desordens acarretadas em cada fase. A vivência da crise psicótica é um quadro psicopatológico responsável pela desarticulação de vários aspectos da vida do indivíduo interferindo em suas funções e papéis. Objetivos: estudar a crise de pacientes psicóticos atendidos no centro de atenção psicossocial a partir da análise da demanda de atenção à crise no centro de atenção psicossocial de acordo com as fases do ciclo evolutivo da psicose e dos contextos presentes na vida dos pacientes psicóticos na admissão para tratamento na fase prodrômica da crise. Metodologia: realizado estudo quantitativo equalitativo a partir da análise documental de 375 prontuários de atendimento no centro de atenção psicossocial da cidade do interior do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) no período de 1997 a 2013. Resultados: os pacientes são mais admitidos para tratamento na fase aguda,seguido da fase prodrômica e de recuperação. A menor idade média dos pacientes é na faseaguda. Em todas as fases da psicose a maioria é do sexo masculino, solteiro, baixa escolaridade e com Esquizofrenia. Observa-se aumento gradativo de comorbidade psiquiátricas da fase prodrômica, aguda e de recuperação e a maioria apresenta história de transtorno psiquiátricofamiliar. Encontrado como contextos presentes na vida dos pacientes na fase prodrômica da crise psicótica as situações de ruptura de vínculos, de identidade, de tratamento psiquiátrico e ruptura emocional, como também situações de violência e de abuso de droga na crise psicótica

Introduction: psychosis presents in its evolutionary course three distinct phases: prodromal,acute and recovery; and in each one of them there is the need for specific and systematicinterventions according with their own disorders brought about at each phase. The experienceof the psychotic crisis is a psychopathological condition responsible for the breakup of variousaspects of the life of the person, interfering with his functions and roles. Objectives: studyingthe crisis of psychotic patients treated at the psychosocial care center from the analysis of thedemand of attention to the crisis at the psychosocial care center in accordance with the phasesin the evolutionary cycle of psychosis and of the present contexts in the lives of psychoticpatients on admission for treatment in the prodromal phase of the crisis. Methodology: therewas conducted a quantitative and qualitative study from the documental analysis of 375 medicalrecords of attendance at psychosocial care center in a city in the countryside of the State ofMinas Gerais (Brazil) in the 1997-2013 period. Results: patients are more admitted fortreatment in the acute phase, followed by the prodromal phase and recovery. The lowest averageage of patients is in the acute phase. At all stages of psychosis most are male, single, poorlyeducated and with Schizophrenia. We observe a gradual increase of psychiatric comorbidity ofthe phases prodromal, acute and recovery, and most have family history of psychiatric disorder.Found as gifts contexts present in the lives of patients in the prodromal phase of psychotic crisisthe bonds of disruptions, identity, mental treatment and emotional breakdown, as well asviolence and drug abuse in psychotic crisis

Perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de idosos com depressão e o uso desubstâncias psicoativas / Socio-demographic and clinical profile of elderly people with depression and the use of psychoactive drugs

Conhecer o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de idosos acometidos por transtornos depressivos e o uso de drogas. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo que analisou 218 prontuários de idosos atendidos em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial num período de 72 meses. Resultados: observou-se que 67,9% dos idosos eram homens com predominância daqueles com idade entre 60 e 70 anos. O álcool foi a droga mais utilizada entre os homens e o tabaco entre as mulheres, o episódio depressivo foi a situação de maior ocorrência entre os sexos. 53,7% utilizou de tratamento ambulatorial e o tempo de tratamento predominante foi 31 a 60 dias (47,7%). As equipes de saúde da família foram a procedência de menor frequência (10,5%). Conclusão: os aspectos culturais do papel do homem na sociedade, drogas de fácil acesso (álcool e tabaco) e a carência de informações foram os principais fatores relacionados a depressão e uso de drogas por idosos...

Activity and safety of sunitinib in poor risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients

Purpose To assess the activity, safety and treatment patterns of sunitinib in patients with poor-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of poor risk patients treated with sunitinib from October 2006 to July 2013 who met the eligibility criteria. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Tumor radiological response was measured according to RECIST 1.1 and adverse events (AEs) were assessed through standard criteria. Results Median OS was 8.16 months (95% CI, 5.73-10.59). Of the 53 patients included in this analysis, 9 (17.0%) achieved partial response, 12 (22.6%) had stable disease. Median treatment duration was 3.30 months (95% CI: 1.96-4.63) and 26.4% of patients discontinued treatment due to toxicity. Grade 3 or higher AEs occurred in 39.6% of patients, the most common being fatigue (15.1%), neutropenia (9.5%), nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (7.5% each). Discussion Sunitinib may benefit some unselected poor-risk patients, although the rates of AEs and drug discontinuation suggest a need for careful patient monitoring. .

Preliminary Anticancer Potency Evaluation and Phytochemical investigation of Methanol Extract of Piper claussenianum (Miq.) C. DC.

Bioassay guided isolation of active natural compounds was performed to investigate the anti-tumor potential of the crude extract and isolated compounds from inflorescences of Piper claussenianum. LC-DAD-UV, GC-MS and NMR analyzes revealed the presence of phenolic metabolites in the methanol crude extract. Phytochemical procedures lead to the isolation of the major flavonoids, 2’,6’-dihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone, 5,7- dihydroxyflavanone and 5-methoxy-7-hydroxyflavanone that were assayed for inhibition or viability stimulation of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The results suggest the 2’,6’-dihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone as the biologically active compound in the crude methanol extract of inflorescences from P. claussenianum. The crude extract was found as potential natural source of compounds with breast cancer cell inhibition properties. All isolated compounds have not been described from this species yet.

Evaluation of inadequate anti-retroviral treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS / Avaliação do uso inadequado de antirretrovirais no tratamento de pacientes com HIV/AIDS

INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of antiretroviral therapy, the survival of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus has increased. Non-adherence to this therapy is directly related to treatment failure, which allows the emergence of resistant viral strains. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of the antiretroviral dispensing records of 229 patients from the Center for Health Care, University Hospital, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, was conducted between January and December 2009. RESULTS: The study aimed to evaluate patient compliance and determine if there was an association between non-adherence and the therapy. Among these patients, 63.8% were men with an average age of 44.0 ± 9.9 years. The most used treatment was a combination of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (55.5%) or with 2 protease inhibitors (28.8%). It was found that patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir with zidovudine and lamivudine had a greater frequency of inadequate treatment than those taking atazanavir with zidovudine and lamivudine (85% and 83.3%, respectively). Moreover, when the combination of zidovudine/ lamivudine was used, the patients were less compliant (χ2 = 4.468, 1 degree of freedom, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients failed to correctly adhere to their treatment; therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies that lead to improved compliance, thus ensuring therapeutic efficacy and increased patient survival.

INTRODUÇÃO: A partir do surgimento da terapia antirretroviral, o paciente soropositivo teve sua sobrevida aumentada. A não adesão a essa terapia está relacionada diretamente à falência terapêutica, a qual propicia o aparecimento de cepas virais mais resistentes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo e descritivo dos registros de dispensação de antirretrovirais de 229 pacientes do Centro de Atenção à Saúde do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. RESULTADOS: Tal estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a adesão do paciente ao tratamento e se houve associação entre a não adesão e a terapêutica. Desses pacientes, 63,8% eram do sexo masculino e apresentavam idade média de 44,0 ± 9,9 anos. Foram realizados 28 esquemas terapêuticos diferentes. Dentre esses, os mais utilizados foram aqueles que combinavam 2 inibidores da transcriptase reversa análogos de nucleosídeos/nucleotídeos com 1 inibidor da transcriptase reversa não análogo de nucleosídeo (55,5%) ou com 2 inibidores de protease (28,8%). Foi verificado que os pacientes em uso de lopinavir/ritonavir ou atazanavir associados à zidovudina e lamivudina apresentaram maiores frequências de tratamento considerado inadequado (85% e 83,3%, respectivamente). Além disso, quando a combinação zidovudina/lamivudina esteve presente no esquema medicamentoso, os pacientes aderiram menos ao tratamento (χ2 = 4,468; grau de liberdade = 1; p = 0,035). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos pacientes realizava tratamento considerado inadequado. Portanto, é necessário implementar estratégias que conduzam à melhoria da adesão ao tratamento, a fim de garantir eficácia terapêutica e aumento da sobrevida do paciente.

Programas de recuperação acelerada pós-operatória em ressecções colorretais / Programs of fast-track surgery recovery of colorectal resections

Os cuidados intraoperatórios, especialmente em operações de grande porte, foram aprimorados a partir do desenvolvimento de novas técnicas anestésicas e de analgesia, utilização de procedimentos minimamente invasivos e medidas para reduzir o estresse cirúrgico. Os programas de recuperação acelerada pós-operatória ou "fast-track" tem sido desenvolvidos a partir da combinação dessas técnicas associadas a novas evidências científicas para o uso do tubo nasogástrico, cateteres urinários, preparo colonico pré-operatório, início da alimentação oral e mobilização no pós-operatório. Os objetivos desses programas são promover operações sem dor, reduzir a resposta endócrino-metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, com baixas taxas de disfunções organicas e menos morbidade. Em caso de exito, a permanencia hospitalar também seráß reduzida. O objetivo desta revisão é relatar os mais relevantes e recentes conhecimentos sobre esse assunto, destacando-se as ressecções colorretais.

Intraoperative care, especially for complex surgeries, has been improved with the development of new anesthesia and analgesia techniques, less invasive procedures and measures to reduce surgery stress. Programs of fast-track surgery recovery has been developed by combining such techniques with new scientific knowledge related to the use of nasogastric tube, urinary catheter, pre-surgery colonic preparation, first oral alimentation, and post-surgical mobilization. Such programs aims at painless surgeries, reduced endocrine-metabolic response to surgery trauma, and low rates of organic dysfunctions and morbidity. Successful programs are also expected to reduce duration of inpatient hospitalization. The main objective of this review of the literature is to report on the most relevant and recent base of knowledge on this issue, particularly focusing on colorectal resections.

Câncer colorretal: resultados da avaliação patológica padronizada de 521 casos operados no Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG / Colorectal cancer: results of standardized pathologic evaluation of 521 patients underwent surgery at Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência e a mortalidade por câncer colorretal (CCR) têm apresentado, em todo mundo, uma tendência ao crescimento, em especial em países desenvolvidos e em áreas urbanas de países menos desenvolvidos. O estudo das características anatomopatológicas do tumor é importante para o estadiamento e a definição da terapêutica a ser empregada. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as características anatomopatológicas de peças cirúrgicas de ressecções colorretais por neoplasias no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 521 peças cirúrgicas de ressecções colorretais. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 62,47 (±14,67) anos, sendo 302 (58 por cento) deles do sexo feminino. Os tumores do cólon esquerdo foram os mais comuns (340 [65,3 por cento]). Houve predominância de adenocarcinomas (457 [87,7 por cento]), úlcero-infiltrativos (176 [33,8 por cento]), moderadamente diferenciados (396 [76 por cento]), pT3 (316 [60,7 por cento]) e pN0 (213 [40,9 por cento]). O número médio de linfonodos dissecados por peça cirúrgica foi de 22,13 (±14,27). CONCLUSÕES: Os dados de nossa casuística de CCR não diferiram do que foi relatado na literatura. Em síntese, o CCR foi mais comum em mulheres do que em homens, acometeu com maior frequência o cólon esquerdo, e o tipo predominante foi o adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado, pT3 e pN0.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have shown, worldwide, an upward trend, particularly in developed countries and urban areas of developing countries. The study of tumor's pathological characteristics is important for staging and the definition of the proper therapy to be used. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pathologic features of surgical specimens of colorectal resections due CRC at Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. RESULTS: We evaluated 521 surgical specimens of colorectal resections. The mean age of patients was 62.47 (± 14.67) years, 302 (58 percent) were female. Tumors of the left colon were more common (340 [65.3 percent]). There was a predominance of adenocarcinoma (457 [87.7 percent]), ulcero-infiltrative (176 [33.8 percent]), moderately differentiated (396 [76 percent]), pT3 (316 [60.7 percent]) and pN0 (213 [40.9 percent]). The average number of dissected lymphonodes per surgical specimen was 22.13 (± 14.27). CONCLUSIONS: Data from our series of CRC did not differ from what was reported in the literature. In summary, the CRC was more common in women than in men, affecting most frequently the left colon, and the predominant type was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, pT3 and pN0.

Câncer de reto durante gestação: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Rectal cancer during pregnancy: case report and literature review

O carcinoma colorretal associado à gestação é um acontecimento raro, relacionado a um prognóstico ruim para as mulheres. O caso descrito é de uma paciente, do sexo feminino, de 31 anos, com adenocarcinoma de reto diagnosticado na 24ª semana gestacional. É apresentada uma discussão sobre conduta e atualização de abordagem terapêutica.

Colorectal cancer in pregnancy is a rare condition, associated with a poor prognosis for the woman. The case described is of a 31-year-old female, with an adenocarcinoma of the rectum diagnosed at the 24th week of pregnancy. We present a discuss management in view of updated knowledge and therapeutic approaches.

Avaliação da ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns entre a população de rua de Belo Horizonte / Occurrence of common mental disorders among the homeless population in Belo Horizonte

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre a população de rua. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 245 moradores de rua em Belo Horizonte. Os transtornos mentais comuns e as categorias de sintomas foram avaliados pelo Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Resultados: 49,48 da população tem problemas mentais. Na distribuição dos sintomas há prevalência de depressão e ansiedade, seguida por sintomas somáticos, decréscimo de energia vital e pensamentos depressivos. Conclusão: A prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns encontradas em homens adultos que vivem nas ruas de Belo Horizonte pode ser o resultado da vulnerabilidade deste grupo social.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of common mental disorders among the homeless population. Methods: Cross sectional study with 245 homeless men in Belo Horizonte. Common mental disorders and the categories of symptoms were evaluated by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Results: 49.48 of the population has mental disorders. In the distribution of symptoms there is prevalence of depressed mood and anxiety, followed by somatic symptoms, decrease of vital energy and depressive thoughts. Conclusion: The prevalence of common mental disorders found in adult males living on the streets of Belo Horizonte can be the result of the vulnerability of this social group.