Cultivo versus metagenómica para la identificación bacteriana en pacientes con osteomielitis de pie diabético: una revisión sistemática / Culture and metagenomics as bacterial identification methods in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification. AIM: To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected. RESULTS: Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.

El distrés oxidativo y sus implicaciones moleculares en algunas enfermedades infecciosas: una revisión / Oxidative distress and its molecular implication for some infectious diseases: A review

Introducción: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno, nitrógeno y azufre (ERONS) se generan continuamente en la fisiología de los organismos. Como parte de la respuesta de las células inmunitarias frente a los patógenos podrían aumentar y producir distrés oxidativo, citotoxicidad y daño de los órganos. El reconocimiento de las implicaciones moleculares de las ERONS todavía es un campo de investigación en desarrollo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones. Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas. Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido. Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.

Introduction: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen/sulfur species (RONSS) are continuously generated in the physiology of organisms. As part of the immune cell response to pathogens, they may increase and lead to oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and organ damage. Recognizing the molecular implications of RONSS is still a developing field of research. Objective: To describe the molecular aspects related to oxidative metabolism and some pathogens (viruses, parasites, bacteria and fungi) in relation to infections. Methods: Based on the search criteria, 520 documents were identified in LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed and Infomed databases, using the search engines Google and Google Scholar. Of these, 78 documents published from 1980 to 2021 in Spanish or English and organized into seven subtopics were analyzed. Information, analysis and synthesis: Infectious agents and the host interact to produce RONSS that can overcome antioxidant defense systems influencing on oxidative stress. Biological processes associated with the redox state are related to the transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB. Both generate a cellular response between susceptibility and resistance to infectious agents, thus they can initiate or accelerate pathophysiological processes in the organism. In general, the redox response in infectious pathophysiology is interconnected with metabolic reprogramming, antimicrobial and inflammatory responses, and cellular or tissue dysfunction. Conclusions: Molecular redox events may be involved in various infectious diseases, where different associated responses or disorders mediate.

Comparative study of anti-inflammatory activity and qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids from ten genotypes of Ugni molinae / Estudio comparativo de la actividad antiinflamatoria y composición química cualitativa y cuantitativa de triterpenoides de diez genotipos de Ugni molinae

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents, together with anti-inflammatory activity of Ugni molinae leaves obtained from ten genotypes. The ethyl acetate (EAE) and ethanol extracts (ETE) were obtained and analyzed. The plant genotypes were grown under same soil and climate conditions and under same agronomic management; the leaves were also harvested under the same conditions. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by mice ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a single dose of 200 mg/kg BW of each extract. Composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents was determined by HPLC-DAD and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Ugni molinae leaves of different plant genotypes exhibited significant differences in regard to their anti-inflammatory activity, as well as in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic content.

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer las diferencias en la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa de triterpenoides y en los contenidos totales de fenoles, junto con la actividad antiinflamatoria de las hojas de Ugni molinae provenientes de diez genotipos. Los extractos de acetato de etilo (EAE) y etanólicos (ETE) fueron obtenidos y analizados. Los genotipos fueron cultivados bajo las mismas condiciones edafo-climáticas y con el mismo manejo agronómico; las hojas fueron cosechadas bajo las mismas condiciones. La actividad antiinflamatoria fue evaluada en ratones a los que se les indujo un edema en la oreja mediante la aplicación del 12-O-tetradecanoilforbol-13 acetato (TPA) y los extractos fueron evaluados a una dosis única de 200 mg/kg de peso corporal. La composición en triterpenoides y los contenidos de fenoles totales fueron determinados por CLAE-DAD y por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu, respectivamente. Las hojas provenientes de los diferentes genotipos de U. molinae, exhibieron significativas diferencias en sus actividades antiinflamatorias, así como, en el contenido cualitativo y cuantitativo de triterpenoides y en el contenido de fenoles totales.

Polyphenols of Mangifera indica modulate arsenite-induced cytotoxicity in a human proximal tubule cell line

Inorganic arsenic is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant able to cause severe pathologies in humans, including kidney disorders. The possible protective effects of Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae, stem bark extract (MSBE) and some mango phenols on the cytotoxicity of arsenite (AsIII) in the proximal tubule cell line HK-2 was investigated. In cells cultured for 24 h in presence of AsIII, a dose-dependent loss of cell viability occurred that was significantly alleviated by MSBE, followed by gallic acid, catechin and mangiferin. Mangiferin complexed with Fe+++ proved more efficacious than mangiferin alone. MSBE and pure phenols increased significantly the cell surviving fraction in clonogenic assays. In cells pretreated with MSBE or phenols for 72 h the protection afforded by MSBE resulted decreased in comparison with the shorter experiments. Cells pretreated with a subcytotoxic amount of AsIII or cultured in continuous presence of low concentration of mangiferin proved to be more resistant to AsIII, while cells cultured in presence of albumin resulted more sensitive. Because all the above conditions share changes in expression/activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transporter potentially involved in arsenic resistance, the capability of M. indica phenols in modulating AsIII-induced cytotoxicity would be at least in part dependent on their interactions with P-gp.

Report of cases in patients with acute herpetic neuralgia using a Mangifera indica extract

It has been accepted that neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and glial activation are involved in the central sensitization underlying neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Vimang® is the brand name of an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae, traditionally used in Cuba for its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, we determined the possible effects of Vimang formulations in acute herpes zoster (n=12) patients, that received a daily dose of 1800 mg of extract (two coated Vimang tablets, 300 mg each, three times daily before meals) associated to low doses of amitriptyline (10-25 mg/d). In addition to the tablets, they utilized compresses containing Vimang dissolution at 2 percent on skin lesions for thirty days. The average daily pain score using a Likert scale and variations in concomitant drug daily dosage were determined. The analgesic effect was observed from week 1 (p<0.001) with respect to baseline data and none showed post-herpetic neuralgia. Significant reduction of antidepressant medication (p<0.01) and analgesic rescue dosages (p=0.0035) with respect to the initial daily dosage were showed. No adverse events were reported. The results obtained in this report of cases suggest that Vimang supplementation might be beneficial to prevent and treat neuropathic pain.

VIMANGÒ y mangiferina inhiben la expresión de ICAM-1 en células endoteliales estimuladas con citocinas proinflamatorias / VIMANGÒ and mangiferin inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 in endothelial cells stimulated with proinflammatory cytosines

Se demostró que VIMANGÒ (extracto acuoso de la corteza de Mangifera indica L.) posee acciones antioxidante, inmunomoduladora y antiinflamatoria; también que VIMANGÒ y la mangiferina aislada de este inhibieron la expresión de la molécula de adhesión ICAM-1. Estudios de adhesión en células endoteliales con una línea celular leucocitaria (HL-60) permitieron demostrar la inhibición sobre la expresión del receptor de ICAM-1, al comprobar que el pretratamiento de las células endoteliales con el extracto de M. indica y la mangiferina mantuvieron valores similares a los controles sin estímulo. Ambos productos inhibieron la actividad quimiotáctica (mediada por ICAM-1) de leucocitos polimorfonucleares estimulados con N-formil-metionil-leucil-fenilalanina. Estos estudios permitieron incursionar en nuevos aspectos relacionados con los mecanismos de acción antiinflamatoria del extracto acuoso de Mangifera indica L., lo que demuestra el potencial terapéutico de este extracto para el tratamiento de una variedad de enfermedades inflamatorias que incluyen la adhesión celular y el tráfico de leucocitos

VIMANG: los efectos antigenotóxico y modulador de las enzimas glutatión peroxidasa y glutatión-S-transferasa / VIMANG: antigenotoxic and modulating effects of glutathion peroxidate and glutations transferase enzymes

Se ha demostrado el efecto antimutagénico de los polifenoles presentes en las plantas, lo que se ha relacionado con la actividad antioxidante y su capacidad de inhibir enzimas activadoras de carcinógenos y de inducir enzimas como la glutatión peroxidasa, la catalasa, la glutatión-S-transferasa y la NAD(P)H quinona reductasa. Se evaluó el posible efecto del VIMANG sobre la frecuencia de roturas de la cadena del ADN en leucocitos murinos tratados con bleomicina. Esto dio como resultado que el extracto de Mangifera indica L, VIMANG, protegía del daño genotóxico inducido por la bleomicina. Su acción podría estar relacionada con la captación de especies reactivas del oxígeno porque no modula la actividad de la glutatión peroxidasa. Sin embargo, el VIMANG no protege al ADN del efecto clastogénico de la ciclofosfamida, como tampoco modula la actividad de la glutatión-S-transferasa, enzima que participa en la destoxificación de este genotóxico. La presencia de polifenoles como componentes mayoritarios del extracto pueden explicar los efectos antioxidantes del VIMANG

Heparin and low molecular weight heparin decrease nitric oxide production by human polymorphonuclear cells

Background. Heparin and heparin derivatives with low anticoagulant activity exhibit a wide spectrum of biological functions affecting adhesion, activation and trafficking of luekocytes. Methods. We investigated the in vitro effect of heparin and low molecular weight heparin derivative (LMWH) on nitric oxide (NO) production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Results. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated NO production was significantly decreased by heparin at doses of 0.5 and 5 µg/mL, while LMWH was only effective at doses of 50 and 200 µg/mL by means of a mechanism not related to No synthase (NOS) activity. Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that heparin and LMWH derivatives may offet therapeutic benefit for inflammatory diseases where No plays a protagonic role