Sclerotherapy using 1% sodium tetradecyl sulfate to treat a vascular malformation: a report of two cases

Vascular malformations are the most common congenital and neonatal vascular anomalies in the head and neck region. The demand for simple and esthetic vascular malformation treatments have increased more recently. In this study, two patients that were diagnosed with venous malformations were treated with sodium tetradecyl sulfate as a sclerosing agent. Recurrence was not found one year after the surgery. This article gives a brief case report of sclerotherapy as an effective approach to treat vascular malformations in the oral cavity.

The use of lung ultrasonography to confirm lung isolation in an infant who underwent emergent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pediatric patients has gained popularity due to better outcomes than open surgery. For this procedure, one-lung ventilation may be necessary to provide an adequate surgical field. Confirming lung isolation is crucial when one-lung ventilation is required. Recently, we experienced a case in which one-lung ventilation was confirmed by ultrasonography using the lung sliding sign and the lung pulse in an infant. Since lung ultrasonography can be performed easily and quickly, it may be a useful method to confirm lung isolation, particularly in emergency surgeries with limited time, devices, and experienced anesthesiologists.

Deep Neck Space Infection Caused by Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign cystic intraosseous tumor of odontogenic origin. An infection of a KCOT is not common because KCOT is a benign developmental neoplasm. Moreover, a severe deep neck space infection with compromised airway caused by infected KCOT is rare. This report presents a 60-year-old male patient with a severe deep neck space infection related to an infected KCOT due to cortical bone perforation and rupture of the exudate. Treatment of the deep neck space infection and KCOT are reported.

Dynamic optic nerve sheath diameter responses to short-term hyperventilation measured with sonography in patients under general anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Rapid evaluation and management of intracranial pressure (ICP) can help to early detection of increased ICP and improve postoperative outcomes in neurocritically-ill patients. Sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a non-invasive method of evaluating increased intracranial pressure at the bedside. In the present study, we hypothesized that sonographic ONSD, as a surrogate of ICP change, can be dynamically changed in response to carbon dioxide change using short-term hyperventilation. METHODS: Fourteen patients were enrolled. During general anesthesia, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) was decreased from 40 mmHg to 30 mmHg within 10 minutes. ONSD, which was monitored continuously in the single sonographic plane, was repeatedly measured at 1 and 5 minutes with ETCO2 40 mmHg (time-point 1 and 2) and measured again at 1 and 5 minutes with ETCO2 30 mmHg (time-point 3 and 4). RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation of ONSD sequentially measured at four time-points were 5.0 +/- 0.5, 5.0 +/- 0.4, 3.8 +/- 0.6, and 4.0 +/- 0.4 mm, respectively. ONSD was significantly decreased at time-point 3 and 4, compared with 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ONSD was rapidly changed in response to ETCO2. This finding may support that ONSD may be beneficial to close ICP monitoring in response to CO2 change.

Dynamic optic nerve sheath diameter responses to short-term hyperventilation measured with sonography in patients under general anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Rapid evaluation and management of intracranial pressure (ICP) can help to early detection of increased ICP and improve postoperative outcomes in neurocritically-ill patients. Sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a non-invasive method of evaluating increased intracranial pressure at the bedside. In the present study, we hypothesized that sonographic ONSD, as a surrogate of ICP change, can be dynamically changed in response to carbon dioxide change using short-term hyperventilation. METHODS: Fourteen patients were enrolled. During general anesthesia, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) was decreased from 40 mmHg to 30 mmHg within 10 minutes. ONSD, which was monitored continuously in the single sonographic plane, was repeatedly measured at 1 and 5 minutes with ETCO2 40 mmHg (time-point 1 and 2) and measured again at 1 and 5 minutes with ETCO2 30 mmHg (time-point 3 and 4). RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation of ONSD sequentially measured at four time-points were 5.0 +/- 0.5, 5.0 +/- 0.4, 3.8 +/- 0.6, and 4.0 +/- 0.4 mm, respectively. ONSD was significantly decreased at time-point 3 and 4, compared with 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ONSD was rapidly changed in response to ETCO2. This finding may support that ONSD may be beneficial to close ICP monitoring in response to CO2 change.

The Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Treatment Success of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Homeless Persons at a Public Hospital in Busan / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Homelessness is associated with an increased risk of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Several factors, including alcoholism, malnutrition, lack of stable housing, combine to make tuberculosis more prevalent in the homeless. The aims of this study were to determine the factors associated with increasing success rate of tuberculosis treatment in the homeless. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of the clinical features in 142 pulmonary tuberculosis-positive homeless patients admitted to the Busan Medical Center from January 2001 to December 2010 was carried out. These results were compared with a successful treatment group and incomplete treatment group. We also evaluated the risk factors of treatment non-completion. Statistical analysis for the comparisons was performed using a chi2 test, independent samples t-test, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Comparison of clinical characteristics showed significant differences between the two groups in the type of residence (P < 0.001), diseases with risk factors (P = 0.003), and history of tuberculosis treatment (P = 0.009). Multiple regression analysis revealed the residence (odds ratio [OR], 4.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05 to 11.10; P < 0.001) and comorbidity with risk factor (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.13 to 6.53; P = 0.025) to be independently associated with treatment success. CONCLUSION: To improve the success rate of tuberculosis treatment in the homeless person, anti tuberculosis medication should be taken until the end of treatment and a management system for the homeless person is required. Further social and medical concerns for stable housing and management of comorbidity may lead to an improvement in the successful tuberculosis treatment of homeless person.

Comparison of the Spinal Neuropathic Pain Induced by Intraspinal Injection of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate and Quisquate in Rats

OBJECTIVE: Excitatory amino acids play important roles in the development of secondary pathology following spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was designed to evaluate morphological changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and assess profiles of pain behaviors following intraspinal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualate (QUIS) in rats. METHODS: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups : a sham, and two experimental groups receiving injections of 125 mM NMDA or QUIS into their spinal dorsal horn. Following injection, hypersensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli, and excessive grooming behaviors were assessed serially for four weeks. At the end of survival periods, morphological changes in the spinal cord were evaluated. RESULTS: Cold allodynia was developed in both the NMDA and QUIS groups, which was significantly higher in the QUIS group than in the NMDA group. The mechanical threshold for the ipsilateral hind paw in both QUIS and NMDA groups was significantly lower than that in the control group. The number of groomers was significantly higher in the NMDA group than in the QUIS group. The size of the neck region of the spinal dorsal horn, but not the superficial layer, was significantly smaller in the NMDA and QUIS groups than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Intraspinal injection of NMDA or QUIS can be used as an excitotoxic model of SCI for further research on spinal neuropathic pain.

The Role of C-reactive Protein as a Inflammation-related Factor in Metabolic Syndrome / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome has been known as the cluster of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. There have been many studies about the inflammatory role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, also. We aimed to elucidate the role of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a inflammation-related factor in metabolic syndrome in Korean adults by correlation and factor analysis. METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out in 1,512 men and 1,836 women (over 20 years old) who had an examination at a center for health promotion of an university hospital from May 2004 through March 2005. The NCEP-ATP III definition and Asian-Pacific adjusted criteria were used to obtain the metabolic syndrome group. And we evaluated the role and gender difference of hs-CRP in metabolic syndrome by correlation and factor analysis. RESULTS: In women, hs-CRP was statistically correlated with most metabolic variables, especially insulin resistance. In factor analysis, 3 factors (obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance) were obtained in men and 4 factors (obesity, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia) in women, respectively. In women, hs-CRP was a part of dyslipidemia factor. CONCLUSION: In factor anaylsis of metabolic syndrome factors with hs-CRP, hs-CRP was not a significant factor in men, but was included as a part of dyslipidemia factor in women.

Determination of Porcine Rotavirus Serotypes by RT-PCR and RFLP Analysis

G and P tying of group A porcine rotaviruses (P(o)RV) from field fecal samples were performed using reversetranscriptase polymerization chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. After amplifying full length VP7 and partial length VP4 genes, restriction endonucleases were used to digest and analyze the cutting pattern of the gene products. After analysis of digests with restriction endonucleases, seven and six RFLP types were observed for VP7 and VP4, respectively. The G typing analysis of 50 fecal samples revealed that 68% (34/50) were G4, which included G4-like (22/50); 22% (11/50) were G5; 6% (3/50) were G4 and G5 mixed types. The P typing analysis of the same fecal samples revealed that 36% (18/50) were P2B, 52% (26/50) were P9, 1 sample (2%) was a mixture of P2B and P9. Combinations of G and P types, the G4P2B and G4P9 types including G4-like accounted for 26% (13/50) and 32% (16/50), respectively. The G5P2B and G5P9 type also represented 4% (2/50) and 18% (9/50) of the samples. No G3 and G11 or other new P types were identified from the samples tested. Information on the G and P types and G/P combinations in the field fecal samples is useful for developing more effective PoRV vaccines and understanding the epidemiology of PoRV infections in the field.

Application of Abdominal Circumference Presented by Body Composition Analyzer according to Gender and Body Mass Index

BACKGROUND: Recently, body composition analyzer has been used widely clinically. Various indirectly measured values of body are calculated without direct measuring. The abdominal circumference that is presented by such instrument may be used for diagnosing abdominal obesity, but the reliable evidence of the accuracy and the validity may be not be enough for application to general population. For this reason, the author investigated the usefulness of automatically produced abdominal circumference for diagnosing abdominal obesity. METHODS: The medical records of 5,555 outpatients who had undergone body composition analysis in a tertiary hospital was collected. The usefulness of the automatically presented abdominal circumference for diagnosing abdominal obesity among general population was investigated. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between abdominal circumference measured by body composition analyzer and measuring tape in the normal, the overweight, and the obese groups of both gender. But, the results were the same only in females in the underweight group. The most significant difference between the two values were 4.8+/-5.0 cm in normal male group and -5.7+/-5.5 cm in female obese group. The difference of the male obese group was lesser than that of the overweight, the normal and the underweight groups. The difference of the male overweight group was lesser than that of the normal group. The difference of the female obese group was lesser than that of the overweight, the normal and the underweight groups. The sensitivity and specificity to detect abdominal obese person among the total subjects was 76.3% and 79.1%, respectively. The specificity was higher in all male and the normal female groups, wheras the sensitivity was higher in the obese and the overweight female groups. CONCLUSION: Physicians should confirm the accuracy of abdominal circumference, especially in normal males and obese female group, although the automatically presented value is convenient and reflects the manually measured one very well which is useful to diagnose abdominal obesity.

Intrathecal Phenol Saddle Block in Bladder Cancer Patients: Two case reports / 대한마취과학회지

We encountered two bladder cancer patients who suffered from perineal pain that was intractable despite the use of adjuvant medication. A phenol intrathecal (saddle) block was performed without any specific complications. The results were excellent and allowed the systemic opiate dose to be reduced by more than 80%. We report our clinical experience, including a brief review of the relevant literature.

A Case of Tsutusgamushi Disease with Atypical Symptom

A 59 year old woman visited the hospital complaining of sore throat, chill, myalgia and whole body skin rash. There was abnormal finding of fever, sinus tachycardia, increased lactic dehydrogenase and elongation prothrombin time. We started treatment with acetaminophen and fluid because she had not specific history of visiting to the mountain or field, etc. After treatment increased aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase and thrombocytopenia appeared without symptomatic improvement so that we investigated tsutsugamushi antibodies and diagnosed her condition as Tsutsugamushi disease with polyuria. But the clinical manifestation in our case showed atypical symptom which had polyuria. There is no report on that in Korea and over the world therefore the author et al. report of case of Tsutsugamushi disease with polyuria, atypical symptom.

Use of Nerve Stimulator for the Obturator Nerve Block / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The obturator nerve passes in close proximity to the inferolateral bladder wall. Transurethral resection of bladder tumors close to these areas may stimulate the obturator nerve, causing violent adductor contraction and possible inadvertent bladder perforation. To avoid this reaction, local anesthetic blockade of the obturator nerve as it passes through the obturator canal is effective to stop adductor spasm during spinal anesthesia. The use of nerve stimulator for the obturator nerve block is simple and well described. We investigated the dosage of local anesthetics and the depth of skin to nerve in obturator nerve block using nerve stimulator. METHODS: We performed obturator nerve block in 87 cases by use of spinal needle and nerve stimulator, and measured the intensity of stimulation, the dosage of local anesthetics and the depth of the skin to the obturator nerve. RESULTS: The overall success rate of obturator nerve block was 95.4%. Body Mass Index (BMI) was positively correlated with the depth of skin to the obturator nerve. However, no correlation was found between BMI and the intensity of stimulation. The dosage of local anesthetics was 198.6 +/- 7.3 mg of lidocaine. The depth of the skin to nerve was 60 +/- 12 mm in men, 54 +/- 11 mm in women. CONCLUSIONS: Use of nerve stimulator for obturator nerve block is accurate, and safe. BMI was positively correlated with the depth of the obturator nerve.

Hospital Employees' Awareness about Medical Student's Clerkship / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: With our medical school accepting graduate level students, there may be more conflicts between the older students and hospital employees. These issues need to be dealt with in order to improve the quality of education of medical students during clerkship. This study aims to improve the setting of clerkship by analysing how knowledgeable hospital employees are about medical school clerkship. METHODS: Study subjects included 206 hospital employees working at a university hospital in Pusan. Subjects completed a self-reported questionnaires on the hospital employees' knowledge about medical student's clerkship. Means and standard deviations were based on a five point scale, and data were analyzed using statistical methods including chi-square-test, two-sample t-test, ANOVA, and partial correlation. RESULTS: Opinions about the awareness of educational role of the university hospital, necessity of clerkship, influence that clerkship has on doctor's careers, necessity for clerkship students to understand roles of other hospital employees, and degree to which hospital employee explain their roles to clerkship students, were positive, but opinions about the attitudes of clerkship students were neutral, and opinions about attachment to clerkship students, clerkship students' efforts to understand the roles of hospital employees were negative. Opinions about the necessity of clerkship, influence that clerkship had on doctor's careers, clerkship students' efforts to understand roles of hospital employees showed significantly positive correlations with opinions about the attitude of clerkship students, attachment to clerkship students and the degree of explaining hospital employee's roles to clerkship students. CONCLUSION: To increase attentiveness in hospital employees towards medical clerkships, it seems necessary both to educate hospital employees on the clerkship itself and on working together with medical students, and to have clerkship students continue to be taught on the roles of other employees of the hospital.

Effect of 8-week Therapy with Rabeprazole on Presenting Symptoms in Korean Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux diease (GERD) is common in Western civilization and comprise 75% of esophageal diseases. However, there are only few studies of GERD in Korea. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical symptoms of GERD in Koreans and the effect of rabeprazole on the symptoms. METHODS: The study subjects were included 353 patients who were diagnosed endoscopically with reflux esophagitis (316) or non-erosive reflux disease who have complained of intermittent heartburn during the past 3 months or more. All patients received rabeprazole 20 mg daily for 8 weeks. Symptoms according to 8 symptom categories of GERD were evaluated. Patients recorded the severity of GERD associated symptoms at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after treatment. Presenting symptoms in Korean, frequency and severity of each symptom was evaluated. Efficacy of Rabeprazole treatment was analysed. RESULTS: The most common symptoms of GERD were regurgitation (60.9%), heartburn (52.7%), epigastric pain/ soreness (49.6%) and other epigastric discomfort (47.0%). Symptom severity was rated in order of epigastric pain/ soreness, epigastric discomfort, and heartburn. The proportion of all symptoms, except for heart burn and cough, increased in relation to the severity of endoscopic grading, but the severity of symptoms was not significantly different between subgroups according to endoscopic findings. Symptoms, except for hoarseness, globus sensation and cough, significantly improved in 4 weeks after treatment. Cough did not improve after 4 weeks irrespective of smoking status, All symptoms significantly improved after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: Regurgitation was more common, and epigastric symptoms were more severe than heartburn in Koreans. The 8-week rabeprazole treatment was effective on all symptoms associated with GERD.

The Effect of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel on R-PIA Induced Mechanical Antiallodynia in a Peripheral Neuropathic Rat / 대한통증학회지

BACKGROUND: Nerve ligation injury may produce mechanical allodynia, but this can be reversed after an intrathecal administration of adenosine analogues. In many animal and human studies, ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers have been known to reverse the antinociceptive effect of various drugs. This study was performed to evaluate the mechanical antiallodynic effects of spinal R-PIA (Adenosine A1 receptor agonist) and the reversal of these effects due to pretreatment with glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker). Thus, the relationship between the antiallodynic effects of R-PIA and ATP-sensitive potassium channel were investigated in a neuropathic model. METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared by tightly ligating the left lumbar 5th and 6th spinal nerves and implantation of a chronic lumbar intrathecal catheter for drug administration. The mechanical allodynia was measured by applying von Frey filaments ipsilateral to the lesioned hind paw. And the thresholds for paw withdrawal assessed. In study 1, either R-PIA (0.5, 1 and 2microgram) or saline were administered intrathecally for the examination of the antiallodynic effect of R-PIA. In study 2, glibenclamide (2, 5, 10 and 20 nM) was administered intrathecally 5 min prior to an R-PIA injection for investigation of the reversal of the antiallodynic effects of R-PIA. RESULTS: The antiallodynic effect of R-PIA was produced in a dose dependent manner. In study 1, the paw withdrawal threshold was significantly increased with 2microgram R-PIA (P < 0.05). In study 2, the paw withdrawal threshold with 2microgram R-PIA was significantly decreased almost dose dependently by intrathecal pretreatment of 5, 10 and 20 nM glibenclamide (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that an intrathecal injection of ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers prior to an intrathecal injection of adenosine A1 receptors agonist had an antagonistic effect on R-PIA induced antiallodynia. The results suggest that the mechanism of mechanical antiallodynia, as induced by an intrathecal injection of R-PIA, may involve the ATP-sensitive potassium channel at both the spinal and supraspinal level in a rat nerve ligation injury model.

Analysis of Medical Care by Telemedicine / 항공우주의학회지

Telemedicine is a health care system that contains new-media techniques and medical special knowledge, using information techniques such as audio, moving picture, and communication provided to patients in distant areas with medical service such as diagnosis, consultation, education. Especially during medical transportation, it is possible that transferred patient can be rapidly taken care of by telemedicine. Our study reports 65 cases between a doctor in a hospital on ground and a patient during medical evacuation by telephone, e-mail and facsimile. Sixteen of 65 cases (25%) were immediately transferred to a hospital by sailing or helicopter. Other 49 cases were successfully taken care of by telemedicine.Telemedicine is economic and reasonable solving medical problems that may occur during medical evacuation where access to medical facilities is impossible.

The Experience of Teaching Emergency Management and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Medical Students in Busan / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of teaching emergency management and cardiopulmonary resuscitation to medical students in Busan. METHODS: Study participants were 59 medical students in Busan. An eight-day curriculum in the emergency management and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was developed. They completed all class sessions and two drill/practical examinations taught by our interdisciplinary team from July 21 through 30, 2003. Each class is approximately 2 hours and reading assignments are given at the end of each class. Also included are practical, table-top and team-building exercises. The participants completed self-reported questionnaires for the education. RESULTS: About establishment and environment of the education, respondents answered with `very good' were 14%. About overall theoretical lecture, respondents answered with `very helpful' were lower than 40%. Especially, favorable evaluation for the medical lectures was lower than that of other lectures. Students generally enjoyed their emergency medicine experience as it is often their first opportunity to assume primary responsibility for patient care. About overall practices, respondents answered with 'very helpful' were higher than 60%. CONCLUSION: The authors found that medical students prefer opportunities to hone procedural skills than to hear theoretical lectures. Also, medical students are welcome to hear theoretical lectures that consists of emergency management related contents, not academically medical contents. This curriculum should be tailored to fulfill learner's requirements.

The Effects of Brief Diet Education in Office on Body Weight and Blood Pressure in Olders

BACKGROUND: It is one of the important strategies to maintain a appropriate body weight and blood pressure by diet and exercise for the elderly. But there is some difficulties to perform the specific diet therapy continuously at the primary medical environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the brief diet education by physician on body weight and blood pressure for the elderly at the out patient clinic. METHOD: A retrospective design reviewing medical record with elderly(60 and over 60 years) men and women(N=110) from who had complete medical record when they visited first and revisited. 70 samples(education group) attended at the diet education with physician, 40 samples were non education group. For education group, we performed general diet principal, and investigated the change of body weight, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure at the first visit, one month, and three month. RESULT: there was significant difference on the both group's body weight, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure according to diet education. Body weight, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure were decreased average 0.98+/-2.01 kg, 10.33+/-15.60mmHg, 4.97+/-9.16 mmHg on education group, but there is no significant difference on non education group. CONCLUSION: A brief diet education can be a very useful method for management of body weight and blood pressure for the elderly in the way of cost-effectiveness. Also we can obtain more higher educational effect with regular practice.

The Correlation between Vitamin C Intake and Plasma High-Sensitive C-reactive Protein Concentration

BACKGROUND: There are several reports that vitamin C is one of antioxidants and can be used to protect cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation plays a major role in atherosclerosis, and the measurement of inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs- CRP) may provide methods for risk prediction and reveal independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of our study was to assess the correlation between vitamin C intake and plasma hs-CRP concentration. METHODS: The study subjects consisted of 2,012 individuals who underwent periodic health examination in a university hospital in Busan from June 2002 to January 2003. The subjects were questioned concerning their past medical history, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity. Body mass index, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipid profile, general blood test, and hs-CRP were measured. The exclusive responsible dietitian evaluated the average calorie intake and vitamin C intake by food frequency questionnaire. To quantify the correlation between vitamin C intake and plasma hs-CRP concentration, Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient were presented. RESULTS: The vitamin C index (r=-0.051, P<0.05) and the vitamin C intake per calorie intake (r=-0.075, P<0.01) showed a significant correlation with the plasma hs-CRP level. The vitamin C intake and the vitamin C intake per calorie intake were significantly correlated with the plasma hs-CRP level after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index and smoking status. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there was a significant correlation between the vitamin C intake and the hs-CRP concentration. Therefore, inflammatory status is higher in a person who takes small amount of vitamin C than a person who takes it plentifully. The former is presumed to have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases thereafter.