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Background: Honey is a naturally occurring sweet material that bees make from nectar from flowers, secretions from plant parts, or excretions from plants that suck insects from plant parts. Honey’s antibacterial and antifungal qualities are widely known, and it has been used to heal burns, surgical wounds, and decubitus ulcers. Honey instantly sterilizes wounds affected by Staphylococcus aureus. The honey’s ability to fight bacteria can be ascertained by the nectar’s origin. Many antibiotic resistances among the bacteria that cause infections in humans have directly evolved as a result of the use of antibiotics in clinical practice. Methods: This study found that Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology can be used to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. According to the study’s findings, honey has a capacity to neutralise Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus that have been isolated from infected wounds. Honey’s antibacterial characteristics account for a significant portion of its antibacterial activity. Results: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were both susceptible to the antibacterial activity of the honey sample. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited lower activity compared to Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: The results of this investigation show that Bergey’s handbook of determinative bacteriology can be used to identify Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the study’s findings, honey has the ability to neutralise Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus that have been isolated from infected wounds.
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The global burden of disease caused by particulate matter exposure has increased significantly. Increasing epidemiological evidence indicates that ambient particulate matter pollution is associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including adverse birth outcomes. In addition to several determinants studies have correlated birth weight with prenatal exposure to particulate matter. This review aims to examine the relationship of pollutants with low birth weight. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. A total of 96 studies were reviewed and 18 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In India exposure to ambient PM2.5 is strongly associated with low birth-weight. In Thailand, the entire pregnancy exposure was associated with reduced birth weight both for PM10 and biomass burning. The multiple GAM model have shown a direct and significant relationship between exposure to PM10 and SO2 on low birth weight. A 10 ?g/m3 increase in gap-filled satellite-based whole-pregnancy PM2.5 exposures was associated with a change in birth weight. The critical window period for exposure varied between the geographical locations. All of this research is subjected to several limitations regarding the assessment of outcome-exposure. We demonstrated that, maternal exposure to particulate matter during the pregnancy could increase the risk of low birth weight, and the critical window period differed for geographical locations. These findings expand our knowledge of the harmful effects of PM2.5 and biomass burning on new-born weight. Therefore, pregnant women should be informed about the negative consequences of air pollution and avoid exposure to polluted air during pregnancy.
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Background: Hearing aid non-compliance and rejection despite possessing the hearing aid, is widespread among hearing impairment, influenced by diverse factors. There is limited literature on perspectives of patient before enrolling them in hearing aid programmes at health camps. This cross-sectional study explored the socio-demographic profiles and perspectives of patients with hearing impairment towards their hearing problems and hearing aids, who attended a hearing camp in rural Assam. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was performed among patients attending hearing camp in the rural area of Kamrup district of Assam. Demographic details along with findings of ear, nose and throat examination and audiometry and perspectives of the patients on use of hearing aid were recorded in pre-validated questionnaire. Results: Out of 96 patients, 56 (62.9%) had hearing difficulties causing communication issues, social inactivity, and irritation among family members. Most attended the camp for free checkups and hearing aids. High treatment costs significantly delayed care for hearing-impaired patients compared to those with normal hearing. Conclusions: High treatment cost is barrier to use of hearing aid in rural Guwahati, provision of free hearing aid in hearing camps can serve to address this gap. Understanding these barriers and challenges faced by hearing impaired population of the rural population of India is essential to design the implementation of hearing screening and rehabilitation at the community level.
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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin condition in infants, and breastfeeding has been proposed as a potential protective factor. The study aims to investigate the prevalence of AD in infants based on guardians' reports and the impact of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and formula feeding on the incidence of AD among Saudi infants in the Al Madinah region. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 200 mothers with infants was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Data collected included demographics, breastfeeding practices, infant characteristics, allergies, and AD diagnosis. Statistical analysis employed chi-square. Results: There were a total of 200 infants, out of which 145 (72.5%) had AD, as confirmed by pediatricians. Gender was significantly associated with the prevalence of AD. Based on their nutritional source, 62 (42.8%) were on EBF, and 83 (57.2%) were non-EBF. Infant nutrition was found to be significantly associated with the hospitalization time of infants because of AD. Other AD risk factors, such as parental allergies, feeding frequencies, and frequency of AD episodes, were not significantly associated with the type of feeding. Conclusions: This study found that AD is quite prevalent in the Al Madinah region of Saudi Arabia. AD was more prevalent in male infants than in females. It suggests that EBF may be a protective factor against hospitalization of Saudi infants because of AD.
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Background: Anemia is a known risk factor for ischemic heart disease and heart failure. It is also associated with increased mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The study aimed to determine the anemia status of AMI patients and educate them on anemia and its impact on health. Methods: This was cross-sectional study conducted among 100 AMI patients admitted to ICCU of Hamidia hospital, Bhopal over 2 months. Haemoglobin levels were recorded and patients classified as non-anemic, mildly, moderately or severely anemic based on WHO criteria. Patients' sociodemographic profile and risk factors also collected. Results: Of the 100 patients (mean age 55.6 years), 76% were males. 88% patients had anemia-74% mild, 13% moderate and 1% severe. The 30-45 years age group reported the highest frequency of mild anemia cases (20 out of 31). Absence of anemia was highest among the younger <30 years group (9 out of 31). Anemia was higher in females, Patient with vegetarian diet had comparatively more anemia than the patient consuming mixed diet. Conclusions: A high prevalence of anemia was found among AMI patients. Counselling can help improve health by increasing awareness of anemia management. Screening AMI patients for anemia and therapeutic interventions were recommended.
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RESUMEN La displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica (DEH) es una genodermatosis producida por un defecto monogenético que afecta la proteína ectodisplasina en los tejidos derivados del ectodermo. De acuerdo al mecanismo de transmisión, podemos distinguir tres tipos de DEH: autosómica recesiva, autosómica dominante, o ligada al cromosoma X (siendo ésta la más frecuente). Si bien la expresión fenotípica presenta diferencias de acuerdo al gen afectado, las tres características clínicas de la DEH son: hipodoncia, hipotricosis e hipohidrosis. El tratamiento convencional busca mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, abarcando intervenciones dentales como ortodoncia e implantes dentales, rutinas dermatológicas para piel seca y escamosa, y el uso de sudor artificial. En los últimos años, la investigación científica desplazó el interés desde estos tratamientos hacia la ingeniería genética, surgiendo alternativas prometedoras que en ciertos ensayos clínicos lograron revertir la enfermedad, como lo es la terapia génica con EDA1 recombinante, o ER004, desarrollada por Schneider, H. A lo largo de la revisión se abordarán los síntomas de la enfermedad, las herramientas para el correcto diagnóstico y los tratamientos disponibles, así como otras condiciones a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial.
ABSTRACT Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genodermatosis caused by a monogenic defect that affects the protein ectodysplasin in tissues derived from the ectoderm. Depending on the transmission mechanism, we can distinguish three types of HED: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and linked to the X chromosome (this being the most frequent). Although the phenotypic expression varies according to which gene is affected, all forms of HED share three clinical characteristics: hypodontia, hypohidrosis and hypothricosis. The conventional treatments have the objective of improving the patient's quality of life, and include dental interventions such as orthodontics and dental implants, dermatological routines for dry skin, and the use of artificial sweat. In recent years, scientific research has focused on genetic engineering to treat HED, developing new promising strategies such as gene therapy with recombinant EDA1, or ER004, developed by Schneider, H. and colleagues. In someclinical trials this strategy effectively reversed clinical manifestations of the disease. Throughout the review we will address HED's symptoms, tools for the correct diagnosis, available treatments and considerations for the differential diagnosis.
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This review explores the impact of electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) systems on clinical pharmacy practice, highlighting the potential benefits and challenges associated with their use. Medication errors, a significant concern within healthcare settings, have been shown to decrease with the adoption of e-prescribing, offering a promising tool to enhance patient safety and reduce adverse drug events. However, the transition from traditional handwritten prescriptions to electronic methods introduces new challenges, including the emergence of new types of errors, such as incorrect drug selection, and potential increases in mortality rates, as observed in pediatric patient. Furthermore, it discusses the limited exploration of e-prescribing in primary care and community pharmacy settings, areas that require further investigation to fully understand the benefits and burdens of e-prescribing use. By examining barriers related to person, tasks, environment, tools and technologies, and organizational factors, this review emphasizes the importance of considering various aspects that influence the efficacy and safety of e-prescribing systems. The findings suggest a critical need for incorporating human factors principles in the design and evaluation of these systems to ensure they effectively support clinical pharmacy practice and enhance patient care.
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A choledochoduodenal fistula is an abnormal connection between the common bile duct and the duodenum, which are associated with a history of problems in the common bile duct. It has appeared in 0.74% of patients submitted for biliary tract surgery. The most frequent symptoms of non-obstructive enteric biliary fistulas are: epigastric pain, cholangitis (80.91%), jaundice (54,.26%), fever (50.69%), nausea and/or vomiting (10.30%), abdominal distension (0.39%), asymptomatic (0.11%), and diarrhea (0.11%). Diagnostic imaging methods provide the data of greatest interest in revealing the presence of air in the bile duct. This method, as well as barium reflux under the biliary tree in contrasted studies and in ERCP, reveal the fistulous tract and its location. Neither the prevalence, nor the clinical characteristics that pertain to its presentation, are well known among our population. Possible treatments for this illness include conservative treatment with medication, endoscopic sphincterotomy, and surgical therapy.
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Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) results from rapid shifts in serum osmolality and can be triggered by various factors such as hyponatremia, hyperglycaemia, malnutrition, alcohol abuse, and liver disease. Although hyponatremia prevalence increases with age, ODS typically manifests between ages 30 to 50, indicating a complex age-susceptibility relationship. Its pathophysiology involves brain volume restoration adaptation, with rapid correction of osmolality leading to dehydration and subsequent demyelination. Hyperglycaemia-induced ODS results from rapid correction of hyperosmolar states, overwhelming neuronal compensatory mechanisms. Neuroimaging, usually MRI, is crucial for diagnosis, revealing hyperintense lesions. Clinical manifestations vary widely, from dysarthria and dysphagia to spastic quadriparesis, with poor outcomes, especially in older patients. Below, three cases of ODS in elderly patients are presented, each with distinct clinical presentations and outcomes. Case1 highlights the association between rapid correction of hyperglycaemia and ODS while Case 2 and 3 illustrates the consequences of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia. Diagnosing Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) in the elderly poses challenges due to overlapping clinical features with conditions like encephalopathy, delirium, and postictal confusional states, which closely mimic ODS. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology and optimize management approaches, especially in vulnerable populations like the elderly.
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Amidst the ongoing global battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes monitoring variants of interest (VOIs) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The JN.1 variant, initially considered within the framework of BA.2.86, has rapidly gained global prevalence, prompting its reclassification as an independent VOI. This study assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the JN.1 variant. A literature review from PubMed, and expert opinions from newspaper articles were utilized for information collection. The study incorporates a comprehensive SWOT analysis, associated with the JN.1 variant. The JN.1 variant's global dominance is marked by exponential increases in COVID-19 cases, impacting healthcare systems. While strengths include global guidance, vaccine effectiveness, and a robust surveillance system, weaknesses encompass wastewater analysis, seasonal impacts, and immune escape capabilities. Opportunities lie in continuous vaccination campaigns, monitoring, research, vaccine adaptation, and adaptive strategies. Threats include co-circulation with respiratory diseases, lower antibody responses, and potential global spread. The study underscores the importance of clear public communication, continuous surveillance, and research efforts in addressing the challenges posed by the JN.1 variant. Recommendations include assessing vaccine effectiveness, updating strategies and fostering global collaboration for a more effective response.
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Background: The objective of the current study was to analyse the anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in experimental animals. Methods: It was an experimental study conducted in the experimental laboratory with 30 acclimatized healthy albino rats and mice divided into 5 groups namely A, B, C, D, and E fed with the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in laboratory conditions to assess the anti-inflammatory property using Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema for acute inflammation, granuloma pouch for sub-acute inflammation and Formaldehyde induced arthritis for chronic inflammation from 17th December 2019 to 22nd January 2021. Aspirin was taken as the standard drug. Data was analysed using Chi-square test. Results: In assessment for acute inflammation, the aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda in the doses of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg for groups B, C and D respectively produced 17.12%, 17.12% and 18.78% inhibition of paw oedema which was statistically significant when compared to 22.65% inhibition produced by 100mg/kg of the standard drug aspirin in group E. The groups B, C and D with the extract doses of 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg produced 43%, 60% and 77% inhibitions of exudate formation respectively which statistically was significant as compared to the Standard aspirin of group E which produced 62% inhibition of exudate formation. In chronic inflammation testing, both the extract and standard drugs produced highly significant inhibition of paw oedema when compared to inhibition produced by the Control. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Stephania rotunda was found to be a potent anti-inflammatory drug when compared with Aspirin. Further tests are required in a larger scale so as to ascertain the effects for human consumption.
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The present study investigated the reliability and sensitivity of a wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (wNIRS) device in moderate and heavy exercise intensity domains. On three separate days, eleven males performed an incremental test to exhaustion, and in the following visits, four submaximal constant-load bouts (i.e., test and retest) were performed in the moderate-intensity domain (100 and 130 W) and heavy-intensity domain (160 and 190 W). The local tissue oxygen saturation index (SmO2) and pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2) were measured continuously. The absolute SmO2 and V̇O2 values and the change (Δ) from the 3rd to 6th min of exercise were calculated. There was good reliability for SmO2 measurements, as indicated by the high intraclass correlation coefficient analysis (ICC ≥0.84 for all) and low coefficient of variation between the two trials (CV ≤4.1% for all). Steady-state responses were observed for SmO2 and V̇O2 from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two moderate-intensity bouts (P>0.05), whereas SmO2 decreased and V̇O2 increased from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two heavy-intensity bouts (P<0.05). Together, these findings suggested that the SmO2 measured with a wNIRS device is reliable and sensitive to track local metabolic changes provoked by slight increments in exercise intensity.
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Considering the lack of consensus related to the impact of selective IL-6 receptor inhibition on bone remodeling and the scarcity of reports, especially on large bone defects, this study proposed to evaluate the biological impact of the selective inhibitor of interleukin-6 receptor (tocilizumab) in an experimental model of critical calvarial defect in rats. In this preclinical and in vivo study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=12/group): defect treated with collagen sponge (CG) and defect treated with collagen sponge associated with 2 mg/kg tocilizumab (TCZ). The defect in the parietal bone was created using an 8-mm diameter trephine drill. After 90 days, the animals were euthanized, and tissue samples (skull caps) were evaluated through micro-CT, histological, immunohistochemistry, cytokines, and RT-qPCR analyses. Tocilizumab reduced mononuclear inflammatory infiltration (P<0.05) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels (P<0.01) and down-regulated tissue gene expression of BMP-2 (P<0.001), RUNX-2 (P<0.05), and interleukin (IL)-6 (P<0.05). Moreover, it promoted a stronger immunostaining of cathepsin and RANKL (P<0.05). Micro-CT and histological analyses revealed no impact on general bone formation (P>0.05). The bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes) in the defect area were similar in both groups (P>0.05). Tocilizumab reduced inflammatory cytokines, decreased osteogenic protein, and increased proteases in a critical bone defect in rats. Ninety days after the local application of tocilizumab in the cranial defect, we did not find a significant formation of bone tissue compared with a collagen sponge.
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The aim was to investigate the long-term effects of metformin ingestion on high-intensity interval training on performance, glycogen concentration (GC), GLUT-4 content, and metabolomics outcomes in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into baseline, metformin (500 mg daily), and control groups. Training consisted of 4 sets of 10 jumps with 30 s of passive recovery per day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The intensity equivalent was 50% of body mass (BM) in the first four weeks and 70% of BM in the last four weeks. The animals were submitted to a weekly jump test until exhaustion at 50% of BM. Serum and tissues were collected at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks for biochemical and metabolomics analysis. The number of jumps increased in the Control group without a significant difference between groups at 4 and 8 weeks. GLUT4 was lower in the gastrocnemius muscle in the Metformin at the fourth week compared to Control (P=0.03) and compared to Metformin (P=0.02) and Control (P=0.01) at eight weeks. Hepatic and soleus GC were not altered by metformin. Gastrocnemius GC was lower after 8 weeks in the Metformin group compared to Control (P=0.01). Significantly lower levels of pyruvate and phenylalanine and higher levels of ethanol, formate, betaine, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and creatine were found in the Metformin compared to the Control. Although chronic administration of metformin decreased food intake and negatively influenced the synthesis of muscle glycogen, it did not significantly change physical performance compared to the Control.
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Patients undergoing chemotherapy with cisplatin commonly present gastrointestinal effects such as constipation and gastric emptying (GE) delay. Both the purinergic system and physical exercise modulate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the current study, we investigated the role of ATP, physical exercise, and P2X7 receptor blocking on GE delay induced by cisplatin in rats. Male rats were divided into the following groups: control (C), cisplatin (Cis), exercise (Ex), Brilliant Blue G (BBG), ATP, Cis+Ex, Cis+ATP, Cis+BBG, Cis+Ex+BBG, Cis+Ex+BBG+ATP, and Cis+ATP+BBG. GE delay was induced by treatment with 1 mg/kg cisplatin (1 time/week for 5 weeks, ip). The moderate physical exercise was swimming (1 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks). At the end of the treatment or exercise and 30 min before the GE assessment, some groups received BBG (50 mg/kg, sc) or ATP (2 mg/kg, sc). Then, GE was assessed after a 10-min postprandial period. Chronic use of Cis decreased GE delay (P<0.05) compared to the control group. Both exercise and ATP prevented (P<0.05) GE delay compared to Cis. The pretreatment with BBG significantly inhibited (P<0.05) the effect of exercise and ATP. On the other hand, the association between exercise and ATP reversed (P<0.05) the effect of the BBG and prevented GE delay. Therefore, we suggest that both exercise and treatment with ATP activate P2X7 receptors and prevent GE delay induced by cisplatin in rats.
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The sensitivity and specificity of five rapid HIV antibody test kits commonly used in Nigeria were evaluated. The kits were selected based on their high percentage frequency of use as compared to others. A total of 100 EIA HIV-1and RNA HIV-1 positive sera were used as positive gold standard; while 100 EIA HIV-1 and RNA HIV-1 negative sera were used as negative gold standard. The positive gold standard sera were pooled; serially diluted and analysed to determine the sensitivities of the kits. The methods used were strictly as provided by the manufacturers. Of the 100 positive gold standard serum samples used; Immunocomb-II gave false negative results with 10 (Sensitivity = 90); while HIV-SAV; Hexagon; Determine and SD-Bioline were false negative with 12 specimens; representing 88 sensitivity for each. On the other hand; of the 100 negative gold standard sera; Immunocomb-II gave 6 false positive results (Specificity = 94); HIV-SAV 12 (Specificity = 88); Hexagon 2 (Specificity = 98); Determine 12 (Specificity = 88); while SD-Bioline had no false positive result (specificity = 100). In analytical sensitivity; Immunocomb-II detected the highest serum titre of 30 000; making it the most sensitive. Two of the five test kits (Immunocomb and SD-Bioline) demonstrated excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity respectively. The two could be recommended for use as combination test algorithms instead of EIA/Western Blot algorithm; which is time-consuming; expensive and often not technically feasible in a developing country like ours. This study shows that not all the analytical performance indices cited in the literature from the manufacturers of diagnostic kits are necessarily reproducible in end-user laboratories
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VIH-2 , Nigeria , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.
Mancha-de-Bipolaris é uma das mais importantes doenças foliares do milho. Estratégias de manejo adequadas e o uso de cultivar resistente permitem o controle da doença, mas para tanto, conhecer os aspectos associados ao patógeno e a resposta do hospedeiro é necessário para traçar estratégias eficientes para seleção de genótipos resistentes a essa doença. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do isolado de Bipolaris maydis avaliando a patogenicidade em diferentes linhagens de milho-pipoca e os sintomas gerados no hospedeiro a partir da inoculação. A caracterização do isolado consistiu na avaliação macromorfológica das colônias e micromofológica dos conídios em meio nutritivo BDA. Para avaliação da patogenicidade do isolado foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando 20 linhagens endogâmicas de milho-pipoca, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A inoculação foi realizada por meio de pulverização em folhas, com uma suspensão contendo 1,0 x 104 conídios.ml-1 do isolado CF/UENF 501 de B. maydis. Foi realizada uma avaliação de incidência e três avaliações de severidade dos sintomas da doença, com o intervalo de sete dias para cada avaliação. Os dados da caracterização morfológica do isolado foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e para severidade da doença foi aplicado o modelo de regressão linear de primeiro grau. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o coeficiente linear e angular obtido para cada tratamento e quando constatada diferença aplicou-se o agrupamento de médias de Scott-knott a 5% de significância. O isolado apresentou colônias com coloração cinza esverdeado, aspecto algodonoso e forma irregular. As linhagens L353 e L354 e L624 estão entre as linhagens que apresentaram maior resistência no inicio e ao longo das avaliações. A elevada virulência do isolado CF/UENF 501 possibilitou diferenciar as linhagens quanto a intensidade da doença, bem como o padrão dos sintomas apresentados.
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Animales , Control de Plagas , Zea mays , GenotipoRESUMEN
Abstract Acacia mangium is a pioneer species with fast growth and frequently used in the recovery of degraded areas. The objectives were to evaluate insects and spiders, their ecological indices and interactions on A. mangium saplings in a tropical degraded area in recovering process. The experimental design was completely randomized with 24 replications, with treatments represented by the first and second years after A. mangium seedling planted. Numbers of leaves/branch, branches/sapling, and ground cover by A. mangium saplings, Hemiptera: Phenacoccus sp. and Pachycoris torridus; Hymenoptera: Tetragonisca angustula and Trigona spinipes, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. and Cephalotes sp.; Blattodea: Nasutitermes sp. and Neuroptera: Chrysoperla sp.; abundance, species richness of pollinating insects, tending ants, and the abundance of Sternorrhyncha predators were greatest in the second year after planting. Numbers of Hemiptera: Aethalium reticulatum, Hymenoptera: Camponotus sp., Cephalotes sp., Polybia sp., T. angustula, T. spinipes, tending ants, pollinating insects, Sternorrhyncha predators and species richness of tending ants were highest on A. mangium saplings with greatest numbers of leaves or branches. The increase in the population of arthropods with ground cover by A. mangium saplings age increase indicates the positive impact by this plant on the recovery process of degraded areas.
Resumo Acacia mangium é uma espécie pioneira, de rápido crescimento e utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Os objetivos foram avaliar insetos e aranhas, seus índices ecológicos e interações com plantas de A. mangium em área tropical degradada em processo de recuperação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 24 repetições, com os tratamentos representados pelos primeiro e segundo anos após a plantio de A. mangium. Os números de folhas/galhos, galhos/plantas e cobertura do solo por plantas de A. mangium, de Hemiptera: Phenacoccus sp. e Pachycoris torridus; Hymenoptera: Tetragonisca angustula e Trigona spinipes, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. e Cephalotes sp.; Blattodea: Nasutitermes sp. e Neuroptera: Chrysoperla sp.; a abundância, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, formigas cuidadoras e a abundância de predadores de Sternorrhyncha foram maiores no segundo ano após o plantio. Os números de Hemiptera: Aethalium reticulatum, Hymenoptera: Camponotus sp., Cephalotes sp., Polybia sp., T. angustula, T. spinipes, formigas cuidadoras, insetos polinizadores, predadores de Sternorrhyncha e a riqueza de espécies de formigas cuidadoras foram maiores em plantas de A. mangium com maior altura e número de folhas ou galhos. O aumento populacional de artrópodes e da cobertura do solo com o processo de envelhecimento das plantas de A. mangium indicam impacto positivo dessa planta na recuperação de áreas degradadas.
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Animales , Arañas , Acacia , Insectos , Biomarcadores Ambientales , Restauración y Remediación AmbientalRESUMEN
Abstract The sexing of species is an important tool for population management. In tortoises and turtles, sexing is usually done according to secondary characteristics, such as plastron morphology or phallus eversion techniques. In this paper, we present the phallus eversion method and compare its efficiency to other existing techniques. This new method aims at shortening the management time and reducing the physical aftereffects on the animals, fostering the clinical and reproductive management of Geoffroy's side-necked turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) and related species. A sample of fifty individuals was taken in the central region of Piauí state, Northeastern Brazil. The proposed method consisted of moving the head from its resting position. The methods achieving a success rate higher than 80% were compared to each other as for the stimulation time required for phallus eversion. The method as here proposed achieved 100% efficiency in the sex determination of specimens with a linear carapace length between 10 and 34 cm. Also, when compared to the second most efficient method, it substantially reduced the time needed for managing the specimens (91%), avoiding possible sequelae in the individuals handled.
Resumo A sexagem das espécies é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo populacional. Em tartarugas, cágados e jabutis, a sexagem geralmente é feita de acordo com características secundárias, como morfologia do plastrão ou técnicas de eversão do falo. Neste artigo, apresentamos o método de eversão do falo e comparamos sua eficiência com outras técnicas existentes. Este novo método visa encurtar o tempo de manejo e reduzir os efeitos colaterais físicos nos animais, promovendo o manejo clínico e reprodutivo do cágado-de-barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e espécies relacionadas. Uma amostra de cinquenta indivíduos foi coletada na região central do estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. O método proposto consiste em remover a cabeça de sua posição de repouso. Os métodos que obtiveram índice de sucesso superior a 80% foram comparados entre si quanto ao tempo de estimulação necessário para a eversão do falo. O método aqui proposto alcançou 100% de eficiência na determinação do sexo de espécimes com comprimento de carapaça linear entre 10 e 34 cm. Além disso, quando comparado ao segundo método mais eficiente, reduziu substancialmente o tempo necessário para o manejo dos espécimes (91%), evitando possíveis sequelas nos indivíduos manuseados.