Clinical characteristics and treatment of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Pediatric and adult spinal cord injuries (SCI) are distinct entities. Children and adolescents with SCI must suffer from lifelong disabilities, which is a heavy burden on patients, their families and the society. There are differences in Chinese and foreign literature reports on the incidence, injury mechanism and prognosis of SCI in children and adolescents. In addition to traumatic injuries such as car accidents and falls, the proportion of sports injuries is increasing. The most common sports injury is the backbend during dance practice. Compared with adults, children and adolescents are considered to have a greater potential for neurological improvement. The pathogenesis and treatment of pediatric SCI remains unclear. The mainstream view is that the mechanism of nerve damage in pediatric SCI include flexion, hyperextension, longitudinal distraction and ischemia. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of drugs such as methylprednisolone in the treatment of pediatric SCI and the indications and timing of surgery. In addition, the complications of pediatric SCI are also worthy of attention. New imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography may be used for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, imaging, clinical characteristics, treatment and complications of SCI in children and adolescents. Although current treatment cannot completely restore neurological function, patient quality of life can be enhanced. Continued developments and advances in the research of SCI may eventually provide a cure for children and adolescents with this kind of injury.

Recent advances on micro-invasive glaucoma surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Glaucoma is the second major causes of blindness after cataract. The conventional trabeculectomy and shunt implantation is still the most common surgical procedure in treatment of glaucoma. However, the limitations of the treatments are the security and failure rate. Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS)is an emerging category which shares the following five characteristics compared with traditional glaucoma surgery:(1)an interno microincision,(2)micro-invasion,(3)definite curative effect,(4)high safety, and(5)rapid recovery. moreover, it can also reduce the use of glaucoma medication after operation. This kind of surgery can be conducted in three different space, such as Schlemm canal, the suprachoroidal space, and the subconjunctival space. This article reviews briefly the new techniques of micro-invasive glaucoma surgery.

Effects of cognitive factors on quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia / 中华全科医师杂志

One hundred and eighty two outpatients with functional dyspepsia (FD)were enrolled.The cognitive questionnaire and the short form Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI) were used for survey.Spearman analysis showed that the cognitions of symptoms affected by emotion (r =0.284,P =0.006),somatisation symptoms induced by other diseases (r =0.211,P =0.045),and fears of cancer (r =0.217,P =0.039) were positively correlated with NDI scores.Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that cognition of symptoms affected by emotion (β =3.709,P =0.009),somatisation symptoms induced by other diseases (β =3.259,P =0.020),need of hospitalization (β =4.533,P =0.006),and need of medication for several years (fβ =-3.207,P =0.029) were associated with NDI scores.These results suggest that the quality of life might be effected by cognitive factors,and the correction of cognitive mistakes may improve quality of life of FD patients.

Gene expression profile of human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the differential patterns of gene expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and healthy subjects using DNA microarray analysis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>T2DM patiens were divided into female group, young male group and old male group. DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were carried out to analyze the relation between gene expressions and T2DM.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mRNA expression of 298, 578, and 350 genes was changed in the skeletal muscle of diabetes mellitus patients compared with control subjects. The 1320, 1143, and 2847 genes were modified in adipose tissue of the three groups. Among the genes surveyed, the change of 25 and 39 gene transcripts in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was > or = 2 folds. These differentially expressed genes were classified into 15 categories according to their functions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>New genes are found and T2DM can be prevented or cured.</p>

Regulation of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases activity by sulfotyrosine / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of sulfated tyrosine in regulating the activity of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPST) 1 and TPST2.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Constructs of TPST 1 and TPST2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), then fused into immunoglobulin G1 Fc region. All the variants in which sulfated tyrosines were mutated to phenylalanine were made by the PCR-based Quick Change method and confirmed by sequencing the entire reading frame. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs-targeting nucleotides 259-275 of TPST1 and nucleotides 73-94 of TPST2 were generated and subcloned into pBluescript. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells were transfected with these plasmids. One day later, cells were split: one part was labeled with 35S-cysteine and methionine or 35S-Na2SO3 overnight, the second part was used for 125I labeled binding experiment, and the third part was retained for binding and flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Tyrosines at position 326 of TPST1 and position 325 of TPST2 were sulfated posttranslationally. Tyrosine sulfation of TPSTs was effectively inhibited by sulfation inhibitors, including specific shRNAs and non-specific NaCIO3. shRNAs reduced the sulfation of C3a receptor and C5a receptor, and partially blocked the binding of these two receptors to their respective ligands.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The activities of TPSTs were regulated by tyrosine sulfation. Inhibition of sulfotyrosine decreases the binding ability of C3a receptor and C5a receptor to their respective ligands.</p>

Observation on proliferation and collagen secretion of the transplanted human fibroblasts in nude mice / 基础医学与临床

Objective To investigate the proliferation and collagen secretion of transplanted human fibroblasts.Methods The solution containing human fibroblasts(2?1010L-1)was prepared and 1 mL was injected into the dermis of BALB/CNU nude mice.Animals were killed by the end of the 1st,2nd and 3rd month after injection.The dermis in the injected area was taken out and stained with HE.Immunohistochemical staining for type I and type Ⅲ collagen was performed at the same time.Results Mitosis was observed by the end of the 1st,2nd and 3rd month.The concentration of type I and type Ⅲ collagen in the extra cellular matrix increased with the passing of time.Conclusion Transplanted human fibroblasts can proliferate automatically in the dermis of nude mice and manufacture the type I and type Ⅲ collagen in situ.Long period of survival and secretion will make it possible for fibroblasts to become promising option to correct minimal tissue defects.

Association analysis of 30 type 2 diabetes candidate genes in Chinese Han population / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, genotyping and haplotype construction were performed in 30 candidate genes. Case-control study were carried out in a population-based sample and confirmed by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis in 77 trio pedigrees. The effects of the SNP rs5210 on gene expression were studied by reporter gene technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The case-control studies showed that several SNPs on KCNJ11 gene was associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population, in which the allele frequency of SNP rs5219, the genotype frequency of rs5210, rs2285676 and rs5219, and the frequency of haplotype GA combined of the rs5219 and rs5215 showed significant difference between these two groups (P < 0.05). In addition, TDT test also showed statistical significance on this haplotype GA (P < 0. 05). The reporter gene assay showed that the effect on gene expression was significantly different between two alleles of rs5210 (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>KCNJII gene is one of the susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population.</p>

Screening susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To search for the susceptibility variant (s) of type 2 diabetes in the susceptible regions on chr.1 (1p36.23-36.33, 1q24.3-25.1, and 1q42.12-42.13) by genotyping SNP markers in case-control DNA samples and identifying the haplotype associated with type 2 diabetes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 124 SNPs in 33 candidate genes in the mapped regions were chosen from public SNP data or identified by sequencing the samples that were used to search for SNP locus. Sequencing method was used to genotype the loci for 236 sporadic type 2 diabetes patients and 152 normal subjects in Northern Han Chinese population. The haplotypes with significant difference were further analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 124 SNPs successfully typed, 4 SNPs that showed association with diabetes status were found: rs203849 (P=0.005, OR=1.60) and rs203826 (P=0.016, OR=1.60) located in sAC gene, rs7535528 (P=0.028, OR=1.45) located in PANK4, rs884363 (P=0.043, OR=1.37) located in CASP9 gene. In addition, the frequencies of two combination types from these 4 SNP genotypes were significantly different between case and control groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, four haplotypes associated with diabetes were found in haplotype analysis of sAC gene.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>sAC, PANK4, and CA SP9 may be associated with type 2 diabetes in Han population in north China, and it seems that the synergetic effect of these genes is responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes.</p>

Nuclear localization region in soluble adenylyl cyclase / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To locate the region responsible for nuclear localization of protein sAC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The eukaryotic expression vector of vairous sAC deletion mutants were transfected into Hela cells. The localization of each mutant was observed using confocal microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For some mutants, the localization of sAC changed. Deletion of some region made it unable to locate in the nuclear.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is possible to figure out that the nucleotide region (739-1038 and 1045-1261) take charge of nuclear localization of sAC.</p>

Anticancer drug resistance of HeLa cells transfected with rat glutathione S-transferase pi gene / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a cytologic expressing system of rat glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) cDNA for detecting the resistance of HeLa cells to anticancer drugs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The assessment was made with various anticancer drugs (adriamycin, mitomycin, cisplatinum and vincristine) that showed different cytotoxicities in transfectant HeLa cells with pSV-GT containing rat GST-pi cDNA (HeLa/pSV-GT) or control pSV-neo (HeLa/pSV-neo). Expression levels of GST-pi mRNA in HeLa/pSV-GT and HeLa/pSV-neo were measured by in situ hybridization using Digoxin-labelled cDNA probe.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HeLa/pSV-GT expressed significantly high degree of GST-pi mRNA, whereas both HeLa/pSV-neo and HeLa cells had very low expression. Cytotoxicities of HeLa/pSV-GT and HeLa/pSV-neo with 4 anticancer drugs were measured by MTT assay. Drug concentrations for yielding 50% inhibition (IC50) in HeLa/pSV-GT by adriamycin, mitomycin and cisplatinum were 70.13 microg/mL, 10.95 microg/mL and 16.52 microg/mL, respectively. In contrast, IC50 in HeLa/pSV-neo was 10.34 microg/mL, 7.48 microg/mL and 13.70 microg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicities of vincristine on both HeLa/pSV-GT and HeLa/pSV-neo were not significantly different.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Our findings suggest that HeLa/pSV-GT containing rat GST-pi cDNA is resistant to some anticancer drugs due to overexpression of GST-pi. Also, HeLa/pSV-GT cell line could serve as a useful cytogenetic model for further research.</p>

The fibroblast primary cell culture by the split-thickness skin slide technique / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To acquire lots of cell to culture during the primary cell culture.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>We take the split-thickness skin slide technique to acquire the dissociated fibroblast cell in two big-ear rats.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cell number is above 10(6) from 1 cm x 2 cm split-thickness skin slide and the technique is simple, economic, effectve.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We think this way is better than other methods, and should be adopted in the primary cell culture, especially in fibroblast transplantation by injection.</p>

A novel gene involved in blood glucose regulation / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clonea a novel gene related to blood glucose regulation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Contrast rat model of autonomous regulation through jugular vein right atrium intubation of high concentration of glucose, the control rats were injected with 0.9% NaCl and skeletal muscle was separated. The differentially expressed fragments were identified by differential display technology (DDRT-PCR). After slot blot and Northern blot analysis, we excluded the artificial positive fragments and got the true EST (expression sequence tag) differentially expressed. These positive EST were used as probes to screen cDNA library of rat skeletal muscle, the coding region of full-length gene was cloned to pEGFP and L-6TG cell line was cultured and transiently transfected with the lipofectamine reagent. After 48 h, intact cells were examined with fluorescence microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We got a novel full-length cDNA, named as Fang-1. GenBank Accession No. is AF399873. Using blast software (NCBI), we found Fang-1 is rat homologue of human AK001644. They share 82% identical nucleotides, indicating the family proteins are very conserved. After high concentration of glucose stimulation compared with control rats, the expression of Fang-1 was up-regulated and the expression product of Fang-1 was localized in both cytoplasm and cell nucleus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A novel gene related to blood glucose regulation was cloned from rat skeletal muscle. The expression product of Fang-1 was localized in both cytoplasm and cell nucleus. The gene can regulate blood glucose level by controlling some mechanisms unknown now with down-regulation expression.</p>

Functional analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PRKCZ gene / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the function of 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PRKCZ gene, a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes in Han population of North China, in the pathogenesis of the disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bioinformatic methods and reporter gene activity determination were used to analyze the function of the 5 SNPs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The reporter gene activities of different alleles of 2 SNPs, rs427811 and rs809912, were obviously different, which implies that these 2 SNPs might be susceptibility loci of the disease.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PRKCZ gene is further confirmed to be a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes in Han population of North China. Two SNPs in the gene play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease by affecting the expression level of PRKCZ gene.</p>

Linkage disequilibrium analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PRKCZ gene / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To search for the disease-associated haplotype in the PRKCZ gene, a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes in Han population of North China, by case-control study and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SNPs located in the PRKCZ gene were chosen from public SNP domain by bioinformatic methods and single base extension (SBE) method was used to genotype the loci in 173 sporadic type 2 diabetes patients and 152 normal individuals to perform case-control study and LD analysis. Haplotype block were constructed in these populations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Several SNPs in the PRKCZ gene were found to be associated with the disease. The SNPs formed different haplotype block pattern in case and control groups. The frequencies of the haplotypes formed by 5 SNPs were statistically different between the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The haplotype formed by 5 SNPs in the PRKCZ gene may be associated with type 2 diabetes in Han population of China, which is confirmed from statistics to be a susceptibility gene for the disease.</p>

Effect of trans-acting factor on rat glutathione S-transferase P1 gene transcription regulation in tumor cells / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of trans-acting factor(s) on rat glutathione S-transferase P1 gene (rGSTP1) transcription regulation in tumor cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The binding of trans-acting factor(s) to two enhancers of the rGSTP1 gene, glutathione S-transferase P enhancer I (GPEI) and glutathione S-transferase P enhancer II-1 (GPE II-1), was identified by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The molecular weight of trans-acting factor was measured in a UV cross-linking experiment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Trans-acting factor interacting with the core sequence of GPEI (cGPEI) were found in human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa) and rat hepatoma cell line (CBRH7919). These proteins were not expressed in normal rat liver. Although specific binding proteins that bound to GPE II-1 were detected in all three cell types, a 64 kDa binding protein that exists in HeLa and CBRH7919 cells was absent in normal rat liver.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>cGPEI, GPEII specific binding proteins expressed in HeLa and CBRH7919 cells may play an important role in the high transcriptional level of the rGSTP1 gene in tumor cells.</p>

The association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms in PRKCZ and UTS2 respectively with type 2 diabetes in Han people of northern China / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To probe the candidate susceptibility gene (s) of type 2 diabetes in the formal mapping region, 1p36.33-p36.23, in Han people of Northern China using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>23 SNPs located in 10 candidate genes in the mapping region were chosen from public SNP domain by bioinformatic methods and single base extension (SBE) method were used to genotype the loci in 192 sporadic type 2 diabetes patients and 172 normal individuals to perform case-control study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 23 SNPs, 8 were found to be common in Chinese population. There were statistically different in the allele frequency of 2 SNP, rs436045 in the protein kinase C/xi gene and rs228648 in Urotensin II gene between case and control groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The two SNP may be associated with type 2 diabetes in Han people of China, which makes base for further study of the relation between the genes they located with type 2 diabetes.</p>

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in CAPN10 gene of Chinese population and its correlation with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han people of northern China / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CAPN10 gene in Chinese population and their relation with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han people of Northern China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>CAPN10 gene was sequenced to detect SNPs in 27 samples of different nationalities in China. 5 SNPs were genotyped with single-base extension (SBE) method to perform case-control study in 156 normal Han people of Northern China and 173 type 2 diabetes and the 3 positive loci reported in the article were performed haplotype analysis. One positive locus was also analyzed with transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) and sib transmission-disequilibrium test (STDT) in 68 type 2 diabetes pedigrees (377 cases).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 40 SNPs were identified in length of 8,936 bp, with an average of 1 in every 223 bp; The SNPs in CAPN10 gene did not distribute evenly and the SNPs in Chinese was different from that reported in American Mexicans. There was no significantly statistical difference in the allele frequency of the 5 SNPs between case and control (P > 0.05), and the haplotype frequencies in the two groups were not much different (P > 0.05). There was no positive results in TDT and STDT analysis (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The SNP distribution of CAPN10 gene varies with different nationalities. The studied SNPs in CAPN10 gene may not be the major susceptibility ones of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han people of Northern China.</p>

Fine mapping of susceptibility genes loci within chromosome 1 in Chinese Han families with type 2 diabetes / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To confirm previous whole-genome scan results of mapping type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in chromosome 1 in Northern Chinese Han population by conducting a new genome scan with both an enlarged number of type 2 diabetes families and a new set of microsatellite markers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A genome scan method was applied. After multiplexed PCR, electrophoreses, genescan and genotyping analysis, size informations for all loci were obtained, and a further study was done using both parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis to calculate the P-values and Z-values of these loci.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 34 microsatellite markers distributed within 5 regions along chromosome 1 were surveyed, and 12,000 genotypes were screened. Evidence of linkage with diabetes was identified for 8 of the 34 loci (all the P-values of the 8 loci distributed in 3 regions were lower than 0.05, and the highest Z-value was 2.17). Interestingly, all the 5 markers at the P terminal 1p36.3-1p36.23 region, spanning a long range of 16.9 cM, suggested to be linked with the disease. The results of the other two regions were not consistent with the previous ones.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The study results have confirmed those gained in the previous genome-wide scan. The fact that all 5 loci at the P terminal region displayed linkage with diabetes suggests that more than 1 susceptibility gene may reside in this region.</p>

A novel gene involved in blood glucose regulation / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clone a novel gene relative to blood glucose regulation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat modes of autonomous regulation of blood glucose was made by intra jugular vein to right atrium injection of high concentration of glucose solution, and the control rats were injected with 0.9%NaCl both before skeletal muscles were separated for gene analysis. The differentially expressed fragments were identified by differential display technology (DDRT-PCR). After slot blot and Northern blot analysis, the artificial positive fragments were excluded and the true EST (expression sequence tag) differentially expressed was obtained. These positive EST were used as probes to screen cDNA library of rat skeletal muscle.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A novel full-length cDNA, named as Fang-2 was obtained. GenBank Accession No. was AF399874. Fang-2 was found rat homologue of human troponin T by blast software (NCBI). It shared 78% identical nucleotides, which showed the family proteins were conservative. After high concentration of glucose stimulation of rats, the expression of Fang-2 was down-regulated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A novel gene relative to blood glucose regulation was cloned from rat skeletal muscle. The gene can regulate blood glucose level by effect certain mechanisms unknown yet with down-regulation expression.</p>

Yeast one-hybrid system used to identify the binding proteins for rat glutathione S-transferase P enhancer I / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the trans-factors specifically binding to the strong enhancer element (GPEI) in the upstream of rat glutathione S-transferase P (GST-P) gene.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Yeast one-hybrid system was used to screen rat lung MATCHMAKER cDNA library to identify potential trans-factors that can interact with core sequence of GPEI(cGPEI). Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to analyze the binding of transfactors to cGPEI.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>cDNA fragments coding for the C-terminal part of the transcription factor c-Jun and rat adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) were isolated. The binding of c-Jun and ANT to GPEI core sequence were confirmed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Rat c-jun transcriptional factor and ANT may interact with cGPEI. They could play an important role in the induced expression of GST-P gene.</p>