Scrotal chondroma in a young male: A rare case report.

Soft tissue chondroma is a rare benign, slow growing tumor usually located in hand and foot. Scrotal chondroma is exceedingly rare; chondromas in the pelvic region have also been reported. However, chondroma occurring in the scrotal wall is extremely rare, and only a few cases have been reported worldwide. They should be differentiated from well‑differentiated chondrosarcoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of scrotal chondroma to be reported from India.

A retrospective analysis of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major causes of hospital admissions. The objective of this study was to ascertain the various ADRs occurring in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Methods: The ADRs were collected from January 2010 to June 2014 by the Department of Pharmacology in Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. A total of 123 ADRs were collected, analyzed and assessed on WHO causality assessment scale. Results: A total of 123 ADRs were assessed. Male:female ratio was 1.5:1. Age-wise distribution of ADRs was done: 0-15 years had 15 (12.19%), 16-30 had 50 (40.65%), 31-45 showed 25 (20.32%), 46-60 years 22 (17.88%) and >60 years had 11 (8.94%). 112 (91.05%) ADRs were serious, and 11 (8.94%) were non-serious. As per the WHO causality assessment scale, 91 (73.98%) ADRs were probable, 30 (24.39%) were possible, and 2 (1.62%) were certain. Most commonly occurring ADRs were fixed drug eruption in 42 (34.14%) patients, erythematous maculopapular rash in 20 (16.26%) patients and urticarial rash in 15 (12.19%) patients, followed by others. The drugs most frequently associated with ADRs were non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), fluoroquinolones, penicillins, cephalosporins and phenytoin sodium, followed by others. Conclusions: Majority of ADRs were probable according to WHO causality assessment scale. Most common ADR was fixed drug eruption. Most frequent drugs associated with ADRs were NSAIDs. ADRs contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in patients; thereby pose a huge burden on the society.

Significance of AgNOR in Salivary Gland Tumours.

Diagnosis of Salivary gland tumours is challenging, because of wide variation in differentiation and overlapping morphological features. Sometimes, the difficulty encountered in distinguishing between pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The objective is to study the application of AgNOR pattern in differentiating benign and malignant tumours of the salivary glands on Fine needle aspirates and their correlation with histopathology. Material and method: Cytological material was obtained by FNAC from forty three patients of salivary gland tumours. MGG and Pap stained smears were prepared for cytological interpretation. Histopathological study was done on routine formalin fixed and Haematoxylin & Eosin stained sections. Smears and sections were stained with Silver colloid stain for study of AgNOR counting. Results: AgNOR in benign tumours were small, round, uniform and less in number (1.02-1.97) while in malignant tumours they were very large, irregular, haphazardly distributed with high counts (1.23-16). Conclusion: Present study shows that count as well as morphology of AgNOR dots was helpful in differentiating between benign and malignant tumours and their grading of malignancy .

FNAC of Lymph Node Disorders.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (=FNAC) is most popular diagnostic aid in patients with lymphadenopathy. This paper proves it to be highly sensitive also. Materials and Methods: The study comprises 300 lymph node aspirates done at Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital of SGRR Medical College during a period of two years from January 2009 to December 2010. Results: Cytology was unsatisfactory in 3.3% (n=3) cases; showed reactive non specific lymphadenitis in 41.7% (n=125) cases; tuberculosis in 31.7% (n=95) cases; primary lymphomas in 6.3% (n=19) cases and metastatic tumor in 10.7% (n=32) cases. Conclusion: FNAC is a very sensitive procedure in patients with lymphadenopathy; sensitivity of 96.7% reported in our study.

Weak D antigen - Revisited.

D antigen is the most immunogenic antigen in the complex Rh blood group system discovered in the year 1939. There is a lot of polymorphism in its phenotype due to genetic heterogeneity. Certain mutations and /or deletions lead to a weak phenotype defined by decreased density of antigen sites which require the use of anti human globulin for detection. The need for detection of the weak D antigen was to prevent alloimmunization by this blood if transfused to a D negative patient especially to women in child bearing age group. This contention is however, controversial and not proven beyond doubt. Moreover, the use of potent monoclonal D typing antisera detects low density of weak D antigens thus obviating the use of anti human globulin. We have assessed the incidence of Rh negative and weak D blood groups in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand and reviewed the literature regarding the controversies in the clinical significance of weak D antigen.

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma.

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a recently described brain tumor. PMA shares similar features with pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor in the pediatric population, yet displays subtle histologic differences. We describe a case of PMA in a six-year-old male involving sellar and suprasellar region presenting with failure to thrive and delayed developmental milestones. The histological findings revealed a tumor composed of a monotonous population of loosely arranged cells with delicate piloid like processes, within a prominent myxoid background. The tumor lacked biphasic appearance, Rosenthal fibers, eosinophilic granular bodies and calcification that are commonly observed in classical PA. Previous studies have shown PMA to behave more aggressively than PA, with shorter progression-free survival as well as a higher rate of recurrence and CNS dissemination. Thus, recognition of PMA and its distinction from classical PA is very important.

A case of carcinoma rete testis: histomorphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings and review of literature.

A 72-year-old man presenting with a secondary hydrocoel underwent orchidectomy. Gross examination revealed a tumor arising in the region of the rete testis, which on histopathology proved to be a papillary adenocarcinoma. The patient did not have evidence of any other neoplasia elsewhere in the body. The lesion fulfilled the anatomic criteria elucidated by Nochomovitz et al to be labelled as adenocarcinoma of Rete testis. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic nuclear infoldings and microtubules with two different arrangements. The tubules were either seen to form concentric circles or were in irregular groups with filaments interspersed. The lesion on immunohistochemistry was negative for germ cell markers AFP and HCG, and was positive for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. A review of literature is also presented.