[Relation between pattern of nutrient intake and obesity in Isfahanian Adults: SEPAHAN study]

Background and Objective: The growing evidence suggest on the association between dietary patterns and obesity. This study was done to determine the relation between pattern of nutrient intake and obesity in Isfahanian adults

Methods: In this descriptive - analytical study, dietary data were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 8,691 subjects aged 18-55 years. Complete data of 6,724 and 5,203 adults were available for general and abdominal obesity, respectively. Daily intakes of 38 nutrients and bioactive compounds were calculated for each participant. Factor analysis was applied to derive major nutrient patterns

Results: Three major nutrient patterns were identified: 1] pattern high in fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamin B12, vitamin E, zinc, choline, protein, pyridoxine, phosphorus, and pantothenic acid; 2] high in thiamine, betaine, starch, folate, iron, selenium, niacin, calcium, and manganese; and 3] high in glucose, fructose, sucrose, vitamin C, potassium, dietary fiber, copper and vitamin K. Men in the highest quintile of the second pattern were less likely to be generally obese in the fully adjusted model [95% CI: 0.20-0.76, OR: 0.39, P<0.05]. After adjustment for potential confounders, a significant positive association was observed between the third pattern and general obesity among men [95% CI: 1.04-3.04, OR: 1.77, P<0.05], but it was not in women [95% CI: 0.74-1.88, OR: 1.18, P>0.05]

Conclusion: Nutrient patterns were significantly associated with general, but not abdominal obesity in the male Iranians participating in SEPAHAN study

[Association between legume consumption and circulating levels of adhesion molecules and inflammatory biomarkers among Iranian women]

Due to low consumption of leguminous foods across populations, not much information is available on possible independent role of legumes in inflammation. The traditional Iranian diet provides an opportunity to investigate possible association between intake of legumes and health. This study was carried out to determine the association between legume consumption and the serum levels of adhesion molecules and inflammatory biomarkers in Iranian women. In this cross-sectional study, trained dietitians administered a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire [FFQ] for assessment of usual dietary intakes in a sample of 486 Tehranian female- teachers aged 40-60 years selected by a multistage cluster random sampling method. Legumes in the FFQ included lentils, peas, chickpeas, different kinds of beans [broad beans, etc.], and chickling vetch. Blood samples were taken to measure the plasma concentrations of adhesion molecules and inflammatory biomarkers. After controlling for potential confounders, including dietary variables, as compared to women with the lowest legume intake, those with the highest legume intake had lower circulating levels of Eselectin [percent difference from bottom quintile [-14.1%, p-trend=0.04], soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1] [-20.3%, p-trend<0.01], and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM- 1] [-15.6%, p-trend=0.01]. Subjects in the top tertile of legume intake had lower serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], TNF- alpha and interleukin-6 [IL-6] as compared to those in the lowest tertile, even after controlling for potential confounders and dietary variables. No significant association was found between legume intake and serum amyloid A levels. High legume consumption is associated with low circulating levels of adhesion molecules and inflammatory biomarkers among Iranian women

[Relationship of perceived social support with receiving macronutrients in women with metabolic syndrome; a cross sectional study using path analysis study]

Metabolic syndrome, defined as a combination of certain series of problems metabolic disorders, is a prevalent disease, significantly more common among women. One way to prevent this disease is to control the diet, which is affected by various intrapersonal, interpersonal and social factors. This research of aims at determining the association between patient consumption of macronutrients influencing metabolic syndrome and the perceived social support of their husbands. This is a cross sectional study, conducted using the correlation method on 329 patients, referred to medical centers of the oil industry. Information on perceived social support was measured by a researcher made, 24 hour questionnaire, with confirmed reliability and validity, to asserss nutritional behavior for three days. Data was analyzed by N4, SPSS and AMOS for the model constructed, using the least extended squares. The averages of daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat were 2512.37, 70.95, 420 and 61.61 grams respectively. The average of perceived social support was 65.48. Correlation coefficient showed a significantly inverse relationship between perceived social support and macronutrients received in these women. The hight correlation between social support and fat was observed [beta=-0.606]. Intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein were higher than RDA and average levels of perceived social support, showing that social support is an effective framework to recognize and predict commitment level of nutritional self care behavior among patients suffering from metabolic syndrome

[Association between major dietary patterns and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among women]

Some cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent in Middle Eastern countries than in other parts of the world. Lifestyle-related factors, including diet, might account for this discrepancy. We aimed to identify the association between food intake patterns and cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian adult women. In this cross-sectional study, 486 apparently healthy Iranian women aged 40-60 years were studied. A Willett-format FFQ was used to collect dietary data. Fasting plasma glucose [FPG] concentrations, lipid profiles, and blood pressure were measured. Diabetes was defined as FPG > or = 126 mg/dl; diagnosis of dyslipidemia was based on Adult Treatment Panel III and that of hypertension on Joint National Committee VI recommendations. The presence of at least 1 or 2 of the 3 major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases [hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes] was also evaluated. We identified 3 major [healthy, Western, and Iranian] eating patterns. After controlling for potential confounders, the subjects in the top quintile of the healthy dietary pattern were less likely to have dyslipidemia [odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.53], hypertension [OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17-0.60], at least 1 [OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.18-0.58], and at least 2 risk factors [OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20-0.77] compared with the lowest quintile. In contrast, those with greater adherence to the Western dietary pattern had greater odds for cardiovascular risk factors [OR, 2.59-3.11; P < 0.05]. The Iranian dietary pattern was significantly associated with dyslipidemia [OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.02-2.99] and at least 1 risk factor [OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.05-3.20]. The major dietary patterns were not associated with diablets risk. It seems that major dietary patterns are associated with cardiovascular risk factors among Tehranian women

Macro and micro-nutrients intake, food groups consumption and dietary habits among female students in Isfahan university of medical sciences

Improving the dietary intake among different groups and population is important for improving the health status. This study determines the nutrients and food group intake as well as dietary habits among female students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Two hundreds and eighty nine healthy female youths who were randomly selected among students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Isfahan, Iran were enrolled. A validated semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. Folate, iron, calcium and fiber intake were lower than the recommended dietary allowances [RDA] amounts [70, 76, 90, 56% of RDA, respectively]. Forty five percent of the population consumed fast foods 2 times a week and 35% used the frying oils for cooking most of the time. Female youths had lower amount of some micronutrients. Consuming frying oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and fast food intake should be limited among this group

[Home use of vegetable oils, markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction among women]

Most of the information on the adverse health effects of trans fats has been mainly obtained from studies done in western populations; very little information is available in this area from the Middle-East. The objective of this study was to determine the association between consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils [PHVOs] and non-HVOs and circulating levels of inflammatory markers among Tehrani female-teachers 40-60 years old. Usual dietary intakes of 486 apparently healthy women were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The vegetable oils consumed were catagorized into PHVOs [commonly used for cooking in Iran] and non-HVOs [sunflower, corn, canola, soybeanm., and olive oils] Anthropometric measurements were made and fasting blood samples were taken for measuring inflammatory markers. The energy-adjusted daily intakes of PHVOs and non-HVOs were 23 +/- 11 and 22 +/- 10 g/d, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, the plasma levels of CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecules [sICAM-1] of the women in the top quintile of PHVOs intake [as compared to the lowest quintile] were 45% [P[trend]< 0.01], 66% [P[trend]< 0.1], 72% [P[trend]< 0.05], and 22%[P[trend]<0.01], respectively. In contrast, a higher consumption of non-HVOs was associated with lower circulating levels of CRP [-23%, P[trend]=0.05], TNF-alpha [-29%, P[trend]<0.01], SAA [-24%, P[trend]<0.01], and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 [-19%, P[trend]<0.05] when the top intake quantile was compared with the lowest. Adjustment for body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile slightly attenuated the associations in some cases. Higher intakes of PHVOs are associated with elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers, while higher intakes of non-HVOs are associated with lower plasma levels of these biomarkers in female-teachers

[ effect of nutrition education on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial]

Contrary to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in different age groups, most previously published educational programs for diabetic patients have been conducted for young or newly diagnosed patients. This study was performed to determine the effect of nutrition education programs on metabolic, anthropometric and blood-pressure indices of elderly individuals, aged above 60 years with type 2 diabetes. A hundred elderly diabetic patients participated in this interventional study. Data on the control and intervention groups was collected in two stages, before and 12 weeks after intervention. Intervention of nutrition education was performed based on the BASNEF model and, data collected were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test and the paired t-test. The intervention group showed a significant reduction in body weight [-1.3 kg], body mass index [-.48 kg/m2], triglycerides [-18.25 mg/dl], fasting plasma glucose [-19.5mg/dl], and HbA1c [-.36%]. A decrease in HDL [-1.02mg/dl, P= .9] and LDL [-4.04, P=.2] was also observed in the interventional group, although the change was not significant. No significant differences were seen in systolic and diastolic blood pressure [p>0.05]. Based on the results of the present study, short-term nutrition education can improve biochemical and anthropometric indice of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes

[Diet variety: a measure of nutritional adequacy and health]

Most studies in the field of nutritional epidemiology have focused on association of one single nutrient intake and non-communicable diseases. Due to co-linearity problems in nutrient intakes, it has been recommended to consider the whole diet instead of one single nutrient of food. Variety is one of the characteristics of healthy diet and a diverse diet can prevent from nutrient deficiency or overfeeding. Diet quality indices help assessing the dietary adherence to dietary guidelines. Evaluating dietary quality is an expensive and time-consuming method which requires a strong methodology. As the dietary diversity score [DDS] could be an indicator of diet quality, therefore it might be used as a simple and an inexpensive index for assessing the diet quality. Several reports have been published regarding the relationship between DDS and non-communicable disease risk factors. The prevalence of metabolic risks is almost high among the population with low DDS. Hence, DDS might be used as a measure of both diet quality and the incidence of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this review study was to discuss about DDS, the methods of measurements, and also the relationship between dietary quality and the risk of chronic disease

[Relationship between hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype with metabolic disorders in individuals with family history of diabetes]

Recent studies have used antropometric measures along with biochemical indicators as screening tools for chronic diseases. Few studies have assessed the relation of Enlarged Waist Elevated Triglycerdemic [EWET] phenotype with diabetes, particularly among individuals with family history of diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the EWET phenotype with diabetes among individuals with family history of diabetes. Antropometric and biochemical measurments were assessed in a pouplation-sbased cross-sectional study of 332 male and 991 female Isfahani adults, aged 35-55 years. The EWET phenotype was defined as serum trigcylglycerol concentrations >/= 150 mg/dl and concurrent waist circumference >/= 88 cm in women and > /=102 cm in men. The prevalence of the EWET phenotype was 9.6% among men and 23.6% among women. Individuals with the phenotype had significantly higher antropometric measurements as compared to other groups. After control for age and physical activity, men with the EWET phenotype were significantly more likely to have high serum cholestrol [P<0.001], systolic BP [P<0.01] and diastolic BP [P<0.001]. Even after aditional control for BMI the significant associations remained except for low HDL Cholestrol women with the EWET phenotype, who had significantly adverse metabolic risks as compared to other phenotypes, both before or after control for BMI [P<0.001]. Individuals with the EWET phenotype were more likely to have diabetes [both genders] and IGT [women only]. Our findings showed a significant association between the EWET phenotype and diabetes. This phenotype could be used for early identification of diabetes and IGT

Dietary pattern analysis: a new approach to identify diet-disease relations

Recently, nutrition scientists have tended prefer to assess diet-disease relations through dietary pattern approach rather than previous traditional approaches [nutrient- or food-oriented approach]. Identifying dietary patterns allows us to consider the whole diet, not ingredients; a relationship helps to find associations beyond those described based on foods or nutrients. This approach is also beneficial when traditional analyses in nutritional epidemiology show weak associations. Dietary pattern approach is more realistic than the food- or nutrient-based approach. Inter-correlations and biological interactions between foods and nutrients confound the associations of single foods or nutrients with a certain chronic disease. Several studies have provided evidence supporting the use of dietary pattern approach in nutritional epidemiology. Most of these studies have indicated that dietary patterns identified by factor or cluster analysis are significantly associated with chronic diseases. Data on major dietary patterns in developing countries, including Iran, are scarce. This review aims to provide more detailed information about methods of measurement, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of dietary pattern approach to help and encourage nutrition scientists in the country to use this approach in future investigations

[ effects of soy consumption on markers of oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome]

Postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome are at a high risk of oxidative stress. Several studies have suggested possible antioxidant properties of soy, but little evidence is available regarding the effect of soy on oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of consumption of soy and soy protein on the plasma total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and malondialdehyde [MDA] levels in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. This randomized cross-over trial was conducted on 42 postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome as defined by ATP III. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a control diet, a soy-protein diet, or a roasted soy diet. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] was used in all three intervention periods. Red meat [1 serving/day] was substituted by soy protein or roasted soy in the respective diets. Each intervention period was 8 weeks and each wash-out period 4 weeks. Means of the variables were calculated by the repeated measures analysis of variance. There were significant differences among the control, soy-protein and roasted soy diets as regards the final MDA values [0.70, 0.64, and 0.63, micro mol/L, respectively; global P<0.01]. The final TAC values were also different among the 3 groups in the same order [1.95, 2.03, and 2.11 micro mol/ml, respectively; P<0.01]. As compared to the control values, the final TAC values for TAC increased by +4.5% on the roasted soy diet [p<0.01] and by +5.8% on the soy-protein regimen [p<0.01], while MDA levels decreased [7.9% in the roasted soy group; p<0.01, and 9.4% in the soy protein group; p<0.01]. Soy consumption reduced plasma MDA and increased plasma TAC levels in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome

[Association of major dietary Patterns with markers of systemic inflammation among women]

Few studies have examined the implication of major dietary patterns on plasma level of markers of inflammation. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of major dietary patterns with markers of systemic inflammation among Iranian women. In this cross-sectional study on 486 healthy women aged between 40 and 60, we assessed usual dietary intakes by means of a food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Anthropometric measurements were performed and fasting blood samples were taken for measuring inflammatory markers. The healthy pattern [high in fruits, vegetables, tomato and etc.] was inversely related to plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein [CRP] [beta=-0.09, P<0.001], E-selectin [beta=-0.07, P<0.05] and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM-1] [beta=-0.08, P<0.001]. After controlling the potential confounders [further adjustment for BMI and waist circumference], the associations still remained significant for CRP [beta=-0.05, P<0.05] and sVCAM-1 [beta=-0.04, P<0.05]. In contrast, the western pattern [high in refined-grains, red meat, butter and etc] was positively related to CRP [beta=0.08, P<0.001], serum amyloid A [SAA] [beta=0.11, P<0.05], IL-6 [beta=0.09, P<0.001], soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1] [beta=0.05, P<0.05] and sVCAM-1 levels [beta=0.07, P<0.05]. however, after additional control for BMI and waist circumference, the associations remained significant just for SAA [beta=0.06, P<0.05] and interleukin-6 [IL-6] [beta=0.07, P<0.001]. The traditional dietary pattern [high in refined grains, potato, tea, whole-grains and so on] was positively associated with plasma levels of IL-6 [beta=0.04, P<0.05] when we controlled for confounders including BMI and waist circumference. Our findings suggest an independent association between major dietary patterns and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation. Indeed, this issue provides further support of the concept that effects of nutritional pattern on chronic diseases are being exerted via the inflammatory biomarkers

[Beneficial effects of a DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome]

This study aims at determining the effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension [DASH] eating plan on metabolic risks, in patients with metabolic syndrome. This was a randomized controlled outpatient trial conducted on 116 patients with metabolic syndrome. Three diets were prescribed for 6 months a control diet, a weight reducing diet emphasizing on healthy food choice, and the DASH diet with reduced in calories and increased in fruit, vegetables, low fat dairies, whole grain and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol and restricted to 2400 mg Na. The main outcome measures were the components of the metabolic syndrome. Relative to the control diet, the DASH diet resulted in higher HDL [7 and 10 mg/dL], lower TG [-18 and -14 mg/dL], SBP [-12 and -11 mmHg], DBP [-6 and -7 mmHg], weight [-16,-14 Kg], FBS [-15 and -8 mg/dL], and weight [-16 and -15 kg], among men and women respectively. [all P<0.001]. The net reduction among men and women in TG [-17 and -18 mg/dL], SBP [-11 and -11 mmHg], DBP [-5 and -6 mmHg] and FBS [-4 and -6 mg/dL], weight [-16,-15 Kg] and increase in HDL [5 and 10 mg/dL] was higher in the DASH group [all p<0.05]. The weight reducing diet resulted in significant change in TG [-13 and -10 mg/dL], SBP [-6 and -6 mmHg], weight [-13 and -12 kg] among men and women, respectively [all p<0.05]. Conclusions: The DASH diet can likely reduce most of the metabolic risks both in men and women the related mechanisms need further study

Predictors of cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults: diet and lifestyle

We carried out a dietary intake assessment in 486 adults 20 from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. There was a strong positive association between body mass index [BMI] and serum triglycerides [beta = 1.6, P < 0.05] and carbohydrate intake and triglycerides [beta = 2.4, P < 0.05]. There was also an association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and weight [beta = 1.1, P < 0.05], age [beta = 1.6, P < 0.05] and cholesterol intake [beta = 0.7, P < 0.01]. For 1 unit increase in either BMI, waist to hip ratio or saturated fatty acid intake, diastolic blood pressure increased 0.6, 0.9 and 0.1 mmHg, respectively [P < 0.05]. Dietary and non-dietary factors have an association with, and play a role as predictors of, CVD risk factors

[Comparison of nutrient intakes in menopausal and perimenopausal women; Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS]]

Regarding the increasing number of women suffering from one or more chronic disease-associated risk factors following the cessation of their reproductive cycle, it is necessary to consider their needs over nutrient intake and lifestyle. To compare the nutrient intakes in menopausal and perimenopausal women. This was a cross-sectional study in which a total of 96 women [47 in menopausal and 49 in perimenopausal periods], aged 45 and over with no hormone therapy, were enrolled. The study was conducted within the framework of the TLGS, using anthropometric assessments and a 24-hour dietary recall for 2 days. Anthropometric indices were measured, using standard protocols. Mean intakes of nutrients were compared with EAR and DRI recommendations. The mean differences between two groups were analyzed for any statistical significance using a two-tailed unpaired student's t-test or a Mann-Whitney test whenever the assumption of normality was not met. Waist to hip ratio for the menopausal women was higher than perimenopausal group [p<0.01]. The menopausal group consumed less fat [p<0.01] and more fiber [p<0.05] than did the perimenopausal subjects [28% and 10+/-1 g/d vs. 32% and 7+/-2 g/d for fat and fiber, respectively]. Mean intake of vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, manganese, phosphorus, and potassium were within the optimal ranges for both groups. However, the mean intake of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium, pyridoxine and vitamin D were lower than recommendations for menopausal and perimenopausal women, respectively [97 and 98% for magnesium, 91 and 92% for copper 89 and 94% for zinc 93 and 91% for calcium 93 and 98% for pyridoxine 61 and 50% for vitamin D]. Menopausal women met the recommendations for the nutrient intakes better than perimenopausal women, although both groups were found to have insufficient nutrient intakes

[Association between variety of food groups and adequacy of nutrients in a group of Tehranian adult males]

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between variety scores of food groups and specific nutrient adequacy in Tehranian adult men. In this cross-sectional study, 295 men aged 18 years and over were included. We assessed food intake by two 24-hour recalls questionnaires. Two different dietary diversity indices; dietary diversity score [DDS] and food variety [FV] score were used. Mean adequacy ratio [MAR], i.e. the mean ratio of intake to recommended amount of 12 nutrient and energy, was calculated as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. Meanwhile, nutrient adequacy ratio [NAR] was calculated. The mean of age and body mass index was 40+/-13 years and 25+/-4 kg/m[2]. The mean of DDS was 6.05+/-1.02. DDS was correlated with MAR [r=0.4, p<0.05] as well as the NAR of thiamine [r=0.2, p<0.05], vitamin A [r=0.4, p<0.05], calcium [r=0.4, p<0.05], phosphorus [r=0.4, p<0.05] and total fat [r=0.4, p<0.05]. Variety of whole grain was correlated mostly with the NAR of vitamin B2 and protein [r=0.3, p<0.05]. Variety of vegetable and fruit had the highest correlation with the NAR of vitamin C [r=0.3, p<0.05]. In the forth quartile of variety score of food groups the intake of most macro-and micronutrients were in the highest amount. Variety of meat and milk were the most important predictors of MAR. Variety of different food groups is a useful indicator of specific nutrient adequacy. Thus to determine the adequacy of a specific nutrient, the variety score of specific food groups can be considered

[Comparison of the effects of long-term moderate and low fat diets on metabolic risk factors]

To determine the effects of long term moderate fat diet [30% of energy from fat] vs low fat [20% of energy from fat] diet on metabolic risks. A randomized, prospective 14-month trial on overweight and obese patients, a total of 89 overweight and obese men and women. Intervention: [1] Moderate-fat diet [30% of energy], [2] Low fat diet [20% of energy]. Main Outcome Measurements: Change in body weight, waist circumference, LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. 45 subjects on a moderate fat diet and 44 subjects, on a low fat one were studied. Characteristics of all randomized participants were similar in both groups. After 7 months the moderate and low fat diets had similar effects on cardiovascular risks. The moderate fat diet was more successful after 14 months in reducing weight [-5.0 +/- 2.5 kg in the moderate group vs-1.2 +/- 1.1 kg in the low fat one; p<0.0001], waist circumference [-5.5 +/- 2.4 cm in the moderate group vs-2.3 +/- 1.3 cm in the low fat one; p<0.0001], and other cardiovascular risk factors as well[LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure]. A moderate fat diet, controlled for energy intake long term might have more beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors as compared to a low-fat diet

Association between macronutrients intake and cardiovescular risk factors in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS]

Literature on independent relation between macronutrients intake and risk factors cardiovascular disease is sparse. To investigate the possibility of an independent relation between macronutrient intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease. This was a cross sectional study performed on 243 participants of the TLGS study. Blood lipids, anthropometric indices and blood pressure were measured using standard protocols. A 24-hour dietary intake recall for two days was obtained. Logistic regression method was used to determine the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and macronutrients intake. The mean age of participants was 53 +/- 7 years. The men who consumed more carbohydrate had lower chances for hypercholesterolemia. Women with more lipid intake had lower chances for high LDL and hypertension. Individuals in third and fourth quartiles of protein intake had a lower odds ratio for high LDL and hypercholesterolemia in comparison to those in the first quartile. Our data demonstrate an independent relation between some macronutrients intake and cardiovascular risk factors. In future studies, it is recommended that such a relationship to be investigated considering the effects of controlled physical activities

Food consumption pattern in pregnant women attending prenatal care centers in Maku

There is little information regarding the food consumption pattern and nutrient intake in pregnant women, especially those residing in deprived cities to determine the food consumption pattern and nutrient intake in pregnant women with further comparison of data in rural and urban areas of Maku-the west north of Iran. In this cross-sectional study 284 pregnant women [142 from urban areas and 142 from rural areas] were chosen randomly and privately interviewed using a face-to-face technique. Socio-demographic information such as age, educational level, family size, husband's occupation and pregnancy medical history were obtained by questionnaire. The data on dietary intake was collected using two 24-hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire for 3 months. Mean consumption of grains and dairies was higher in rural women compared to those in urban areas. Fruit consumption by pregnant women in urban and rural areas was 140 g and 248 g, respectively. There was no significant difference regarding consumption of vegetables, pulses, fats and oils between two groups. All women consumed adequate amount of energy, protein, thiamin and niacin [>75% RDA]. Nutrients intakes including folate, B6, A, D vitamins, iron, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc were found to be insufficient in both groups [<75%RDA]. Our data indicated that the rural women had a better nutritional status than urban women. Further studies are needed to determine factors associated with food consumption pattern in these women

[Type of fatty acid intake, serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in relation to creatinine and GFR]

Correlation between, fury acids intake, serum lipid und lipoprotein with .serum creatinine and kidney function in patients with renal, failure has been suggested by other investigators. This relationship has not been reported, for all types of fatty acids. This study was conducted to determine the association of the consumption of different type of fatty acids, serum lipids and lipoproteins with serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate [GFR] in healthy adult subjects residing in district 13 of Tehran. There were 15003 subjects participated in TLGS. 1470 persons were 1-undotnly selected for nutritional assessment. After excluding under- and over-reporter 486 subjects aged over 20 years remained in the study. Dietary data were collected by two 24-hour dietary recalls. Serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL were measured by Selectra 2 autoanalyzer after 12hour fasting. GFR was calculated based on serum creatinine. Mean [+/-SD] of serum creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL levels and GFR were 1.04+/-0.16. 201+/-41. 153+/-125. 43+/-10. 128+/-37 mg/dl and 99+/-19 ml/min respectively. Subjects with saturated fatty acids intake of more than 10 percent of calorie had higher levels of serum creatinine versus the others [P>0.01. 10+/-0.009 vs 1.03+/-0.2]. People with oleic and linoleic acid intake of more than 10% and 1% of calorie respectively, had higher levels of serum creatinine and GFR [P<0. 01]. There were significant correlations between serum cholesterol, LDL. HDL, and triglyceride with serum creatinine [p<0.05, p< 0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively]. According to observed correlations the control of intake of desirable amount of fatty acids to desirable amount of fatty acids and serum is lipid and lipoprotein level is necessary for renal health