Effect of cypermethrin on the postnatal development of the medulla oblongata and the possible protective role of melatonin in albino rats / 대한해부학회지

Previous studies have shown that cypermethrin (CYP), a broad spectrum pesticide has a teratogenic effect on rat offspring born to an exposed dam with no information on its effect on the development of the brain. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first attempt to study the postnatal development medulla oblongata of rat offspring exposed to CYP during the perinatal period and the possible neuroprotective role of melatonin. The offspring of treated female rats were organized into control, melatonin (1 mg/kg/day orally); CYP (12 mg/kg/day orally); and CYP/melatonin groups. The mothers received treatments from day 6 of gestation until day 21 after birth. At Postnatal days 7 and 21, the animals were sacrificed and their medulla oblongata was removed and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies. CYP induced neuronal degeneration by chromatolysis and pyknosis. Nuclear changes, cytoplasmic vacuolation, damage mitochondria, and breakdown of RER were also detected. Reduction of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), myelin basic protein (MBP), and oligodendrocyte transcription factor expressions and increment of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the medulla oblongata of the developing rats were observed. On the other hand, melatonin led to an obvious improvement of the injured medulla oblongata tissues and ameliorating the damaging effects of CYP. In conclusion, melatonin has protected rats against CYP-induced histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. This may be due to the protection of MAP-2, conservation of MBP, an increment of oligodendrocytes, and alleviation of astrogliosis.

Effect of cypermethrin on the postnatal development of the medulla oblongata and the possible protective role of melatonin in albino rats / 대한해부학회지

Previous studies have shown that cypermethrin (CYP), a broad spectrum pesticide has a teratogenic effect on rat offspring born to an exposed dam with no information on its effect on the development of the brain. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first attempt to study the postnatal development medulla oblongata of rat offspring exposed to CYP during the perinatal period and the possible neuroprotective role of melatonin. The offspring of treated female rats were organized into control, melatonin (1 mg/kg/day orally); CYP (12 mg/kg/day orally); and CYP/melatonin groups. The mothers received treatments from day 6 of gestation until day 21 after birth. At Postnatal days 7 and 21, the animals were sacrificed and their medulla oblongata was removed and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies. CYP induced neuronal degeneration by chromatolysis and pyknosis. Nuclear changes, cytoplasmic vacuolation, damage mitochondria, and breakdown of RER were also detected. Reduction of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), myelin basic protein (MBP), and oligodendrocyte transcription factor expressions and increment of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the medulla oblongata of the developing rats were observed. On the other hand, melatonin led to an obvious improvement of the injured medulla oblongata tissues and ameliorating the damaging effects of CYP. In conclusion, melatonin has protected rats against CYP-induced histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. This may be due to the protection of MAP-2, conservation of MBP, an increment of oligodendrocytes, and alleviation of astrogliosis.

Fraser syndrome: Phenotypic variability and unusual findings in four Egyptian families

Background and aim: Fraser syndrome [FS] is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cryptophthalmos, cutaneous syndactyly, laryngeal malformations and urogenital defects. It may be also associated with ear, nose and skeletal abnormalities. There is a marked interfamilial clinical variability. However, there is strong phenotypic similarity and concordance of the degree of severity of the disease within a family. Our aim was to report new cases of FS from the Egyptian population

Patients and methods: The study was carried out on 6 new cases of FS from four Egyptian families. All patients satisfied the diagnostic criteria for FS

Results: Cryptophthalmos and ambiguous genitalia were each present in 5/6 of the studied cases, while syndactyly and urinary tract abnormalities were found in 4/6 of them. Nasal anomalies, sclerocornea and abnormal hair growth pattern were constant features observed in 100% of the cases. The frequency of additional anomalies in our series was also higher than those previously reported as umbilical abnormalities and contractures of large joints

Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings add further evidence for the clinical variability associated with FS. The studied cases showed inconsistent compatibility with life and variable expressions in prenatal sonographic findings and postnatal clinical manifestations

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of copper [II], nickel [II] and cobalt [II] complexes derived from novel hydrazone drivatives of oxamic hydrazide

A series of new coordination complexes of Cu[II], Ni[II] and Co[II] with omaxic hydrazide [L[1]], N,N' - [salicylidene]- oxamic hydrazide [L[2]] and N,N' - bis [naphthalidene] - oxamic hydrazide [L[3]] have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic moment, IR, UV - Vis spectra nd molar conductance. The thermal behavior of the complexes was investigated by TG A and DTA techniques. The catalytic activity of the complexes to decolorize the Allura-Red [food dye] in presence of H[2]O[2] was studied

UV-vis and IR spectroscopic studies of some 4-arylhydrazo-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline-5-one derivatives

The absorption spectra of some 4-arylhydrazo-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline-5-one derivatives, have been studied in organic solvents of different polarity. The diagnostic IR spectral bands are assigned and discussed in relation to molecular structure and hydrogen bond existing in the stable compounds in the hydrazo form. The presence of electron withdrawing group in the phenyl ring facilitates the charge migration and hence the proton transfer, thus the azohydrazo form may appear in these compounds, but the major compounds were in the hydrazo form. The fact that these compounds show evidence for intramolecular hydrogen bonding is in favor of the hydrazone structure, this fact excludes the possibility of azo structure. The electronic absorption bands are assigned to the corresponding electronic transitions and the effect of solvent parameters on the charge transfer energy [ECT] is investigated. Four absorbance bands appeared for hydrazones in the range 443-221 nm, the first band has Amax within the range 222-237 nm corresponding to the medium energy transition of the phenyl group e [1]La-[1]A]. The second band with [lambda]max at 243-257 nm is attributed to the low energy mm transition of the phenyl rings representing the [[1]Lb-[1]A] electronic state. The third band at 278-314 nm lies within the energy region for the mm excitation of the electrons of the hydrazo groups. The last band in the visible which has [lambda]max within the range 422-443 nm is considered as being due to an intramolecular charge transfer involving the whole molecule. Finally, the substitution effect was also studied

effect of some organic compounds in the dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

Calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM] is considered as the main inorganic crystalline compound of human urinary stones. The mechanisms of its formation and dissolution are not well understood. A number of questions about the promoting and inhibiting factors still remain unanswered. Dissolution rates of COM crystals were studied in absence and presence of aniline [A], ethyl-[2-N-arylamino] acetate [AE] and N-phenyl glycinop hydrazide [AH]. The results showed that dissolution of COM crystals measured at 37°C, I= 0.15 mol.dm[-3] and pH = 6.5 was found to follow surface controlled mechanism [n=2]. The effect of aniline A, Ethyl- [2-arylamino] acetate [AE] and Nphenyl glycimoyl hydrazide [AH] on the dissolution rate of COM was found to follow the sequence A>AE>AH. The flexibility and increase of the basisty are, mainly, responsible factors for this order of inhibition

Estimation of nitric oxide level in mice infected by trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis infection causes intestinal inflammation that is associated with hypermotility and hypersecretion. Nitric oxide [NO] is a major secretory product of mammalian cells, with a critical role in host non-specific defense, and has been identified as an important effector molecule that can play a role in immuno-regulation. To investigate the role of NO and the changes in its level in experimental Trichinella spiral/s infection. 150 mice of both sexes were divided into five groups. GI served as healthy control [uninfected untreated group]. The other four groups were infected each with 250 larvae/mouse, G2 served as infected untreated control group, G3 was infected and administered NO in the form of 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally of glycerile trinitrate [Nitrocine], G4 was infected and administered nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in the form of 3 mg/kg intraperitoneally of L-NAME, and G5 was infected and treated with both Nitrocine and L-NAME. Drugs were given three times weekly from day 3 to day 28 post-infection. Two stable breakdown products, nitrate [NO3] and nitrite [NO,] were detected and determined at weekly intervals for 14 weeks for Gl and G2, and at the end of the 14th week in the other three groups, hence NO was calculated. Adult and larval counts were measured in each mouse with estimation of NO, and NO, levels. The adult worm count on the 7th day was 95.2 +/- 3.1 in G2; 142.12+2.94 in G3; 88.3+3.61 in G4 and 107.57+4.03 in G5, while on the 14th day [intestinal and migratory phase], the count was zero in all different groups. The larval count/diaphragm muscle was 690.15+108.1, 1261.75+244.7, 547.3 +/- 130.1 and 1089.0+107.7 in G2. G3. G4 and G5 respectively. Significant increases in NO levels were observed in G3 and G5 compared to G2 and G4 with peak serum level at week 9 in G2. Conclusion: NO administered as a drug intensified T spiralis infection and inhibition of the effect of NO by L-NAME reduced the numbers of worms and larvae. Further studies are needed to determine pro and anti-inflammatory effects of NO on different parasitic infections and the relationship between NO function and concentration in the microenvironment of inflammatory lesions

determination of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride

The present review summarizes the different methods suggested for the analysis and assay of the important pharmaceutical compound phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride. The methods are classified according to the technique applied in order to simplify and make it easy for the reader. The following methods have been used for the determination of phenylpropanolamine and reported in this review viz. chromatographic methods, high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS], capillary gas chromatography [CGC], capillary electro-phoresis [CE], spectrophotometric methods, raman spectroscopy, and electrometric methods

Serodiagnosis of toxocara antibodies among infants and pregnant women suspected of ocular or visceral toxocariasis using two types ELISA antigens [TEE and TEX]

The diagnosis of toxocariasis depends heavily on immunological tests because parasites may be few in the tissue of those infected and, unless situated in an organ such as the eye, may be difficult or impossible to locate. In general, patients with ocular toxocariasis have serum anti-T canis antibody titres that are significantly lower than those with visceral toxocariasis. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] using T canis embryonated egg antigen [TEE] and [TEX] were used for diagnosis of toxocariasis. This assay showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Aim of work, diagnosis of asymptomatic toxocariasis in infants before two years old and suspected infection in pregnant women by ELISA with comparison between two antigens TEE and capture TEX. This work was done between 8/2005 and 4/2006. Specimens of serum collected from 79 infants [apparent healthy] aged between 4 weeks to 30 moths [51 females and 28 males] Also, 28 specimens of serum collected from asymptomatic pregnant women aged between 18-32 years old and their infants [28] [17 females and 11 males] at the same age of infants above. The baseline laboratory studies that were done included WBCs, differential count and circulating eosinophil count. Examination of faeces for ova and any parasites. Serodiagnosis by ELISA using two of antigens, Toxocara canis embryonated egg antigen [TEE] and Toxocara canis antigen capture ELISA. Results, Toxocara antibodies found in 7 and 12 pregnant women serum when tested by TEE and capture TEX ELISA respectively. The serum samples of infants [28] which taken from infant's pregnant mothers given positive for Toxocara antibodies 3/28 and 7/28 when tested by TEE ELISA and capture TEX ELISA respectively. Active ocular toxocariasis diagnosed in one mother only in left eye. All inactive ocular toxocariasis diagnosed by capture TEX ELISA except one baby's serum only diagnosed by TEE ELISA. In conclusion, the capture TEX ELISA was better able to discriminate between positive and negative samples than TEE ELISA. In addition, testing samples by both capture TEX ELISA and TEE ELESA. Toxocariasis should be given more attention and that the ophthalmologists should be more aware of this disease-especially in children and young adults-and should more often include toxocariasis in the differential diagnosis of the ocular diseases

Diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the world. It causes vaginitis, urethritis and preterm birth. It has been associated with nongonococcal urethritis in men. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction [PCR] targeting the beta-tubulin genes of T. vaginalis was developed for the detection of the organism in both vaginal swab and urine specimens from infected patients. Random urine samples were collected from 30 patients [23 females and 7 males] tested positive for T. vaginalis by wet preparation and the Inpouch T. vaginalis culture system. Two vaginal swabs were collected by each woman, first before insertion of the speculum and then after the insertion of the speculum. A previously published T.vaginalis specific primer set, [BTUB 9/2], BTUB 9 [5' CAT TGA TAA CGA AGC TCT TTA CGA T 3'] and BTUB2 [5' GCA TGT TGT GCC GGA CAT AAC CAT 3'] recognizing a 112-bp target within the beta-tubulin gene of the T. vaginalis organism was used for this purpose. The positive result was reported 28.6% in male urine and 39.1% in female urine samples, first swab 65.2% and second swab 78.3% by wet preparation diagnosis. By the culture test, the male urine samples recorded 42.9% positive, female urine 69.6% while the first swab recorded 86.9% positive and the second swab 91.3% positive. All negative cases by culture in urine and vaginal samples were tested by PCR, which resulted as 2 cases positive in male urine samples and 5 cases were positive in female urine samples, but one case only gave positive with PCR in first swab of vaginal samples and 2 cases of second swab became positive by PCR. No statistical differences were observed in incidences among patients. On conclusion the PCR assay was even more sensitive than wet preparation and culture and afforded the practical advantages of providing results

Protective role of diethyldithiocarbamate against toxicity of some new antibacterial and antitumor platinum[II] and [IV] organochelates

Aim: Five newly synthesized Schiff base complexes of the platinum [II] and [IV] were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antitumor activity. Meanwhile, the protective role displayable by diethyldithiocarbamate [DDTC] against the inducible toxicity of two of platinum chelates was investigated as well. Their minimal inhibitory concentrations [MICs] were determined against narrow range of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria while the antitumor potentials were tested against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma [EAC]. Half LD50 of the two selected antitumor complexes [naphthylaldehyde and diamino hexane [Pt [II] NDAH] and Pt [IV] NEDA] was i.p. injected in male Sprague Dawley rats then their biochemical consequences were investigated. The mode of action studies on intact cells of the most sensitive bacterium [Bacillus subtilis NRRL-B-4378] revealed that Schiff base Pt[IV] chelate derived from naphthylaldehyde and ethylene diamine [Pt [IV] NEDA] had reasonable reducing effects on microbial RNA and protein contents, while DNA was powerfully affected. Regarding their toxicity, Pt[IV] NEDA was found to be less hepato and nephro toxic than Pt[Il] NDAH. The hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of these two platinum complexes seem to be reasonably ameliorated in animals post treated with DDTC as indicated by nearly restoration of normal values of the studied biochemical parameters

Inclusion complexes of nicardipine-HCL for oral administration

Inclusion complexes of nicardipine HCl [NIC] with beta-cyclodextrin [beta-CD] and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin [HP-beta-CD] were prepared using different methods: co-evaporation, kneading and co-precipitation. Inclusion complexation in aqueous solution and in solid state was studied by the solubility method, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy [FTIR], Differential scanning calorimetry [DSC] and X-ray diffractometry [XRD]. The solubility of [NIC] increased as a function of cyclodextrin concentration, showing B s and AL type diagrams for [beta-CD] and [HP-beta-CD], respectively. The dissolution rate of [NIC] / cyclodextrin complexes were investigated and compared with those of the physical mixtures and pure drug. The dissolution efficiency of [NIC] increased by complexation with cyclodextrins to 2.8-2.9 fold than [NIC] alone. Oral bioavailability in rabbits increased to 6 fold by complexation with [beta-CD]

Superior mesenteric artery duplex doppler examination as a tool to predict early tolerance to enteral feeding in preterm neonates

The question when to feed a sick preterm neonate remains a clinical challenge. The dominant argument to postpone enteral feeding is the risk of necrotizing entero-colitis [NEC]. Predicting feeding tolerance is still largely dependent on clinical observation. Changes in superior me-senteric artery [SMA] blood flow velocity measured by Duplex Doppler in PT neonates have been shown to occur in response to feeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether serial Doppler measurements of SMA blood flow velocity could predict early enteral feeding tolerance in preterm infants. The study included 32 preterm neonates subjected to history taking, clinical evaluation, and determination of cause of prematurity.The need for resuscitation after 5 minutes of birth, the exposure to phototherapy or aminophylline intake were determined. Preterms with clinical signs of suspected or confirmed NEC or PDA were excluded from the study. On the day of start of enteral feeding as decided by the nursery clinician, blood pressure, heart rate and urine output were recorded and SMA Duplex Doppler sonography was performed. Blood flow velocity in SMA was assessed 15 minutes prepr and ial, a test feed was given, then re-evaluated 60 minutes postpr and ial. Values of peak systolic velocity [PSV], end diastolic velocity [EDV], time-averaged mean velocity [TAMV], pulsatility index [PI] and resistive index [RI] were presented. PT neonates were subjected to close clinical follow-up and the duration from test feed to full enteral feeding was estimated for each neonate. Accordingly, survived neonates were grouped into: Group I: neonates who achieved full enteral intake within 7 days, which included 17 preterm neonates and group II: neonates who achieved full enteral intake after 7 days, which included 13 preterm neonates. A significant negative correlation existed between TAMV at 60 min and the number of days needed to achieve full enteral intake. Early feeders showed an adequate hemodynamic response to the test feed as demonstrated by a significant rise of EDV and a significant drop of RI and PI. Late feeders showed poor hemodynamic response as illustrated by non-significant change in all parameters. Late tolerance to enteral feeding and poor postpr and ial hemodynamic response were significantly more frequent among c and idates of resuscitation and neonates exposed to phototherapy. Percentage of postpr and ial drop of RI was more significant in the early as compared to the late tolerance group. Clinical and Doppler predictions of tolerance to enteral feeding in terms of RI% postpr and ial drop were properly matched in two thirds of cases. Tolerance to enteral feeding in preterm neonates can be predicted from postpr and ial hemodynamic response to the initial trophic feed. By Doppler sonographic investigation of the SMA in preterm infants, the percentage of postpr and ial Doppler change at 60 min after the first feed might be a good tool for the clinician in predicting early tolerance to enteral feeding.

Formulation and evaluation of a transdermal drug delivery system for nicardipine hydrochloride: in vitro and in vivo studies

In the present investigation, nicardipine HCl was formulated in different traditional transdermal formulations that are used topically on the skin for systemic action. These formulations were an ointment, an o/w emulsion, a gel, an emulgel and a cellulose acetate butyrate film. Enhancers; namely, dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], Tween 80, urea, cetrimide and sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS], were added in different concentrations to the selected pharmaceutical formulations. In vitro studies were carried out on an isolated abdominal rabbit skin using diffusion cell. The correlation coefficient [r], the steady-state flux [J] and permeability coefficient [kp] were calculated. The results revealed that the permeation of the drug trough the skin was mainly dependent on the composition of each base and the type of the added enhancer and its concentration

Electroreduction of 5-Arylazomethineindazole derivatives in ethanolic buffer solutions at mercury electrodes

Electrochemical behaviour of 5-arylazomethineindazole compounds is studied using DC-polarography, cyclic voltammetry and coulometry. The symmetry coefficient [alpha] and number of electrons [n] consumed in the electrochemical reaction are evaluated, as well as the kinetic parameters [k[s], Delta G] calculated from the cyclic voltammetry data. The medium and substituent effects on the electrode reaction are examined. The mechanism of the electroreduction of the above compounds has been predicted. It involves 4e[-], 5H[+] in acid media, leading to cleavage of the azomethine centre, compared to 2e[-], 2H, in neutral and alkaline media, resulting in the saturation of the [-]C = N- bond

Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of copper [II], Cobalt [II] chelates with multidentate bisazodianils as Ligands

A series of Mn [II] Co [II] and Cu [II] complexes with a number of newly prepared bisazodianil ligands are prepared. The complexes are characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, electronic and ESR-spectra. The composition and geometry of the complexes under study are established

Synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial activity of copper [II] complexes with 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline and their adducts with some heterocyclic Nitrogen donors

The reaction of 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline, H2dhq with Cu [Ac]2-H2O or CuX2-H2o [X = Cl or Br] gave complexes of stoichiometry [[Hdhq [2]Cu] and [[H2dhq]2CuX2], respectively. Mixed-ligand complexes [[Hdhq[2]CuL[2]] [L = pyridine, 3-picoIine, 4-pincoline, imidazole, 1-methylimidazole or 1,2-dimethylimidazole were also prepared. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses as well as by infrared, electronic and ESR spectral studies. The IR data showed that H[2]dhq acted as a monobasic or neutral bidentate ligand bonded to copper[II] via enolate and ketoamide-O atoms in [[H[2]dhq[2]Cu] and via ketoamide-O atoms in [[H2dhq]2CuX2]. The electronic spectra indicated that both [[H2dhq]2CuX2] and [[Hdhq]2CuL2] complexes possessed distorted octahedral structures containing CuO[4]X2 and CuO4N2 chromophores, respectively. On the other hand, [[Hdhq[2]Cu] was associated with a square planar structure having a CuO[4] chromophore. ESR studies revealed that metal-ligand covalency increased upon bonding of nitrogen donors to copper [II]. Study of the antimicrobial activity showed that introduction of axial N-donors significantly increased the efficiency of inhibition

Eosinophilia as a diagnostic value in patients suffering from schistosomiasis haematobium comparing to eosinophiluria and egg count in the urine

Fifty-out of sixty cases [ranging in age between 18-30 years old] suffering from Schistosomiasis hematobium were selected from Inpatient and Outpatient Clinic of Theodore Bilharz Research Institute. Patients were divided into three groups: 20 infected and non treated, 20 infected and treated, then exposed again to infection and ten were completely treated. Also, a fourth group to serve as healthy control was included. Blood samples were collected to count eosinophil percentage and absolute eosinophil count. Urine samples were collected to study eosinophiluria by slide film staining with Leishman's stain and to count number of ova excreted in 10 ml urine by urine filtration technique. Eosinophilia and eosinophiluria >5% had diagnostic value for Schistosomiasis hematobium as well as the correlation between them and intensity of infection by number of ova in urine

Electrochemical studies of 1-ary 1-5- [0-carboxyphenyl] -3-Acetyl formazan and some of its derivatives

The electrochemical behavior of the title compound was studied in the Britton- Robinson buffer series [pH = 2-12] containing 45% [v/v] ethanol. The DC polarograms exhibited a single reduction wave composing 4 electrons corresponding to the saturation reduction of the aliphatic chain in the molecule. The wave height was pH independent, while, the E1/2 was shifted to more negative potential with rise of pH. The CV curves displayed a single irreversible cathodic peak. The effect of substituent on the reduction behavior was discussed and the kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction were evaluated. The various parameters were extracted using the condecon program for convolution, deconvolution and digital simulation studies

Spectrophotometric determination of thulium [lll] and dioxouranium ions using 8- [arylazo] -6,7 dihydroxy - 4 - methylcoumarin derivatives

The complexes of Tm [III] and UO2 [VI] with 8-[arylazo] -6,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivatives were investigated spectrophotometrically. The optimum conditions for chelation, pH, sequence of addition, time, solvents and stoichiometry were critically evaluated. The studies revealed that 1: 1 and 1: 2 [M: L] complexes were formed. The higher stability constants for Tm [III] complexes compared to those of UO2+ 2 complexes were explained in terms of the hydrolysis, steric effect and nature of bonding of both metal ions. Beer's Law was valid up to 16.89 mug/cm3 for Tm3+ complexes and 23.28 mug/cm3 for UO2+ 2 complexes. Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Tm [III] and UO2+ 2 were presented. The methods were precise as shown by low standard deviations ranging from 0.0011 to 0.0146 and high correlation coefficient [r] ranging from 0.9965 to 0.9994. The values of molar absorptivity, epsilon [LM-1 cm-1] specific absorptivity, a [ml g-1 cm-1] and Sandell sensitivity and S [mug cm-1] indicated the method to be quite sensitive compared to recommended methods using arsenazo I and thoron. A photometric titration method using EDTA as titrant was given