[Effect of quercetin on learning and memory in STZ-induced diabetic rat]

Diabetes mellitus is common endocrine disease cause learning and memory impairment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of quercetin on learning and memory in STZ-induced diabetic rats was investigated. In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control, quercetin - treated control, diabetic and quercetin - treated diabetic [10 and 20 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally] for 14 days. Induction of diabetes was performed using 60 mg/kg/bw of streptozotosin, interapritonally. Passive avoidance and Y-maze tests were used for the evaluation of learning and memory. In passive avoidance learning, there was no significant difference in initial latency between diabetic and treated - diabetic groups. The mean of step latency in control group [383.57 +/- 19.26] significantly reduced to 128.86+/-10.38 in diabetic group [P<0.05]. The mean of step latency in the treated diabetic group significantly increased in compare to the diabetic group [P<0.05]. Step latency in quercetin - treated diabetic [10 mg/kg/bw] and [20 mg/kg/bw] groups increased to 316.67 +/- 23.76 and 397.50+/-31.21, respectively. The alternative percentage in diabetic group was significantly lower than control group [P<0.05], but in quercetin -treated diabetic groups it was higher than the diabetic group [P<0.05]. Administration of quercetin for 14 days enhances the capability of the memory storage, recall and improves short-term spatial memory in STZ-induced diabetic rats

[ role of coping styles and self-efficacy in nurses job stress in hospital]

Introduction: Job stress is one of the challenges of nurse's profession. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of coping styles and self-efficacy on job stress in hospital nurses

Methods: Current study was a descriptive study. In this study, a statistical sample comprised of 171 nurses from the Isfahan city hospitals were selected with multistage cluster sampling Method and completed the Coping Style, General Self-efficacy and job stress Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression

Results: The results showed that there was a negative correlation respectively [r=-0/41, M=46/30], [r=-0/32, M =30/47] between self-efficacy and problem oriented coping style with hospital job stress and significance level was p

Conclusion: According to current study findings, there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and problem oriented coping style with hospital job stress. Therefore, it is emphasized on Training problem oriented coping styles and self-efficacy enhancement in order to minimize occupational stress and improve working processes. In addition to, it ventured toward to elimination problems conducive to occupational stress and developed a soothing mental climate in workplace. The results of this research can help to hospital administrators in reduce job stress in hospital nurses and them efficiency increase

[ association between attachment style and nurses interpersonal relationship]

Introduction: Positive and healthy relationships with others are the key to the growth and perfection of human beings and establish good interpersonal relationships is the most important factors of successful nursing profession. The aim of the study was to determine the association between attachment style and nurses interpersonal relationship

Methods: In this descriptive study, 260 of nurses were selected by random stratified sampling method in educational hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2013. The instrument used included: Revised adult attachment scale [RAAS], and the scale of interpersonal relations from the Bar-Oven emotional intelligence questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistic [Mean, standard deviation and error standard deviation] and inferential statistic [One-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe's test]

Results: The results showed that majority of nurses [30.76%] were between secure attachment style and interpersonal relationships with correlation [P

Conclusion: attachment style is effective and important in interpersonal relationships. People who have secure attachment, their interpersonal relationships are better established and this has impact on their professional activities

[Anatomical and histopathological distribution of gastrointestinal polyps in Gorgan, Iran [1999-2008]]

Gastrointestinal polyps have pre-carcinomatous potential. In regard to increasing rate of gastrointestinal cancers and the relation between polyps with cancers, this study was done to determine the anatomical and histopathological distribution of gastrointestinal polyps in Gorgan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 290 patients with gastrointestinal polyps were undergoing colonoscopy or endoscopy in 5th Azar teaching hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran during 1999-2008. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic method. Gender and age was recorded for each patient. 56.6% of patients were males 19.3% of polyps was diagnosed in the sixth decade of patient's age. The most frequent pathological type of gastrointestinal polyps was adenoma [54.1%] followed by hyperplastic [19.7%], acute inflammatory [13.8%] and young polyps type [11.4%]. Tubular type with 63% was the most common type of adenoma polyp followed by various villouses [19.1%] and tubulovillous [17.9%]. 87.2% and 12.8% of polyps were in colon and stomach, respectively. The most frequent anatomical position of polyps was rectum [30%] followed by sigmoid with 26/1%. Adenoma polyp in colon was the most common type in gastrointestinal tract

[Causes of hematuria in infants and children]

Hematuria is one of the common causes of pediatric nephrology and urology diseases and is reported in 0.5-2% of children. This study was performed to determine the causes of hematuria in infants and children. This descriptive study was done on 200 infants, children and adolescents in one month to 18 year old ages with chief complaint of hematuria in Hamadan, Iran. Patients were evaluated by urinalysis, urine culture, measurement of calcium, creatinine and uric acid in random urine sample and abdominal sonography. Microscopic and gross hematuria was detected in 79.5% and 20.5% of patients, respectively. Hematuria was idiopathic in 74 [37%] of patients. Urinary tract stones [18%], urinary tract infections [15.5%], hypercalciuria [13%], hyperuricosuria [10%], urinary tract anomalies [5.5%] and glomerulonephritis [1%] were diagnosed as causes of hematuria. In 56% of patients, hematuria was caused by three common etiologies of stone, urinary tract infections and crystalluria

[Evaluation of comparison of hamstring and rectus femoris muscles stiffness and peak torque between anterior knee pain patients and healthy subjects]

This study was performed to compare the stiffness of hamstring and rectus femoris muscles in subjects with anterior knee pain and normal subjects. In this non experimental and case-control study, 20 persons with anterior knee pain were selected simply from convenient sample and 20 healthy persons were selected by matching method. proximal and distal stiffness of hamstring and rectus femoris muscles were measured using an isokinetic device in the passive mode. Also, maximal concentric peak torque during flexion and extension movements of hip and knee, in two groups were compared by independent T-test and correlation analysis. There was no significant difference between anterior knee pain and proximal compartment of rectus femoris [P=0.320] and hamstring [P=0.125] stiffness, but there was significant difference between anterior knee pain and distal compartment of rectus femoris and hamstring stiffness [P<0.001]. Significant relationship was found between anterior knee pain and muscles strength [P<0.001]. No correlation was found between strength and stiffness of rectus femoris [P=0.356] and hamstring muscles [P=0.643] in patients group, but in healthy subjects this relationship was found [P<0.001]. In patients with anterior knee pain, hamstring and rectus femoris muscles stiffness increased and muscle strength decreased. Increasing of muscle strength was effective on stiffness in healthy subjects, but there was no relation between them in patients group. Also rectus femoris and hamstring muscles possibly have different proximal and distal neuromuscular compartments

[ prevalence of antithyroid antibodies in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in Shahrekord, Iran]

Polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] accompanied with obesity and insulin resistance. Many findings have shown that fat tissue has an important role in creating and resisting of various disorders in PCOS. On the other hand, thyroid has an obvious and dominant role in metabolism [specially in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates]. Both PCOS and thyroid diseases are accompanied with disruption in function of hypothalamus - pituitary -gonad axis. This study aimed at finding the relationship between antithyroid antibodies and polycystic ovary syndrome. In this descriptive analytical study two groups of 54 women with the age ranges of 15 to 45 years from Shahrekord, Iran were selected and consecutively were entered the study. The first group [control group], did not have any thyroid disease, systemic disorders or PCOS based on the history, physical examinations and blood tests and they did not use any medicine. The second group [patients groups], did not have any thyroid diseases and systemic disorders based on the history, physical examinations and blood tests but they had PCOS. Antithyroid antibodies in both groups were measured and compared using K[2], t test and ANOVA. There was no significant difference in the prevalence and levels of antithyroid antibodies between PCOS group and control subjects [P>0.05]. The level of [T3] and [T4] was significantly higher in polycystic ovary syndrome than in control group [P<0.05]. It does not seem that to be more prevalent than in the healthy women and it is unlikely that they have an important role in pathophysiology of the disease

[ effect of vitamin C on growth performance, survival rate, hematological parameters and response to heat stress in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss]]

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for teleost fish. It plays vital role in immune system function. A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of dietary vitamin C supplement on growth performance, hematological indicators and response to heat stress in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] fingerlings kept at different densities. The fingerlings [initial weight of 2.1 +/- 0.1] were reared in triplicate groups in fiberglass tanks at two different densities [400 and 600 /m[2]]. The fish were fed with four experimental diets containing different levels of vitamin C [0, 100, 200 and 1000 mg vitamin C /kg diet] for 9 weeks. To evaluate the effect of heat stress on survival, fish were exposed to different temperatures [24, 26 and 28 °C] at the end of feeding experiment. Growth performance in fish which fed diets containing different levels of vitamin C [100, 200 and 1000 mg /kg diet] was significantly [p<0.05] higher than those fed diet without vitamin C supplement. In terms of hematological indicators, it was shown that different levels of vitamin C significantly [p<0.05] effected the hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cell [RBC] count. However, it did not make any effect on the MCH and MCHC values. On the other hand, stocking density only had significant effect on RBC count. Survival of fish which fed diets containing different levels of vitamin C was significantly [p<0.05] higher than those fed diet without vitamin C in response to heat stress

[Comparing the effects of spontaneous pushing versus Valsalva pushing technique on outcome of delivery in primiparous women]

The valsalva pushing technique is used routinely in the second stage of labor in many countries, and it is accepted as standard obstetric method in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of spontaneous pushing, versus, valsalva pushing technique in birth on outcome of delivery in primiparas. This clinical trial study was conducted on 100 primiparas. Samples were randomized to either a spontaneous pushing group [open glottis pushing while breathing out] or a valsalva type pushing group [closed glottis pushing while holding their breath]. The length of stages of delivery, perineal tears, postpartum hemorrhage and satisfaction were evaluated in mothers and apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were evaluated in newborns. Data were analyzed using statistical Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and independent t-test. The duration of expulsion phase of the second stage of labor was significantly longer in valsalva-type pushing [P=0.004]. The result indicated that the incidence of episiotomy in spontaneous pushing group [P=0.003] and postpartum hemorrhage in valsalva pushing group [P=0.002] was more. The baby fared better with spontaneous pushing, with higher 1- minute apgar score. After the birth, women expressed greater satisfaction with spontaneous pushing. Educating women for the spontaneous pushing technique in the first stage of labor and providing support for spontaneous pushing in the second stage result in a shorter second stage without interventions and in improved newborn outcomes

[In vitro comparison of microleakage of four different luting cements for cementation of stainless steel crowns in the primary teeth]

Statement of Problem: One of the complications in reconstruction of the primary teeth with stainless steel crowns [SSC] is microleakage at the crowns' margins. Luting cement that can seal the margins can reduce the microleakage

Purpose: This research was performed to compare the ability of four adhesive cements for reducing microleakage at the SSC margins

Methods and Material: In this experimental study, standard preparation was performed on 60 primary molar teeth for SSC restorations. After adjusting SSC, the samples were randomly divided into 5 groups, each containing 12 teeth. Then, the SSCs were cemented in each group with different cements. These groups contained Zincphosphate [Elite, ZP], Polycarboxylate [Durelon, PC], Glass ionomer [Ketac cem, GI], Resin-modified glass ionomer [Rely X luting 2,RMGI], and Resin-modified glass ionomer with bonding agent [[Single Bond,SB]. After thermocycling and using dye penetration [methylen blue 1%], the samples were evaluated under a digital microscope. For comparison of the microleakages among the groups, t-test, ANOVA and LSD tests were used

Result: Microleakage in the adhesive cement groups [GIC, RMGIC, RMGIC+BA] was significantly lower than that in the non-adhesive [ZP, PC] groups [p <0.05]. Comparison of the cements revealed a statistically significant difference among all the groups [p <0.001]. RMGI+SB had the lowest microleakage followed by RMGI, GI, ZP. PC cement showed the greatest microleakage

Conclusion: Adhesive cements were more effective in reducing the microleakage in cementation of SSC than non-adhesive cements. The use of bonding agents with RMGI cement showed more acceptable results in comparison with RMGI cement

[Immunization following hepatitis B mass vaccination in the 18 years old students in Chaharmahal va Bakhtyari province in Iran]

Background and aims: The main objective of immunization by hepatitis B vaccine is to generate adequate concentration of anti hepatitis B antibody [HBsAB] in the serum. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination campaign in 18 years old students in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province

Methods: In a cross- sectional study, 360 students with 18 years old [born in 1989] and have taken 3 doses of hepatitis vaccine in national vaccination campaign in 2007, were selected by cluster sampling. This study was performed in 2008 in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province in the central of I.R of Iran. The level of hepatitis B antibody was detected by quantitative ELIZA method using Dialab Kit. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software by X[2] and t-test

Results: Of 360 students, 164[45%] cases were male and 174 [48/3%] cases were from urban areas. Just 349 students [96/95%] have acceptable immunization responses, [In those anti hepatitis B antibodies were more than 20 IU/ml]. There was no significant relationship between the level of antibody and variables such as: sex, born places, smoking, contact history, previous disease and Hejamat [P>0.05]

Conclusion: Considering the results of the present study and previous researches from others countries, we can emphasize that the mass vaccination has been effective in those 18 years old students and we can be sure that the vaccination has been performed perfectly in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province

[ effect of melatonin on cardiovascular indices during exercise]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin ingestion on cardiopulmonary indices during rest, exercise and recovery period in female athletes. Heart rate [HR], blood pressure [BP] and maximal oxygen consumption [VO[2] max] were measured before and after ingestion of melatonin during exercise. Ten female basketball players [age 21.8 +/- 1.135 year, height 171.1 +/- 1 cm.676, weight 61.3 +/- 1.693kg], who were playing in Shiraz basketball league, were selected for this study based on the regularity of their menstrual cycle in the last 3 month. They all were homogenized according to their chronotype and had not any kind of disease. They performed the protocol at luteinizing phase of their menstrual cycles in two separate days with 72 hours interval at 11: 30 min in the morning. HR, BP and VO[2] max were measured at the first day. To assess their VO[2] max and other factors under study during exercise, they performed Bruce treadmill protocol to exhaustion and all above factors were measured during exercise either. At the second stage, 72 hrs after the ingestion of 10 mg melatonin, the HR, BP and VO[2] max were measured 30 minutes after ingesting supplement. The same procedure followed for exercise and recovery stages. Paired-samples T test used for data analysis [alpha = 0.05]. HR decreased significantly after ingesting melatonin during exercise [p=0.0001]. Ingesting melatonin did not affect resting BP but it significantly decreased BP during exercise and recovery. Furthermore, ingesting 10 mg of melatonin before exercise led to significant increase of subjects VO[2] max [p=0.0001]. The finding of this study shows that ingesting melatonin decreases HR, BP and BT during rest, exercise and recovery moreover it increases VO[2] max. In other term it increases endurance performance especially in warm environments. Then, athlete and coaches could use melatonin ingestion as a method to pre-cooling, modulating applied stresses to cardio respiratory system during exercise in warm environments, improve their endurance performance and increase efficacy of recovery period

[Comparison of efficiency of photochemical and sonochemical processes combined with hydrogen peroxide in removal of direct blue 71 [DB71] from aqueous solution: a kinetic study]

One of the important sources of environmental pollution existing in different industrial wastewater, including loom wastewater are dyes which are harmful for human health and environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of photochemical and sonochemical processes combined with hydrogen peroxide in removal of DB71 from aqueous solution. This study was experimental - laboratory study. At first, a reactor was designed and made. Then, optimum pH was determined which was 7 for photochemical and 3 for sonochemical process in constant condition. The effects of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide, DB71 and contact time were studied at the constant optimum pH. Then data were interpreted and analyzed by use of Excel software and regression coefficient. The results of this study showed that with increased initial concentration of DB71, its removal decreased. But removal efficiency of DB71 increased by increasing contact time and initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, kinetic parameters were obtained by application of first-order [Langmuir-Hinshelwood] equations. The results showed that UV/ H[2] O[2] and US/ H[2]O[2] processes can be effective in the removal of DB71 from aqueous solutions. Considering dye removal efficiency and availability, photochemical process combined with hydrogen peroxide can be recommended as a fast effective method for removal of dyes from aqueous solutions

[Survey the association between tissue eosinophil counts and prognostic factors of esophageal SCC]

According to World Health Organization reports, the esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma [SCC] is most frequent in north-east of Iran. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, may play an important role in biologic behaviors of tumors. Survey the association between tissue eosinophil counts and prognostic factors of esophageal SCC. This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted applying a convenience sampling. The archive of pathology department of Imam-Reza Hospital, Mashhad, between 2005-2007 was standard method of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia. Mean numbers of eosinophils and mastocytes between different groups of prevascular or preneural invasion, lymph node metastases, tissue differentiation status and depth of invasion were tested statistically. Twenty-five [61.0%] men and 16 [39.0%] women with a mean [Standard Deviation, SD] age of 53.6 [ +/- 14.78] were studied. Mean [SD] number of eosinophils and mastocytes were 115.4 [ +/- 88.16] and 30.7 [ +/- 26.03] respectively. Mean number of eosinophils was higher in patients with prevascular invasion [183.2 vs. 86.9] [p=0.002]. No other statistically significant association was found. Excess number of tissue eosinophils indicates the tendency towards more prevascular invasion. It is recommended to follow these patients intensively

[ relationship between fasting and postprandial blood glucose with HbA1C in type 2 diabetes]

HbA1C measurement is a gold standard for controlling blood glucose in diabetic patients. There is little information about fasting and postprandial blood glucose effect on HbA1C. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between fasting and postprandial blood glucose and some other factors with HbA1C on type 2 diabetic patient in Kermanshah Diabetes Research Center. 173 type 2 diabetic patients were selected in a sectional-analytic study by easy sampling. Information were completed using a questionnaire and blood glucose were measured before and 2 hours post-breakfast and at 4pm every 2-4 weeks for a period of 3 months. At the end of the third month HbA1C were also measured. Based on HbA1C, patients were divided into three groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. There was a relationship between fasting, 2 hours post-breakfast and 4pm blood glucose and HbA1C. Correlation coefficient was r = 0.49 [p<0.0001] for fasting blood glucose, [r=0.754, p<0.0001] for 2 hours post-breakfast and [r=0.811, p<0.001] for 4pm blood glucose. Also there were a relationship between duration of the disease [r=0.363, p<0.0001] and type of treatment [r=0.338, p<0.0001] with HbA1C. There was no relationship between age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes and education with HbA1C. The results of this study showed that there was a relationship between fasting and 2 hours post-breakfast and 4pm blood glucose with HbA1C but, the most relationship was found between 4pm blood glucose with HbA1C. Therefore, fasting blood glucose is not a good character for diabetes control and postprandial blood glucose measurement should be carried out for better control of diabetes

Chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Echinophora platyloba DC. from Iran

Essential oils and various extracts from plant are of great interests in the industry and scientific research. This study was designed to examine the chemical composition of essential oil and of Echinophora platyloba from Iran. The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the air-dried aerial parts of Echinophora platyloba growing wild in Iran was obtained by hydrodistillation and was analyzed by gas chromatography [GC] and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]. The species is poor in essential oil [yield=0.7%]. Twenty-nine constituents representing 97.43% of total oil have been identified. The main constituents of the oil were found to be [Z]-beta-ocimene [26.71%], delta-3-carene [16.16%], Limonene [6.59%]. Other representative compounds were identified as Cis-3-hexylbenzoate [4.57%], Spathunenol [4.57%], Myristicin [4.48%], Myrcene [4.31%], 4-decanolide [4.2%] and alpha-Pinene [4.03%]. The oil of Echinophora platyloba consists of 16 monoterpenoids [69.55%] and 5 sesquiterpenoids [7.08%]

[Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point [SP6] on labor pain and delivery time in nulliparous women]

Analgesics and anesthetic pain relief in labor often have unwanted sedative effects in the mothers and their newborns. It seems that using non-pharmacologic methods, such as acupressure, affect on labor pain and delivery time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of SP6 acupressure on labor pain and delivery time in nulliparas women in Iranshahr hospital in 2008-2009. A randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 eligible nulliparas women who were at the beginning of active phase of labor [4 cm dilatation of cervix]. The women were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: SP6 acupressure or SP6 touch. The participants, received acupressure or SP6 acupoint, 3 Kun above the tip of the inner malleous just posterior to the border of tibia above the ankle, for 20 minute during contractions on two feet. Labor pain was measured four times with visual-analogue scale [VAS]: before and after the intervention in 4,6, 8 and 10 cm cervical dilation. Length of delivery time was calculated in two stages: from 4 cm cervical dilation to full cervical dilation and full cervical dilatation to the delivery. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistical, paired t-test, chi square and independent t-test. There was a significant reduction in the severity of pain in 4, 6 and 8 cervical dilatation in case group compared to control group [P<0.001]. The length of delivery time in active phase was less in case group compared to control group P<0.001, but there was hot difference in second place of delivery. SP6 acupressure may be applied in a non-invasive and easy to use fashion for pain control in the labor

[Accuracy and dimensional stability of two polysiloxane putty- wash impression techniques]

The accuracy and dimensional stability of dental impression materials and technique is an important factor in the accuracy and fitness of the final restoration. Condensation- reaction polysilicone impression material has adequate accuracy and is the most commonly used material in fixed prosthodontic restorations with putty- wash technique. There are different considerations and controversies in the literature about the effect of impression technique on the accuracy of restoration. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and dimensional stability of two polysiloxane putty- wash impression techniques with and without spacer. A laboratory model with two metallic dies was used. In one of the dies a horizontal notch was applied as an undercut. Ten impressions were made without spacer and another ten with spacer. Twenty stone models were made from both techniques. Dimensions of the stone models were measured and comparison was made with the laboratory model dimensions. The results were analyzed using T- test. The results showed that the height of the dies without undercut was decreased in both groups, being significant in non- spacer technique [p<0.001]. The distance between the two dies increased in both techniques. The difference was significant in technique without spacer [p<0.002]. The height of the dies above the undercut increased and in both techniques they proved to be statistically significant [without spacer p<0.003 and with spacer p<0.001]. The polysiloxane putty- wash impression technique with spacer is more accurate for fabricating the stone die

effect of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and stress in nursing students at the beginning of the internship program

Anxiety is a complicated process appearing from low to high which may reduce the learning ability. It is common among nurses as they struggle to cope with increasingly complicated stressors such as examinations, article preparation and practical experiences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of muscle relaxation on reduction of anxiety in nursing students before starting the internship program. In this study, 40 nursing students who were going to start their internship program were randomly divided into two equal groups. Before starting the internship program, all students were asked to fill a questionnaire [Spielberger Test Anxiety] to measure their anxiety. In addition, physiological parameters [blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature] were collected before and after the study in both groups. During a 45-min session, muscle relaxation training was given to the test group. Muscle relaxation practice was continued three times per day for two weeks. Two weeks after starting the internship, Spiel Berger Test Anxiety and physiological parameters were collected again in both groups. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and t tests. The average age of the students in both groups was 22.7 +/- 2 [range=21 to 25 years] and the majority of the students were female [75%]. No significant difference was observed between two groups for willingness to the nursing profession, birth rank and the average scores of the students from the previous years. The average anxiety score in control group before and after the study was 27.5 +/- 10.2 and 28.3 +/- 8.8 respectively [P > 0.05]. Average anxiety score in test group before and after the study was 25.4 +/- 19.5 and 29.2 +/- 14.1 respectively [P < 0.05]. To alleviate stressors associated with practical practice and create a healthy work environment for practice, it is recommended that nursing students have some progressive muscle relaxation before entering practical environments

[Prevalence of karate injuries in professional karate ka in Isfahan]

Karate is the most popular martial art in Iran, Karate has become a popular sport, not only among the younger generations seeking to learn self-defense and improve self-esteem, but also among middle-aged men and women as a sport to improve cardiovascular fitness and flexibility. Martial arts have a reputation for being a high risk activity, but severe injuries in karate are actually rare. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of karate injuries in professional karate ka athletes in Isfahan. Fifty individual from professional karate ka experienced at least one year of country championship participated in this study. Each athlete was asked to complete a questionnaire on karate injuries sustained during the two previous years with type, time, location, mechanism, season of injuries and number of days off training and competition. From 185 injury recorded, lower limb with 64 [35%] was vulnerable body region. Head and face with 60 [32%], upper limb with 43 [23%], trunk and spinal column with 13 [7%] and internal organs with 5 [3%] were exposed to injuries. 46% of injuries were occurred during training, 40% during competition, 8% during warm up and 6% during weight lifting period. 43% of injuries were minor, 27% moderate and 30% severe. Opponent technical foul [26%] was the most common reason of injuries. According to our findings, the rate of injury was 4.35 per 1000 hours training and competition. Injuries in this study were minor. Karate injuries more likely occur during competition, considering the time spent in training session and competition. Finally lower limb was the most frequent region of injury