Factors Related to Deaths of under 5 Years Old Children in Dar Alsalam Area-Khartoum-Sudan

Aims: This study is done to identify factors affecting under five mortality in Dar Alsalam area, Khartoum.Study Design:This is a community based cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study:The study was carried out in block 25 in Dar Alsalam area in Khartoum State during March-April 2012.Methodology: A total of 240 women in reproductive age who had an experienceof child death were interviewed. The data was collected by semi-final medical students using structured questionnaire. Two stage cluster sampling was used to select the households. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with under-five mortality.Results: Age of 156 (65%) of the deceased children was less than one year, while the age of 84 (35%) was between one and five years. The age of (25%) of the motherat the time of their child birth was below 18 years. The majority of the mothers (70.8%) were illiterate, 74.2% were working and 80% were married. Of the children 51.7 were males and for 74.2% of them the birth interval was less than 2 years. Only 16.7% were breast fed for more than two years while the rest (83.3%) were breast fed up to 2years. Only 34.2% of the deceased children had completed their vaccination, and 68.3% had been admitted to hospital more than once before death.Half of the families have piped water in their houses, in 75.8% of the houses there are pit latrines andin68.3% there is electricity supply. Logistic regression analysis identified incomplete vaccination, not employed mothers and having no latrines in the house as the factors related to the death of children between 1-5 years than those below one year.Conclusion: Under-five mortality in low socioeconomic areas is associated with Low family income, mother’s illiteracy, early marriage and absence of latrines in the houses.

neutrophil phagocytic activity and the effect of liquid preservation

The phagocytic activity of polymorphonulcer leukocytes was studied after Collection in different anticoagulants. The effect of storage in different anticoagulants and storage media was studied after 24,48 and 72 hr of collection Fivety one blood samples were taken from Mansoura University Hospital blood hank donors by phlebotomy into plastic bags using citrate phosphate dextrose [CPD], citFate Phosphate dextFose adenine[CPD-A] and heparin Then, stored under standard blood bank conditions in different storage media i.e. whole blood leukocyte-rich plasma and synthetic media [RPMI 1940 and Medium 199]. Granulocytes were separated and their phagocytic activity was assessed immediately after collection, then after 24, 48, and 72 hr of Storage. A comparative study was done between neutrophil phagocytic activity after storage in different anticoagulants and also between four different preservative media. The comparative study between anticoagulants showed that CPD and CPDA were superior to heparin As regards preservative media leukocyte rich plasma was the best medium

HDV prevalence and its relation to the pattern of hepatitis B virus in transfused patients

This study was designed in order to assess the prevalence of HDV and its relation to B virus markers among blood recipients and to attempt to determine different risk factors. Our work was conducted in blood recipients of Mansoura University Hospital; they comprise 353 patients with history of blood transfusion. Thirty fine females with age ranged from 19 to 65 years [mean 34.9 years], and 314 males with age ranged from 13 to 73 years [mean 41.6 years]. Besides, 150 volunteer blood donors [controls] were randomly selected from blood bank, 93 males with age ranged from 14 to 57 years [mean 26.84] and 57 females with age ranged from 18 to 48 years [mean 26.6 years]. Hepatitis D Virus. Anti-HDV is significantly prevalent among HBsAg blood recipients [8 1.8%] as compared to controls [10%]. Significant increase in prevalence of anti-HDV [94.1%] were found among recipients with common use of glass syringes and history of jaundice. The majority of HDV infection [96.3%] was due to superinfection rather than coinfection. Combined HBV and HDV infection aggravated the course of the disease as evidenced from liver function tests even in the presence of anti HBe [a marker of good prognosis]. Study of different profiles of HBV can serve as useful guides to monitor infection or recovery, state of infectivity and prognostic significance. As a large number of blood recipients are capable of transmitting HBV [30.7%], all newly admitted patients to hospital should have tested to HBV markers [namely HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBs], so adequate steps can be taken to protect their contacts from infection. The high prevalence of anti-HDV among both blood donors and recipients is an indication that our locality is hyperendemic for HDV and I.V. injection is an important route of delta transmission among HBV carriers. HDV infection is a characteristic feature of patients with frequent history of jaundice which could represent the clinical expression of superinfection with delta agent in silent HBsAg carriers. Delta infection may cause severe illness despite serological markers of inactive HBV infection due to the cumulative effect of both viruses on the liver. So anti-HDV assay should be added to the battery of tests used to evaluate hepatitis patients