Cognitive impairment in patients with parkinson's disease

Although Parkinson's disease has been regarded primarily as a disorder of movement, there is considerable evidence that a substantial proportion of sufferers also show impairment of cognitive functions. The relationship between disordered movement and impaired cognitive function is of great clinical and theoretical importance. To study cognitive impairment in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. Thirty idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients were included. Forty three percent were males and the rest were females. Their mean age was 61.7 +/- 7.4 years. Twenty controls matching in age, sex and educational level as far as possible were selected. Two neuropsychological tests were applied to both groups: Mini-mental state examination [MMSE] and Stanford-Binnet 4th edition tests. On the basis of the results of MMSE, patients were further subdivided into two groups: those with cognitive impairment [Group A] and those without cognitive impairment [Group B]. Patients with Parkinson's disease showed marked impairment in attention and calculation, language, memory and perception and visuospatial function compared to normal controls. Age and Educational level played a significant role in cognitive impairment in PD patients. Cognitive impairments were found more in Akinetic-dominant type patients and PD patients not receiving L-Dopa medication, however, no significant relation to the duration of such treatment could be specified. There was significant cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. MMSE was found to be very suitable, brief and quick tool in reporting cognitive impairment in PD patients. However Stanford Binnet was the tool of choice for pr‚cising the specific areas of cognitive impairment. Hence it may be used for follow up of therapeutic programs

Investigation of the active constituents of portulaca oleraceae L. [portulacaceae] growing in Jordan

The phytochemical analysis of the fresh aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea [Portulacaceae], growing in Jordan, using conventional chromatographic procedures resulted in the isolation of beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-glucoside, N,N'- dicyclohexylurea, and allantoin. The last three compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. The structure elucidation of these compounds was attained by the use of spectral data [UV, IR, MS, 1H-, 13C- and 2D-NMR], X-ray crystallography and by comparison with authentic samples

Acetals I. cyclohexylidenation of glycerolyl flavazoles and the galactosyl derivative of the D-erythro analogue

Cyclohexylidenation of 3-[D and L-threo-glycerol-1-yl]-phenylflavazole gave in both cases 2 products, alpha-terminal and alpha-threo- cyclohexylidene rings which afforded the corresponding monoacetyl derivatives upon acetylation. Similarly 3-[D-erythro- glycerol-1-yl]-1-phenylflavazole gave 2,3-O-cyclohexylidene derivative, which formed an acetate upon acetylation. While 3-[1-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl]-D-erythro- glycerol-1-yl]-1-phenylflavazole gave the corresponding 3',4',2,3-di-O- cyclohexylidene derivative, whose acetylation and oxidation were studied

Pyrazolylquinoxaline derivatives from 3- [1- [phenyl-hydrazono] -l-threo-2,3,4-trihydroxyboutyl] -1H quinoxalin-2-one

Attempted benzylation of 3-[1-[phenylhydrazono]-L- threo-2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl]-1H-quinoxalin-2-one [I] gave 1-benzyl-3 [5-[hydroxymethyl]-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl] quinoxalin- 2-one [II]. When III was subjected to the Vilsmeier-type reaction condition, no carbaldehyde derivative could be obtained but the product was 2-chloro-3-[5-[chloromethyl]-1-phenylpyrazol-3- yl] quinoxaline [V]. The acetyl derivative VI gave, under the same condition, 3-[5-[acetoxymethyl]-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-2- chloroquinoxaline [VII]

Synthesis of 6-cyano-7- [P-methoxyphenyl] -5-oxo-2- [polyhydroxyalkyl] -8H- [1,2,4] triazolopyrimidines

A series of the hydrazones III, IX and XII were prepared by the reaction of 5-cyano-2-hydrazino-6-[p-methoxyphenyl]- 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4-one [I] with the respective sugar. Acetylation of the products with acetic anhydride in pyridine was studied. Cyclodehydrogenation of III gave 6-cyano-7-[p- methoxyphenyl]-5-oxo-2-[polyhydroxyalkyl]-8H-[1,2,4] triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine [V]. Periodate oxidation of IIIa gave 5-cyano-6-[p- methoxyphenyl]-2-[2-oxoethylidenehydrazino]-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4- one [VII]

Reaction of 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-hydrazine-3,4-dihydro-pyrimidin-4-one with mono and dicarbonyl compounds

The reaction of 5-cyano-2-hydrazino-6-[p-methoxyphenyl]- 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4-one [I] with formic acid gave the triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidinone derivative III. Its reaction with triethyl orthoformate gave the triazolo [4,3-a] pyrimidinone derivative V. Reaction of N-methylpyrimidinone derivative VI with formic acid gave the formylhydrazino derivative VII, while its reaction with triethyl orthoformate gave VIII where cyclization took place on N-1. Treatment of I with acetaldehyde formed the hydrazone XIII, which was cyclized to the triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidinone XIV. Diazotization of I gave the azide derivative XVIII, which on boiling in Ac2O gave the tetrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidinone XIX. Reaction of I with carbon disulfide in pyridine or in acetonitrile gave the two isomeric triazolopyrimidinones [1,5-a] and [4,3-a], XXIII and XXIV, respectively. Condensation of I with different chalcones gave the pyrazolinyl pyrimidine derivatives XXVI-XXVIII

Isopropylidenation of sugar osazones

Acetonation of D-erythro- and L-erythro- pentose phenylosazone afforded the respective alpha-terminal isopropylidene derivatives 2 and 6 respectively. Their acetylation gave the corresponding 3-O-acetyl-4, 5-O-isopropylidene derivatives 3 and 7, respectively. Benzoylation of 2 afford the dibenzoyl derivative, 3-O-benzoyl-4, 5-0-isopropylidene-D-erythro-N-benzoyl-pentose phenylosazone [4]. Acetonation of D-threo-pentose phenylosazone [8] gave two products of the alpha-terminal and alpha-thre isopropylidene derivatives 9 and 10, respectively. Acetylalion of 10 and benzoylation of 9 gave the respective monoacetyl, and dibenzoyl derivatives 12 and 11, respectively. Acetonation of D-arabino-hexose phenylosazo-ne [13] afforded the mono- and di-isopropylidene derivatives 14 and 15 reapectively. Acetylation of 14 gave 3, 4-di-O-acetyl derivative 18. Isopropylidenation of D-lyxo-hexose phenylosazone [17] afforded the monoisopropylidene 18, which gave -upon acetylation the corresponding 3, 4-di-O-acetyl derivative 19

Sugar derivatives of 3-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazino [5,6-b] -indole and their periodate oxidation products

The reaction of 3-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indole [1] with a number of sugar including an aldose, ketoses and a deoxysugar as well as a disaccharide has been investigated. Reaction of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid with 1 gave the bishydrazone 12. Reaction of 14 with 1 gave the mixed bishydrazone 15

Methylation of 3- [1-arylyhdrazono-L-threo-2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl] 6,7-dimeth yl-1H-quinoxalin-2-ones

Several N-methyl derivatives of 3-[1-arylhydrazono-L-threo-2, 3, 4- trihydroxybutyl]-6, 7-dimethyl-1H-quinoxalin-2-ones were prepared and converted to 3-[5-[acetoxymethyl]-1-arylpyrazol-3-yl]-1, 6, 7 -trimethylquinoxalin-2-ones. Upon deacetylation, compound VIII and IX gave products identical with those obtained by methylation of 3-[1- aryl-5-[hydroxymethyl]-pyrazol-3-yl]-6, 7-dimethyl-1H-quinoxalin -2- ones

Synthesis and reactions of some aryloxyacetylh drazones of the hexose series

A number of the aryloxyacetylhydrazones of D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose were prepared and their reaction have investigated. Periodate oxidation of some examples of these products gave the corresponding glyoxal monoaryloxyacetylhydrazones. Acetylation of the polyol part of the hydrazones was affected using acetic anhydride in pyridine whereas using boiling acetic anhydride caused a simultsneons heterocyclisation of the hydrazone residues. The structures of the products and the mechanism of their formations were discussed

Mechanism and absolute configuration of benzylidene derivatives of some acyclic C-Nucleosides

The mechanism of formation of benzylidene derivatives was deduced from the mode of the condition of benzylidenation as well as from their assigned structures. The absolute configuration has been assigned to the various isomeric forms for each diastereoisomer. The protection of hydroxyl groups in a polyhydroxymolecule can be achieved by various ways, e.g. by acylation and/or acetalization. The latter protecting groups possess the advantage, in most cases, of being stable towards, alkaline conditions but could be successively cleaved under acidic conditions, whereas, the acylated products possesses a reverse character. Acetalization may promise the direct protection of two hydroxyl groups out of three or more existing in the same molecule. Perprotection of the hydroxyl groups can be easily accomplished without much problems, whereas their partial protection needs much care and it is very important in organic synthesis

Reaction of Dehydro-D-Erythorbic acid with a molar equivalent of Methyl-O-Phenylenediamine and Arylhydrazines

The arylhydrazono of 3-[D-erythro-2,3,4,Trihydroxy-l-oxobutyl]-methylquinoxalinones 2-4 were prepared, through, the condensation of the oxo-compound 1 [obtained by reacting dehydro-D-erythorbic acid with 4-methyl-l,2-phenylenediamine] with arylhydrazines. Periodate oxidation of 2 gave 3- [1-[Phenylhydrazono]-glyoxal-l-yl]-methylquinoxelinune 5, identical to that obtained from the L-threo-isomer, whereas boiling acetic anhydride causes the elimination of two molecules of water to afford a product identified as 3-[5-acetoxymethyl]-1-phenylpyrazol-3-y1-methylquinoxalinone 12, similar to that obtained from the phenyl analog. Methylation of these arylhydrazono derivatives with dimethyl sulfate afforded the corresponding N-methyl derivatives 6-8, which on periodate oxidation afforded the aldehyde 9, which gave the corresponding mixed bis-hydrazones. Action of alkali, causes the loss of one molecule of water from the arylhydrazono derivatives to afford the corresponding flevazoles 14 and 15, which on periodate oxidation afforded 1-aryl-3-formyl methylflavazoles 16 and 17, which condensed with benzoylhydrazine to give the corresponding hydrazones 18 and 19. Cyclisation of 18 and 19 using boiling acetic anhydride afforded the oxadiazoline derivatives 22 and 23, whereas action of iodine and mercuric oxide afforded the corresponding oxadiazoles 20 and 21